Author(s):
Ghania B. Azia, Louiza Zenkhri, Raed A. Al-Qawasmeh, Nourelhouda Babaami, Hakim Belkhalfa, Souheyla Boudjema, Ibtissam Saouli
Email(s):
zenkhri.louiza@univ-ouargla.dz
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00515 
Address:
Ghania B. Azia1, Louiza Zenkhri1, Raed A. Al-Qawasmeh2, Nourelhouda Babaami1, Hakim Belkhalfa3, Souheyla Boudjema4, Ibtissam Saouli5
1Valorisation and Promotion of Saharan Resources Laboratory (VPRS), Chemistry Department, Facultyof Mathematics and Material Sciences, Kasdi Merbah University, Ouargla, Algeria.
2Department of Chemistry, Pure and Applied Chemistry Group, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
3Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physical-Chemical Analysis CRAPC.
4Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Tlemcen, Algeria.
5Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Modeling Group (LOMOP), University of Badji-Mokhtar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 19,
Issue - 8,
Year - 2026
ABSTRACT:
Oxalate complexes are widely studied for their role in materials science, particularly as precursors for metal oxides, and in human pathophysiology. A reliable, phase-specific understanding of the thermal decomposition behavior of anhydrous cadmium oxalate (CdC2O4) remains poorly understood and requires clarification. We hypothesized that the synthesized anhydrous cadmium oxalate would exhibit a novel, multi-step thermal decomposition pathway distinct from previously reported oxalate salts. Anhydrous CdC2O4 was synthesized via co-precipitation and characterized using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, SEM/EDX, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The salt was identified as orthorhombic ?-CdC2O4 (Pmna) and showed a distinct two-step thermal decomposition with an overall weight loss (52.08%) in close agreement with the theoretical value (51.89%). This work identifies a novel two-step thermal decomposition pathway for the ?-CdC2O4 phase, advancing the fundamental understanding of oxalate salt reactivity. Identifying this thermal decomposition pathway for cadmium oxalate significantly advances our fundamental understanding of oxalate salt reactivity. This knowledge offers valuable insights for both materials science and biomedical research.
Cite this article:
Ghania B. Azia, Louiza Zenkhri, Raed A. Al-Qawasmeh, Nourelhouda Babaami, Hakim Belkhalfa, Souheyla Boudjema, Ibtissam Saouli. A Novel Two-Step Thermal Decomposition Route for Synthesized Anhydrous γ-CdC2O4: Implications for Oxalate Reactivity. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(8):3651-6. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00515
Cite(Electronic):
Ghania B. Azia, Louiza Zenkhri, Raed A. Al-Qawasmeh, Nourelhouda Babaami, Hakim Belkhalfa, Souheyla Boudjema, Ibtissam Saouli. A Novel Two-Step Thermal Decomposition Route for Synthesized Anhydrous γ-CdC2O4: Implications for Oxalate Reactivity. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(8):3651-6. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00515 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2026-19-8-32
REFERENCES:
1. Dietzsch W. Strauch P. Hoyer E. Thio-Oxalates: Their Ligand Properties and Coordination Chemistry. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 1992 Dec; 121: 43–130.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(92)80065-Y
2. Decurtins S. Schmalle HW. Pellaux R. Fischer P. Hauser A. Crystal Structures, Magnetic Structures and Photophysics in Supramolecular Transition-Metal Oxalate Compounds. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Technol Sect A Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 1997 Oct; 305(1): 227–237. doi.org/10.1080/10587259708045060
3. Kitagawa S. Okubo T. Kawata S. Kondo M. Katada M. Kobayashi H. An Oxalate-Linked Copper(II) Coordination Polymer, [Cu2(oxalate)2(pyrazine)3]n, Constructed with Two Different Copper Units: X-Ray Crystallographic and Electronic Structures. Inorg Chem. 1995 Sep; 34(19): 4790–4796. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00123a012
4. Yeoh JS. Armer CF. Lowe A. Transition Metal Oxalates as Energy Storage Materials. A Review. Mater Today Energy. 2018 Sep 9: 198–222. doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2018.05.010
5. Junmin X. Lei H. Hui L. Tao H. Yongjian W. Changjin Z. Yuheng Z. Controlled Synthesis of Porous Anhydrous Cobalt Oxalate Nanorods with High Reversible Capacity and Excellent Cycling Stability. Electrochim Acta. 2015 Jul; 170: 85–91. doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.114
6. Zhang K. Liang F. Wang Y. Dai Y. Yao Y. Multilayer Iron Oxalate with a Mesoporous Nanostructure as a High-Performance Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. J Alloys Compd. 2019 Mar; 779: 91–99. doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.011
7. Eva G. Stefan L. Helmut A. Selective Precipitation of Metal Oxalates from Lithium Ion Battery Leach Solutions. Metals. 2020 Oct; 10(11): 1435. doi.org/10.3390/met10111435
8. Verma A. Kore R. Corbin DR. Shiflett MB. Metal Recovery Using Oxalate Chemistry: A Technical Review. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2019 Jul; 58(34): 15381–15393. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02598
9. Mohamed MA. Galwey AK. Halawy SA. A Comparative Study of the Thermal Reactivities of Some Transition Metal Oxalates in Selected Atmospheres. Thermochim Acta. 2005 May; 429(1): 57–72. doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2004.08.021.
