Author(s):
Palak Kansal, Abha Shukla
Email(s):
palakkansal24@gmail.com , abha.shukla@gkv.ac.in
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00092 
Address:
Palak Kansal, Abha Shukla*
Department of Chemistry, Kanya Gurukul, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar - 249407, Uttarakhand, India.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 18,
Issue - 2,
Year - 2025
ABSTRACT:
Background: The purpose of this research was to explore the potential anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of green solvent extracts obtained from Ficus drupacea leaves. Additionally, the study highlights the safety and viability of green solvents as alternatives to organic solvents. Methods: The study employed a sequential extraction process using Soxhlet extraction technique with increasing polarity of solvents i.e., dimethyl carbonate, isopropyl alcohol, hydro alcohol (ethanol: water - 60:40) and water. The dried concentrated extracts were then analyzed for their anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities through standard in-vitro techniques. The investigation included an in-vitro approach i.e., heat-induced denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to determine the anti-inflammatory properties while a-amylase and a-glucosidase assays were used to assess the extracts for anti-diabetic activity. Reference drugs such as diclofenac sodium and acarbose were used for the comparison. Results: Among the various green solvent extracts (dimethyl carbonate, isopropyl alcohol, hydro alcohol and water extracts), hydroalcoholic extract of Ficus drupacea leaves exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the significant anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects of Ficus drupacea leaves in in-vitro models.
Cite this article:
Palak Kansal, Abha Shukla. Anti-diabetic and Anti-inflammatory activities of Various Green Solvent Extracts of Ficus drupacea Leaves. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2025;18(2):619-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00092
Cite(Electronic):
Palak Kansal, Abha Shukla. Anti-diabetic and Anti-inflammatory activities of Various Green Solvent Extracts of Ficus drupacea Leaves. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2025;18(2):619-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00092 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2025-18-2-24
REFERENCES:
1. Mechchate H, Es-Safi I, Conte R, et al. In vivo and in-vitro antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed polyphenols. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8): 2759. doi:10.3390/nu13082759
2. Sagbo IJ, Van De Venter M, Koekemoer T, Bradley G. In-vitro antidiabetic activity and mechanism of action of brachylaena elliptica (Thunb.) DC. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018; 2018: 1-13. doi:10.1155/2018/4170372
3. Piyush More SG, Soham Jagtap RN, Chippalkatti R. Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized by Medicinal Plant Dioscorea bulbifera. J Nanomed Nanotechnol. 2015; 6(7): 1-9. doi:10.4172/2157-7439.s6-007
4. Jini D, Sharmila S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Allium cepa and its in-vitro antidiabetic activity. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2020; 22:432-438. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.672
5. Mendez-Encinas MA, Valencia D, Ortega-García J, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Seasonal Sonoran Propolis Extracts and Some of Their Main Constituents. Molecules. 2023; 28(11): 4496. doi:10.3390/molecules28114496
6. Chandra S, Chatterjee P, Dey P, Bhattacharya S. Evaluation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of coffee against the denaturation of protein. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2(1): 178-180. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60154-3
7. Bhuvaneswari K, Nisha KJ, Kalimuthu K, Kiruthika ML, Priya ES, Sheela D. S. In-vitro Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic and Anticancer Properties of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized by Medicinal Plant Leucas aspera (Willd). Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy. 2023; 11(1): 57-65. doi:10.13189/app.2023.110106
8. Joshi BB, Chaudhari MG, Mistry KN. In-vitro anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of stem bark of Bauhinia purpurea.Bulletin of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences. 2013; 1(2): 139-150.
9. P. A. Mary Helen, B. Jesvin Bency. Inhibitory potential of Amaranthus viridis on α-amylase and glucose entrapment efficacy In-vitro. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(5): 2089-2092.
10. Mallikharjuna PB, Rajanna LN, Seetharam YN, Sharanabasappa GK. Phytochemical Studies of Strychnos Potatorum L.f.-A Medicinal Plant. Journal of Chemistry. 2007; 4(4): 510-518.
11. Chemat F, Vian MA, Ravi HK, et al. Review of alternative solvents for green extraction of food and natural products: Panorama, principles, applications and prospects. Molecules. 2019; 24(16): 3007. doi:10.3390/molecules24163007
12. Singh N, Verma R, Verma D, Kala A, Bhakta A. A Review of the Medicinally Important Plant Species from Uttarakhand, Ficus Auriculata and Ficus Palmata, and Their Prospective Uses. European Chemical Bulletin. 2023; 12(4): 12629-12644.
