Author(s):
Siti Jubaidah, Alfiana Dwi Puspita, Rizka Ayu Fitriana Dewi, Yullia Sukawaty, Rusdiati Helmidanora, Heri Wijaya
Email(s):
ida_mapro13@yahoo.com
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00254 
Address:
Siti Jubaidah, Alfiana Dwi Puspita, Rizka Ayu Fitriana Dewi, Yullia Sukawaty, Rusdiati Helmidanora, Heri Wijaya*
Department of Pharmacy, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Samarinda, A.W Syahrani Street, Number 226, East Borneo 75124, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 18,
Issue - 4,
Year - 2025
ABSTRACT:
Brown rice (Oryza nivara Linn.) and avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.) are Both are known for their high antioxidant content, which could potentially offer significant health benefits. This study aims to predict the pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of avocado seed and evaluate a whipped scrub combining brown rice and avocado seed. Researchers will evaluate the efficacy and safety of this formula as an antioxidant agent. This study involves the ADMETlab 2.0 application in assessing the drug-likeness of compounds, namely SAscore and NPscrore. SAscore (synthetic accessibility score) shows the potential of a compound to be synthesized. Drug-Likeness evaluation resulted in compounds of ferulic acid, lutein, cholorogenic acid, rutin, phlorizin, vanillic acid, isoquercitrin and quersetin. have relatively low skin permeability having logKp>-2.5. Ferulic Acid, Lutein, and Quercetin potentially have high toxic potential in skin sensitization, Ferulic Acid, Vanilic Acid, and Quercetin also have the potential to irritate the eyes. In contrast to the prediction results of pkCSM, states that all eight compounds are safe when applied to the skin. Avocado seeds were formulated into a preparation of whipped brown rice scrub combined with avocado seed extract, with avocado seed concentrations of 2.5% (F1), 5% (F2) and 7.5% (F3). The physical quality results show that all formulas meet the requirements of good characteristics. The viscosity of the preparation increased every week. The results of the IC50 value in F1 amounted to 1,654.02ppm, F2 924.20ppm and F3 726.03ppm. The whipped scrub formula is categorized as a rather low-potency antioxidant.
Cite this article:
Siti Jubaidah, Alfiana Dwi Puspita, Rizka Ayu Fitriana Dewi, Yullia Sukawaty, Rusdiati Helmidanora, Heri Wijaya. Exploring the Pharmacokinetics and safety of Avocado Seed Extract: A Novel Antioxidant Scrub Formulation. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(4):1773-0. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00254
Cite(Electronic):
Siti Jubaidah, Alfiana Dwi Puspita, Rizka Ayu Fitriana Dewi, Yullia Sukawaty, Rusdiati Helmidanora, Heri Wijaya. Exploring the Pharmacokinetics and safety of Avocado Seed Extract: A Novel Antioxidant Scrub Formulation. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(4):1773-0. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00254 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2025-18-4-45
REFERENCES:
1. Prawita Setyowati E, Puspistasari Gani A. Penentuan kadar γ-oryzanol, fenolik total dan aktivitas penangkapan radikal bebas (2,2-difenil-1-picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH) pada beberapa varietas beras di Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Determination of γ-oryzanol, Phenolic total content, and (2,2-difenil-1-picrylhydrazyl) Radical Scavenging Activity in Different Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Traditional Medicine Journal [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Sep 13]; 23(2): 113–21. Available from: http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~toh
2. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, R. Babujanarthanam, B. Arirudran. Clinical Evaluation to Assess the Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Avocado Fruit on Diabetic Dyslipidemia Studied in STZ- Induced Experimental Albino Rats. Asian J. Research Chem. 2011; 4(7): July, 1131-1136.
3. Nikeherpianti Lolok, Selpirahmawati, Nurlena Ikawati, Wa Ode Yuliastri, Muhammad Isrul. Antidiabetic effects of Red Rice Bran Extract (Oryza nivara) and Black Rice Bran Extract (Oryza sativa L. Indica) in Wistar white rat by Glucose Induction Method. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(11): 5134-5138. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00898.7
4. Abdullah B. Peningkatan Kadar Antosianin Beras Merah Dan Beras Hitam Melalui Biofortifikasi Increasing Anthocyanin Of Red And Black Rice through Biofortification. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. 2017; 36(2): 91.