10. Ahmad T. Ganguly A. Ahmed J. Ganguli AK. Alhartomy OAA. Nanorods of Transition Metal Oxalates: A Versatile Route to the Oxide Nanoparticles. Arab J Chem. 2011 Apr; 4(2): 125–134.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.06.041
11. Colmenero F. Timón V. Extreme Negative Mechanical Phenomena in the Zinc and Cadmium Anhydrous Metal Oxalates and Lead Oxalate Dihydrate. J Mater Sci. 2020 Sep; 55(1): 218–236. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10853-019-04041-2
12. Ezhil Raj AM. Jayanthi DD. Jothy VB. Optimized Growth and Characterization of Cadmium Oxalate Single Crystals in Silica Gel. Solid State Sci. 2008 May; 10(5): 557–562.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.10.019
13. Siham S. Zenkhri L. Loubna BA. Benouna K. Boutarfaia A. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectral and Theoretical Studies of a New Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Iron(II) Complex of Squarate Fe(C2O4)·2H2O. Asian J Res Chem. 2019; 12(4): 203–207. doi:10.5958/0974-4150.2019.00038.5
14. Koleżyński A. Małecki A. Theoretical Analysis of Electronic and Structural Properties of Anhydrous Calcium Oxalate. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010 Nov; 99(3): 947–955. doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0535-0
15. Koleżyński A. Małecki A. Theoretical Studies of Electronic and Crystal Structure Properties of Anhydrous Mercury Oxalate. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010 May; 101(2): 499–504.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-0825-6.
16. Koleżyński A. Małecki A. Theoretical Studies of Thermal Decomposition of Anhydrous Cadmium and Silver Oxalates. Part I: Electronic Structure Calculations. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009 Jan; 96(1): 161–165.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-008-9429-9.
17. Puzan AN. Baumer VN. Mateychenko PV. Novel Modification of Anhydrous Transition Metal Oxalates from Powder Diffraction. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem. 2017; 73(11): 911–916.doi.org/10.1107/S2053229617012839
18. Puzan AN. Baumer VN. Vashchenko VV. Sofronov DS. Polymorphism of Anhydrous Cadmium Oxalate CdC2O4. J Alloys Compd. 2017 Dec; 726:751–757. doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.08.047.
19. Koleżyński A. Małecki A. Theoretical Studies of Thermal Decomposition of Anhydrous Cadmium and Silver Oxalates. Part II: Correlations Between the Electronic Structure and the Ways of Thermal Decomposition. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009 Apr; 96(1):167–173.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-008-9430-3
20. Koleżyński A. Handke B. Drożdż-Cieśla E. Crystal Structure, Electronic Structure, and Bonding Properties of Anhydrous Nickel Oxalate. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2013 Dec; 113(1): 319–328. doi 10.1007/s10973-012-2844-y
21. Jeanneau E. Audebrand N. Louër D. β-CdC2O4. Acta Cryst C. 2001; 57:1012–1013.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270101009581
22. Kondrashev YD. Bogdanov VS. Golubev SN. Pron’ GF. Crystal Structure of the Ordered Phase of Zinc Oxalate and the Structure of Anhydrous Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ Oxalates. J Struct Chem. 1985 Jan ; 26(1): 74–77.
23. Dharmaprakash SM. Rao PM. Thermal Properties of Barium-Cadmium Oxalate Crystals. Bull Mater Sci. 1989 Dec ; 12(5): 465–468.