13. Yessoufou K, Elansary HO, Mahmoud EA, Skalicka-Wozniak K. Antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities of Ficus drupacea L. stem bark extract and biologically active isolated compounds. Ind Crops Prod. 2015; 74: 752-758. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.011
14. Manjuprasanna VN, Rudresha G V., Urs AP, Milan Gowda MD, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Drupin, a cysteine protease from Ficus drupacea latex accelerates excision wound healing in mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020; 165: 691-700. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.215
15. Arora R, Singh B, Vig AP, Arora S. Conventional and modified hydrodistillation method for the extraction of glucosinolate hydrolytic products: a comparative account. Springerplus. 2016; 5(1): 479. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2021-z
16. Jaber SA. In-vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in vivo antidiabetic activity of Quercus coccifera (Oak tree) leaves extracts. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2023; 30(7): 103688. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103688
17. Srinivasan K, Altemimi AB, Narayanaswamy R, Vasantha Srinivasan P, Najm MAA, Mahna N. GC-MS, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase inhibition and molecular docking analysis of selected phytoconstituents of small wild date palm fruit (Phoenix pusilla). Food Sci Nutr. 2023; 00: 1-14. doi:10.1002/fsn3.3489
18. Kansal P, Shukla A, Shukla RK. Lipidomic Profiling and Pharmacological Activities of Ficus drupacea Oil: Comparative Study Between Conventional vs. Green Solvent. Chemistry and Biodiversity. 2024; Apr; 21(4): e202302124.
19. SK Dubey, A Batra. Anti diabetic activity of Thuja occidentalis Linn. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2008; 1(4): Oct.-Dec. 362-365.
20. A. Shukla, P. Pokhriyal. A desirability approach for Antidiabetic and Antiinflammatory efficacy of Ficus subincisa bark. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 15(4): 1732-6.
21. Tundo, P., Aricò, F., Rosamilia, A.E., Grego, S., Rossi, L. (2008). Dimethyl Carbonate: Green Solvent and Ambident Reagent. In: Tundo, P., Esposito, V. (eds) Green Chemical Reactions. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8457-7_10
22. Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K. What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents. Green Chemistry. 2007; 9(9): 927-993. doi:10.1039/b617536h
23. Vasudev Pai, Rudraprabhu V. Savadi, Anant Bhandarkar. In-Vitro Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Action of Isolated Phytoconstituent in Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb) Bark. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2011; July; 4(7): 1147-1150.
24. M. Sandeep Kumar, G Varun, P Swetha, K UdaySasi Kiran. Pharmacognostic Studies and Evaluation of Antidiabetic activity of Crotalaria verrucosa. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2014; Jan. 7(1): 20-22.
25. Jahanzeb Khan, Muhammad Asad Saeed, Saad Touqeer, Sharjeel Adnan, Zeeshan Masood, Muhammad Zaman. Antihyperglycemic, Hypoglycemic and Cytotoxic Activity of Albizia lebbek and Trigonella corniculata. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2014; Feb. 7(2): 191-195.
26. Jahanzeb Khan, Muhammad Asad Saeed, Saad Touqeer, Sharjeel Adnan, Zeeshan Masood, Muhammad Zaman. Antihyperglycemic, Hypoglycemic and Cytotoxic Activity of Albizia lebbek and Trigonella corniculata. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2014; Feb. 7(2): 191-195.
27. Rahman MM, Al Noman MA, Khatun S, et al. Evaluation of Senna tora (L.) Roxb. leaves as source of bioactive molecules with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential. Heliyon. 2023; 9(1): e12855. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12855
28. Sudhakar Kommu, M. Chinna Eswaraiah, B. Akhila, U. Pushkara, T. Ramadevi. In-vitro Antiinflammatory activity of Tamilnadia uliginosa Fruit extract. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2023; 16(4): 2022-4.
29. Deepa P, Sowndhararajan K, Kim S, Park SJ. A role of Ficus species in the management of diabetes mellitus: A review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018; 215: 210-232. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.045
30. Kamalika Mazumder, Ritu Khanra, Kaushik Biswas, Nripendra N. Bala, Himangshu S. Maji. Exploration of anti-inflammatory activity of extract and isolated compounds obtained from the aerial root of Ficus benghalensis Linn. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2022; 15(10): 4584-8.
31. Sarveswaran R, Jayasuriya W, Suresh TS. In-vitro assays to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of herbal extracts: a review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2017; 6(17): 131-141. doi:10.20959/wjpr201717-10058
32. Shukla A, Kaur A, Shukla R, ChoudharyA. Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant capacity, Total flavonoid and Phenolic content of Ehretia acuminata R. Br. fruit. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12: 1811-1816. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00302.0
33. ShuklaA, ChoudharyA, ShuklaR. Studies on Physico-chemical Characteristics, Heavy Metals and Minerals components of leaves of Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12: 2093. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00347.0