5. Maciej Serda, Becker FG, Cleary M, Team RM, Holtermann H, The D, et al. Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Nilai Gizi Dari Beberapa Jenis Beras Dan Millet Sebagai Bahan Pangan Fungsional Indonesia. G. Balint, Antala B, Carty C, Mabieme JMA, Amar IB, Kaplanova A, editors. Jurnal Akademika Biologi [Internet]. 2015 Feb 14 [cited 2023 Sep 13];4(1):45–61.
6. Nikeherpianti Lolok, Selpirahmawati, Nurlena Ikawati, Wa Ode Yuliastri, Muhammad Isrul. Antidiabetic effects of Red Rice Bran Extract (Oryza nivara) and Black Rice Bran Extract (Oryza sativa L. Indica) in Wistar white rat by Glucose Induction Method. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(11): 5134-5138. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00898.7
7. Alim N, Hasan T, . R, . J. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill.) Asal Enrekang Sulawesi Selatan Dengan Metode Dpph. Seminar Nasional Sains dan Terapan VI [Internet]. 2022 Jul 8 [cited 2023 Sep 13];6:166–75. Available from: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/sinta6/article/view/41885
8. P. Sudhasupriya, A. Shakina Begam, S. Rajeshkumar. Screening for antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity of Seed Extracts of Avocado Pear. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(6): 1991-1996. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00348.1
9. Yuliati E, Binarjo A. Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel Tepung Beras terhadap Daya Angkat Sel Kulit Mati Lulur Bedak Dingin.
10. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia Edisi II Tahun 2017 – Direktorat Jenderal Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://farmalkes.kemkes.go.id/2020/08/farmakope-herbal-indonesia-edisi-ii-tahun-2017-3/
11. Tekeshwar Kumar, Vishal Jain. Phytochemical Screening, Phenolic, Flavonoids, Carotenoids contents and antioxidant activity of Folkloric Memecylon edule roxb. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2016; 9(10): 1547-1551. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00303.6
12. Ramandeep Kaur, Navneet Kumar. Phytochemical Composition and in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Leucas aspera Leaves. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2016; 9(12): 2217-2221. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00448.0
13. Ravi Parimi, K E Pravallika. Studies on Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and In vitro Antioxidant activity of Different Extracts of Euphorbia thymifolia Roots. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(2): 551-556. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00110.X
14. Agoes G. Sediaan Farmasi Likuida - Semisolida (SFI-7) : - / Goeswin Agoes | Perpustakaan Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://lib.umpr.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=1261
15. Nursida HB, LJS dan UYP. Jurnal of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Sciences. 2016 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. p. 12–7 Uji Efektivitas Sediaan Suspensi Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Terhadap Aktivitas Fagositosis Pada Mencit Jantan (Mus musculus) | Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Sciences. Available from: https://www.jpms-stifa.com/index.php/jpms/article/view/6
16. Zakiah F, KarsidinB, MuslimahFN. PRAEPARANDI Jurnal Farmasi dan Sain. 2021 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Uji Formulasi Antioksidan Sediaan Gel Dari Ekstrak Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill) Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Hpmc (Hidroksipropil Metilselulosa) Dengan Metode Dpph (2,2–Diphenyl–L- Picrylhydrazil) Praeparandi : Jurnal Farmasi Dan Sains. Available from: https://jurnal.stfypibcirebon.ac.id/index.php/ojs/article/view/86
17. Avinash Suryawanshi, Pushplata Chougule, Ashish Jain. In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Hexanolic Extract of Trachyspermum ammi. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2015; 8(10): Oct., 1403-1408. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00252.8
18. Amit Roy, Pushpa Prasad. Study of Physicochemical, Preliminary Phytochemical and Antioxidant activity of Calocybe indica. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2016; 9(1): Jan., 53-59. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00010.X