24. Koleżyński A. Małecki A. Theoretical Approach to Thermal Decomposition Process of Chosen Anhydrous Oxalates. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009 Apr ; 97(1):77–83.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-008-9718-3
25. Salam BA. Joshi H. Gururaja MP. Shama KP. D’souza UP. Rizwana K. Ali S. Protective Effect of Ixora Coccinea Flowers Against Cadmium Chloride Induced Nephrotoxicity Model in Rats. Res J Pharm Technol. 2018; 11(11): 4949–4952. doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00901.0
26. Gurlhosur SH. Mathad S. Patil VM. Regeneration of Used Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (A-Fe₂O₃) in Reduction of Chromium (VI) and Cadmium (II). Asian J Res Chem. 2020; 13(5): 319-322. doi.org/10.5958/0974-4150.2020.00061.9
27. Suresh P. Kumar KR. Determination of Elemental Impurities of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead and Palladium Content in Testosterone Propionate by Using ICP-MS. Asian J Res Chem. 2021; 14(3): 195–202.doi:10.52711/0974-4150.2021.00035
28. Abhilash DP. Rose SV. Indirani B. Removal of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solution Using Coffee Powder – A Kinetic Study. Asian J Res Chem. 2018; 11(2): 360–364. doi.org/10.5958/0974-4150.2018.00065.2
29. Sofiana KD. Prihardina B. Khotima H. Widodo MA. The Effect of Vitamin C Towards Endothelial Dysfunction in CdCl₂-Induced HUVEC Culture. Res J Pharm Technol. 2018; 11(3): 899–904. doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00166.X
30. Gurusamy A. Kumar KC. Prabhunarain S. Lakshmanraj L. Priyadarsini K. Rajendhran A. Assessment of Cadmium (II) Biosorption by Mucilaginous Seeds of Ocimum Americanum. Asian J Res Chem. 2011; 4(7): 1168–1171.
31. Dwivedi D. Cadmium and Mercury Pollution and Its Preventive Measures. Res J Eng Technol. 2012: 3(1): 6–8.
32. Parkavi R. Madhan G. Srinivasan K. Sathishkumar K. Chandramohan A. Dinakaran K. Optical Detection of Copper and Cadmium from Aqueous Solution Using Arylidenemalononitriles. Asian J Res Chem. 2022; 15(1): 19-6. doi.org/10.52711/0974-4150.2022.00003
33. Tariq Z. Saadi L. Adnan S. Application of Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Combined with Spectrophotometric Technique for Preconcentration and Determination of Cadmium Using New Organic Reagent. Res J Pharm Technol. 2020; 13(8): 3631–3637.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00642.3
34. Fatemi N. Dollimore D. Heal G. Thermal Decomposition of Oxalates. Part 16. Thermal Decomposition Studies on Cadmium Oxalate. Thermochim Acta. 1982 Apr; 54(1-2): 167–180.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(82)85076-4
35. Ezhil Raj AM. Jayanthi DD. Jothy VB. Jayachandran M. Sanjeeviraja C. Crystal Structure and Thermal Characterization of Cadmium Oxalate [CdC2O4·3H2O] and Barium-Doped Cadmium Oxalate [Ba0.5Cd0.5(C2O4)2·5H2O] Single Crystals Grown in Silica Gel. Inorg Chim Acta. 2009 Apr; 362(5): 1535–1540.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2008.07.025
36. Selasteen FD. Raj SAC. Moses AA. Prince FE. Getsy RE. Elakkiya R. Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Sodium Mixed Cadmium Oxalate Crystals. J Cryst Process Technol. 2016 Apr; 6(2): 11–20. doi:10.4236/jcpt.2016.62002
37. Xu, H., Zisman, A. L., Coe, F. L., and Worcester, E. M. Kidney stones: an update on current pharmacological management and future directions. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2013). 14(4), 435-447. doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.775250
38. Morgan MS and Pearle MS. Medical management of renal stones. Bmj. 2016 Mar; 352.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i52
39. Wang Z. Zhang Y. Zhang J. Deng Q.Liang H. Recent advances on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2021 May; 48(2): 149.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4982
40. Singh VK. Rai PK. Kidney stone analysis techniques and the role of major and trace elements on their pathogenesis: a review. Biophysical Reviews. 2014 Jul ; 6(3): 291-310.
41. Ermer T. Nazzal L. Tio MC. Waikar S. Aronson PS. Knauf F. Oxalate homeostasis. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2023 Nov; 19(2): 123-138.
42. Jonassen JA. Cao LC. Honeyman T. Scheid CR. Mechanisms mediating oxalate-induced alterations in renal cell functions. Critical Reviews™ in Eukaryotic Gene Expression. 2003; 13(1): 55-72.