Author(s):
Anis Irmawati, Ovin Gabriella Notonugroho, Aqsa Sjuhada Oki, Raed Labib, Fitriatuz Zakia
Email(s):
anis-m@fkg.unair.ac.id
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00817 
Address:
Anis Irmawati1*, Ovin Gabriella Notonugroho2, Aqsa Sjuhada Oki1, Raed Labib3, Fitriatuz Zakia4
1Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
2Profession Student, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
3Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 21 September University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Sana’a Yemen.
4Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 18,
Issue - 12,
Year - 2025
ABSTRACT:
Background: Candida albicans commonly resides in the mouth as part of the normal microbial community but can become a pathogen under certain conditions, causing various diseases such as pseudomembranous candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis, chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, median rhomboid glossitis, denture stomatitis, and angular cheilitis. Treatment for these conditions typically involves the administration of topical and systemic antifungal drugs. However, the use of topical and systemic medications may result in side effects such as burning or pain in the oral cavity, taste changes on the tongue, redness and itching in the treated area, headaches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and dry mouth. Therefore, the search for alternative substances is necessary to address these issues. Papaya leaves and seeds are known to possess antifungal properties due to their content of flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. Purpose: To prove the antifungal potential of a combination of papaya seed and leaves extracts against Candida albicans. Method: An experimental investigation employing a post-test only control group design. Dilution tests were conducted with six different concentrations (80%, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, and 2.5%). The data analysis utilized the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The findings indicate that the combination of papaya seed and leaves extracts has a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at a concentration of 20% and a Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) at a concentration of 40%. Conclusion: The combination extract of papaya seeds and leaves demonstrates antifungal potential against Candida albicans.
Cite this article:
Anis Irmawati, Ovin Gabriella Notonugroho, Aqsa Sjuhada Oki, Raed Labib, Fitriatuz Zakia. Antifungal Potential of Combination of Papaya Seeds and Leaves Extract (Carica papaya L.) against Candida albicans. Research Journal Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(12):5655-2. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00817
Cite(Electronic):
Anis Irmawati, Ovin Gabriella Notonugroho, Aqsa Sjuhada Oki, Raed Labib, Fitriatuz Zakia. Antifungal Potential of Combination of Papaya Seeds and Leaves Extract (Carica papaya L.) against Candida albicans. Research Journal Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(12):5655-2. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00817 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2025-18-12-7
REFERENCES:
1. Porter, C. (2013). Oral and maxillofacial medicine: the basis of diagnosis and treatment, 3rd edition. British Dental Journal. 214(8). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.423
2. Kadry, A. A., El-Ganiny, A. M., and El-Baz, A. M. Comparison of methods used in identification of Candida albicans. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018; 11(3). https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00217.2
3. Al-Rubaie, M. R. H., Ensaif, B. S., and Edan, D. S. Studying the effects of mixing Salvia officinalis and Commiphora myrrha extracts on poly methyl methacrylate acrylic and flexible acrylic materials exposed to Candida albicans. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2020; 13(8). https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2020.00635.6
4. Fathima, T., Rajeshkumar, S., and Nagalingam, M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using symplocos racemosa and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(2). https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00135.9
5. Burket’s Oral Medicine. (2021). In Burket’s Oral Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119597797
6. Fangtham, M., Magder, L. S., and Petri, M. A. Oral candidiasis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2014; 23(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203314525247
7. Millsop, J. W., and Fazel, N. (). Oral Candidiosis . In Clinics in Dermatology. 2016; 34(4).
8. Yuvaraj, S., Gheena, S., and Gopinath, P. Comparison of oral candidal flora of diabetics and non diabetics. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2016; 9(10). https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00330.9
9. Rybalkin, M., Diadiun, T., Khokhlenkova, N., Azarenko, Y., and Stepanenko, S. Determination of Candida albicans fungus proteins concentration by elisa method at intramuscular introduction in candidiasis therapy. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(6). https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00565
10. Chopra, S., Mahajan, S., and Mahajan, G. Oral Candidiasis: A Review In HIV Seropositive Patients. CIBTech Journal of Microbiology. 2015; 4(1).