19. Pritha Chakraborty, Vidhya Thangaraman, Suji Thangamani, Dhatchayani Ravi, Jayanthi Abraham. Bioactivity of Hypomyces chrysospermus Methanol Extract. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2016; 9(2): Feb., 157-161. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00027.5
20. Xiong G, Wu Z, Yi J, Fu L, Yang Z, Hsieh C, et al. ADMETlab 2.0: an integrated online platform for accurate and comprehensive predictions of ADMET properties. Nucleic Acids Res [Internet]. 2021 Jul 2 [cited 2023 Sep 13];49(W1):W5–14. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab255
21. Ursu O, Rayan A, Goldblum A, Oprea TI. Understanding drug-likeness. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Mol Sci [Internet]. 2011 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Sep 13];1(5):760–81. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wcms.52
22. Rosero J, Cruz S, Osorio C, Molecules NH, 2019 undefined. Analysis of Phenolic Composition of Byproducts (Seeds and Peels) of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Cultivated in Colombia. mdpi.comJC Rosero, S Cruz, C Osorio, N HurtadoMolecules, 2019•mdpi.com [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Sep 13]; Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/17/3209
23. Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V. SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2017 Mar 3 [cited 2023 Sep 13];7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28256516/
24. Pires DEV, Blundell TL, Ascher DB. pkCSM: Predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. J Med Chem [Internet]. 2015 May 14 [cited 2023 Sep 13]; 58(9): 4066–72. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00104
25. Potts RO, Guy RH. Predicting skin permeability. Pharm Res [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2023 Sep 13]; 9(5): 663–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1608900/
26. Diana R, Nurdin NM, Anwar F, Riyadi H, Khomsan A. Risk Factors of Hypertension among Adult in Rural Indonesia. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan. 2018; 13(3): 111–6.
27. Zduńska K, Dana A, Kolodziejczak A, Rotsztejn H. Antioxidant properties of ferulic acid and its possible application. Vol. 31, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. S. Karger AG; 2018. 332–6.
28. Fuad NIN, Sekar M, Gan SH, Lum PT, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S. Lutein: A comprehensive review on its chemical, biological activities and therapeutic potentials. Vol. 12, Pharmacognosy Journal. EManuscript Technologies; 2020. 1769–78.
29. Lucida H, Primadini Y, Suhatri. A study on the acute toxicity of quercetin solid dispersion as a potential nephron-protector. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry. 2019; Apr 1;12(2):727–32.
30. Qi W, Qi W, Xiong D, Long M. Quercetin: Its Antioxidant Mechanism, Antibacterial Properties and Potential Application in Prevention and Control of Toxipathy. Vol. 27, Molecules. MDPI; 2022.
31. Mirza AC, Panchal SS. Safety assessment of vanillic acid: Subacute oral toxicity studies in wistar rats. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2020;17(4): 432–9.
32. Ramadhan AE, Phaza HA. Pengaruh konsentrasi etanol, suhu dan jumlah stage pada ekstraksi oleoresin jahe (Zingiber Officinale Rosc) secara batch. 2010 [cited 2023 Sep 13]; Available from: http://eprints.undip.ac.id/13902/
33. Christina OD dan KA,. Uji Aktivitas Antirthritis Ekstrak Etanol Biji Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) Pada Tikus Jantan Yang Diinkubai Complete Freund’s Adjuvant. 2020 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. p. 42–8 Vol. 3 No. 2 (2020) | Jurnal Farmasi and Sains Indonesia. Available from: https://journal.stifera.ac.id/index.php/jfsi/issue/view/6
34. Isfianti DE. Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifolia) Dan Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lamk) Untuk Pembuatan Lulur Tradisional Sebagai Alternatif “Green Cosmetics” | Jurnal Tata Rias [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-tata-rias/article/view/24717
35. Putri YD, Kartamihardja H, Lisna I. Formulasi dan Evaluasi Losion Tabir Surya Ekstrak Daun Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni M). Jurnal Sains Farmasi and Klinis [Internet]. 2019 May 29 [cited 2020 Nov 5]; 6(1):32. Available from: http://jsfk.ffarmasi.unand.ac.id
36. Lukić M, Pantelić I, Savić SD. Towards optimal ph of the skin and topical formulations: From the current state of the art to tailored products. Vol. 8, Cosmetics. MDPI AG; 2021.
