Author(s):
Rendi Fathoni Hadi, Ronny Martien, Kustantinah, Muhlisin
Email(s):
ronnymartien@ugm.ac.id
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00663 
Address:
Rendi Fathoni Hadi1,2, Ronny Martien3*, Kustantinah4, Muhlisin4
1Doctoral Program of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
2Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
3Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 19,
Issue - 10,
Year - 2026
ABSTRACT:
Cubeb fruit (Piper cubeba) is one of the herbal medicines that contains many natural secondary metabolic compounds such as phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids, which have been proven to have anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory activities. Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is a drug delivery system that can increase the solubility and bioavailability of drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the formulation and characterization of SNEDDS of cubeb fruit extract with different doses. The optimal formulation was designed using the I-Optimal mixture design in Design Expert® software version 13.0.5.0, based on varying concentrations of Mygliol 812, Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400(PEG 400). The optimal mixture was added with varying doses of cubeb extract (150mg/mL, 300mg/mL, and 450mg/mL). The optimization of parameters was based on emulsification time and transmittance percentage. The characterization test of the ideal SNEDDS formula was seen from the droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDi), viscosity, thermodynamic stability, and droplet morphology. The optimal SNEDDS formulation consisted of 16.67% Mygliol 812, 66.66% Tween 80, and 16.67% PEG 400 with a degradability value of 0.727. The optimized SNEDDS formulation of cubeb fruit extract at different doses (150mg/mL, 300mg/mL, and 450mg/mL), with a composition of 16.67% Mygliol 812, 66.66% Tween 80, and 16.67% PEG 400, demonstrated a degradability value of 0.727. The formulation had average exhibited favorable physicochemical characteristics, including a short emulsification time of 63.88±4.80 seconds, high transmittance (94.85±0.57%), small droplet size (17,40±0.18nm), a low polydispersity index (0.129±0.01), stable zeta potential (-20.93±3.68mV), and low viscosity (258.88±6.77mPa·s). The formulation passed thermodynamic stability tests and showed a spherical droplet morphology. The results of the SNEDDS formulation at different dose demonstrated ideal levels of stability, absorption, and solubility, indicating the potential to be used as natural anthelmintic drugs.
Cite this article:
Rendi Fathoni Hadi, Ronny Martien, Kustantinah, Muhlisin. I-Optimal Design-assisted of Piper cubeba Fruit Extract with Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS): Optimization Performance, Formulation and Characterization. Research Journal Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(10):4753-0. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00663
Cite(Electronic):
Rendi Fathoni Hadi, Ronny Martien, Kustantinah, Muhlisin. I-Optimal Design-assisted of Piper cubeba Fruit Extract with Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS): Optimization Performance, Formulation and Characterization. Research Journal Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(10):4753-0. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00663 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2026-19-10-39
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