11. Suhail Lone, D., Bashir, D., Bali, D., Sajad, S., Bashir, H., Ahmad, D., and Bashir, G. (). Oral Candida colonization and infection in cancer patients and their antifungal susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Advanced Research Journalwww.Journalijar.Com International Journal of Advanced Research. 2014; 2(5).
12. Quindós, G., Gil-Alonso, S., Marcos-Arias, C., Sevillano, E., Mateo, E., Jauregizar, N., and Eraso, E. Therapeutic tools for oral candidiasis: Current and new antifungal drugs. Medicina Oral, Patologia Oraly Cirugia Bucal. 2019; 24(2). https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.22978
13. Hakim, L., and Ramadhian, R. Luqmanul Hakim dan Ricky Ramadhian. Kandidiasis Oral Majority. 2015; 4(8).
14. El-Waseif, A. A., Abd El-Ghani, G. S., Abo El Maaty, S. A., and Hassan, M. G. Cytotoxicity and Promising Anti-Biofilm of Curcuma Silver Nanoparticles against Candida albicans. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 15(8). https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00561
15. Rai, A., Misra, S. R., Panda, S., Sokolowski, G., Mishra, L., Das, R., and Lapinska, B. Nystatin Effectiveness in Oral Candidiasis Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Life. 2022; 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111677
16. Sunita, P., and Sumati, P. Control of Oral Thrush causing Candida albicans by Novel Synergistic Formulation. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023 https://doi.org/10.52711/2231-5659.2023.00001
17. Tanaman Buah-Buahan, S., Tanaman, D., and Tahunan, S. Statistics of Annual Fruit and Vegetable Plants Indonesia. 2007 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta-Indonesia.
18. Krishna, K. L., Paridhavi, M., and Patel, J. A. Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of papaya (Carica papaya linn.). Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2008; 7(4).
19. Divya, Khandige, P. S., D’ Souza, U. P., Joshi, H., Fernandes, Z., Gururaj, M. P., Chackko, N., and Shastry, C. S. Anti-epileptic activity of carica papaya seed extract in experimental animals. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2019; 12(12). https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2019.01042.4
20. Masfufatun, Yani, N. P. W., and Putri, N. P. Y. K. Antimicrobial assay of papaya seed ethanol extract (Carica papaya Linn) and phytochemical analysis of its active compounds. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019; 1277(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1277/1/012018
21. Prasetya, A. T., Mursiti, S., Maryan, S., and Jati, N. K. Isolation and Identification of Active Compounds from Papaya Plants and Activities as Antimicrobial. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 349(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/349/1/012007
22. MU, N. Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Carica Papaya L, Citrus Paradisi L, Citrus Sinensis L, and Vernonia Amygdalina Del. Cent. Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Sciences. 2019; 9(4). https://doi.org/10.19080/jdvs.2019.09.555768
23. Meliala, A. Potensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pepaya (Carica Papaya Linn.) Dalam Mencegah Pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Universitas Airlangga. 2013
24. Aisyah, D. Efektivitas Ekstrak Biji Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) Dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Candida albicans Pada Resin Akrilik. Universitas Airlangga. 2016
25. Azam, W., Rai, V., Jawed, R., Jaywardhane, K., Thakur, V., Jain, V., and Alam, P. Comparison of Antifungal and Antimicrobial activities in different parts of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2023. https://doi.org/10.52711/2231-5691.2023.00040
26. Sundar, S., Padmalatha, K., Apsana, S. K., Himaja, P., Nandini, V., and Sirisha, D. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of carica papaya l seed extracts. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(2). https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00195.5
27. Krisnayanti, and Syamsudin. Pengaruh suhu ekstraksi kulit buah papaya dengan pelarut HCl 0.1N. Pada Pembuatan Pektin. 2013; 2(2): 47–56.