37. Aprilianti N, Sastyarina Y, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kefarmasian L, Tropis F. Optimasi Polivinilalkohol (PVA) Sebagai Basis Sediaan Gel Antijerawat. Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences [Internet]. 2020 Feb 28 [cited 2023; Sep 13];11:17–21. Available from: https://prosiding.farmasi.unmul.ac.id/index.php/mpc/article/view/387
38. Sariyerli GS, Sakarya O, Akcadag UY. Comparison tests for the determination of the viscosity values of reference liquids by capillary viscometers and stabinger viscometer SVM 3001. International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering. 2018;9.
39. Nugraha MI, Tamrin T, Asyik N. Karakterisasi Sifat Fisik, Kimia Dan Aktifivitas Antioksidan Pada Beras Merah (Oryza Nivara) Varietas (Bulo Bulo) Asal Kabupaten Kolaka Dan Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. 2018;
40. Syafitri MI, SF, LE. Pengaruh Lama dan Suhu Pengeringan Terhadap Karakteristik Fisikokimia Tepung Beras (Oryza nivara). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pertanian. 2020; 4(2): 103–11.
41. Hernawan E, Meylani V. Analisis Karakteristik Fisikokimia Beras Putih, Beras Merah, Dan Beras Hitam (Oryza sativa L., Oryza nivara dan Oryza sativa L. indica). Jurnal Kesehatan Bakti Tunas Husada: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keperawatan, Analis Kesehatan dan Farmasi [Internet]. 2016 Nov 11 [cited 2023 Sep 13];15(1):79. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336088266
42. Hernawan E, Meylani V. Analisis Karakteristik Fisikokimia Beras Putih, Beras Merah, Dan Beras Hitam (Oryza sativa L., Oryza nivara dan Oryza sativa L. indica). Jurnal Kesehatan Bakti Tunas Husada: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keperawatan, Analis Kesehatan dan Farmasi [Internet]. 2016 Nov 11 [cited 2023 Sep 13];15(1):79. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336088266
43. Prathita A, Informasi AKPSP, 2023 undefined. Sifat Fisik Krim Body Scrub Dengan Variasi Komposisi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) Dan Serbuk Beras Merah (Oryza nivara). seminar.uad.ac.id [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Sep 13]; Available from: http://seminar.uad.ac.id/index.php/PIKO/article/view/12416
44. Wijaya HM, Lina RN, S1 P, Stikes F, Utama C, Jl K, et al. Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Fisik Sediaan Suspensi Kombinasi Ekstrak Biji Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) Dan Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus Rotundus L.) Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Suspending Agent Pga (Pulvis Gummi Arabici) Dan Cmc-Na (Carboxymethylcellulosum Natrium). Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy [Internet]. 2021 Nov 30 [cited 2023 Sep 13]; 5(2): 166–75. Available from: https://cjp.jurnal.stikescendekiautamakudus.ac.id/index.php/cjp/article/view/160
45. Barabé B, Abakumov S, Gunes DZ, Lettinga MP. Sedimentation of large particles in a suspension of colloidal rods. Physics of Fluids. 2020; May 1;32(5).
46. Leon Lachman HALJLK. 2012. [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Teori dan Praktek Farmasi Industri / Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman, Joseph L. Kanig; Penerjemah, Siti Suyatmi | Perpustakaan Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar. Available from: https://library.unismuh.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=105427
47. Bahriul P, Rahman N, Anang D, Diah WM. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium Polyanthum) dengan Menggunanakan 1,1-Difenil-2-Pikrilhidrazil. Jurnal Akademika Kimia [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Sep 13];3(3):143–9. Available from: https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/224124/
48. Syukur R, Alam G, Mufidah A, Kesehatan RTJST, 2011 undefined. Aktivitas Antiradikal Bebas Beberapa Ekstrak Tanaman Familia Fabaceae. pasca.unhas.ac.idR Syukur, G Alam, AR Mufidah, R TayebJST Kesehatan, 2011. pasca.unhas.ac.id [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Sep 13]; 1(1):61–7. Available from: http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/jurnal/files/e72a6e54ecc12a1c6d06853e9e5cd778.pdf
49. Sawiji RT, La EOJ. Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Sediaan Body Butter
50. Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Bit (Beta Vulgaris L.) Dengan Metode Dpph. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung [Internet]