28. Agustina, W., Nurhamidah, and Handayani, D. Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Beberapa Fraksi Dari Kulit Batang Jarak (Ricinus communis L.). Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Kimia. 2017; 1(2).
29. Putri, D. M., and Lubis, S. S. Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Kalayu (Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) Blum). AMINA. 2022; 2(3). https://doi.org/10.22373/amina.v2i3.1384
30. Calderone, R., Sun, N., Gay-Andrieu, F., Groutas, W., Weerawarna, P., Prasad, S., Alex, D., and Li, D. (). Antifungal drug discovery: The process and outcomes. In Future Microbiology. (Vol. 9, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.14.32
31. Miceli, M. H., Díaz, J. A., and Lee, S. A. Emerging opportunistic yeast infections. In The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2014; 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70218-8
32. Zhou, X., and Li, Y. Atlas of Oral Microbiology: From Healthy Microflora to Disease. In Atlas of Oral Microbiology: From Healthy Microflora to Disease. 2015 ttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802234-4.01001-6
33. Singh, A., Verma, R., Murari, A., and Agrawal, A. Oral candidiasis: An overview. In Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2014; 18(5). https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.141325
34. Eversole, L. R. Clinical Outline of Oral Pathology: Diagnosis And Treatment Fourth Edition. In People’s Medical Publishing House. 2011
35. Calderone, R. A., and Fonzi, W. A. Virulence factors of Candida albicans. In Trends in Microbiology. 2001; 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02094-7
36. Chaffin, W. L. Candida albicans Cell Wall Proteins. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2008; 72(3). https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00032-07
37. Mayer, F. L., Wilson, D., and Hube, B. Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. In Virulence. 2013; 4(2). https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.22913
38. Kingsely, O., Nnaji, J., and Ugwu, B. Biodisinfection and Coagulant Properties of Mixed Garcinia kola and Carica papaya Seeds Extract for Water Treatment. Chemical Science International Journal. 2017; 19(3). https://doi.org/10.9734/csji/2017/34041
39. Pandey, K. B., and Rizvi, S. I. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. In Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2009; 2(5). https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498
40. Seleem, D., Pardi, V., and Murata, R. M. (). Review of flavonoids: A diverse group of natural compounds with anti-Candida albicans activity in vitro. In Archives of Oral Biology. 2017; 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.030
41. Uzel, A., Sorkun, K., Önçaǧ, Ö., Çoǧulu, D., Gençay, Ö., and Salih, B. Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of four different Anatolian propolis samples. Microbiological Research. 2005; 160(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2005.01.002
42. Bach, T. J., and Rohmer, M. Saponin Synthesis and Function. Isoprenoid Synthesis in Plants and Microorganisms: New Concepts and Experimental Approaches. 2013
43. Ashour, A. S., El Aziz, M. M. A., and Gomha Melad, A. S. A review on saponins from medicinal plants: chemistry, isolation, and determination. Journal of Nanomedicine Research. 2019; 7(4). https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2019.07.00199
44. Yang, H., Cai, R., Kong, Z., Chen, Y., Cheng, C., Qi, S., and Gu, B. Teasaponin Ameliorates Murine Colitis by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Suppressing the Immune System Response. Frontiers in Medicine. 2020; 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.584369
45. Li, Y., Shan, M., Li, S., Wang, Y., Yang, H., Chen, Y., Gu, B., and Zhu, Z. Teasaponin suppresses Candida albicans filamentation by reducing the level of intracellular cAMP. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2020; 8(5). https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.01.124
46. Dey, P., Kundu, A., Kumar, A., Gupta, M., Lee, B. M., Bhakta, T., Dash, S., and Kim, H. S. Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids). In Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis. 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816455-6.00015-9
47. Yu, Z., Wu, X., and He, J. Study on the antifungal activity and mechanism of tea saponin from Camellia oleifera cake. European Food Research and Technology. 2022. 248(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03929-1