Author(s):
Anis Irmawati, Sesaria Junita Mega, Nur Imamatul Ummah, Visilmi Kaffah Putri Ayna, Fitriatuz Zakia, Yassir Ahmad Azzaim, Ala’a Saif Alqhtani, Raed Labib
Email(s):
anis-m@fkg.unair.ac.id
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00027
Address:
Anis Irmawati1*, Sesaria Junita Mega2, Nur Imamatul Ummah2, Visilmi Kaffah Putri Ayna2, Fitriatuz Zakia3, Yassir Ahmad Azzaim3, Ala’a Saif Alqhtani4, Raed Labib3
1Oral Biology Departement, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.
2Proffesion Student, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.
3Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.
4Department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Jibla University for Medical and Health Science, Ibb, Yemen.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 18,
Issue - 1,
Year - 2025
ABSTRACT:
Background: Periodontal disease is a periodontal tissue disease, including gingivitis to periodontitis in the oral cavity. Gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory condition of accumulation bacteria in the oral cavity with clinical signs, redness, swelling, and bleeding. Gingivitis not treated causes periodontitis and decreases bone density. According to Kemenkes (2018) prevalence of gingivitis in Indonesia 96.58% and Riskesdas (2018), prevalence of periodontitis 67.8%. The current supportive treatment for periodontal disease is chlorhexidine mouthwash. Chlorhexidine has side effects of teeth brown staining and burning sensation in the oral cavity. Therefore, an innovative approach using herbal plants with minimal side effects for application of Ocimum sanctum extract as a supportive therapy in periodontal disease. Objective: To determine the effectiveness application of Ocimum sanctum extract as an antimicrobial supportive therapy in periodontal disease. Literature Review: Chlorhexidine mouthwash is the gold standard for periodontal disease. Chlorhexidine acts as an antiseptic that inhibits the accumulation of dental plaque and broad spectrum, because it is bacteriostatic and bactericidal. Ocimum sanctum (kemangi) is a herbal plant in Asia and has five active components, eugenol, caryophyllene, germacrene-A, clemence and caryophyllene-oxide. In periodontal tissues, these substances have an antibacterial effect. Ocimum sanctum's immunomodulatory properties boost the response of the host to infection by raising interferon, IL-4, and T-helper cell levels. The antimicrobial plays a role in the early stages and progression of many periodontal illnesses in periodontal infections such Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Conclusion: Application of Ocimum sanctum extract is effective as an antimicrobial supportive therapy in periodontal disease.
Cite this article:
Anis Irmawati, Sesaria Junita Mega, Nur Imamatul Ummah, Visilmi Kaffah Putri Ayna, Fitriatuz Zakia, Yassir Ahmad Azzaim, Ala’a Saif Alqhtani, Raed Labib. The effectiveness of Ocimum sanctum extract application as an Antimicrobial in the Supportive Therapy of Periodontal Disease. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(1):177-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00027
Cite(Electronic):
Anis Irmawati, Sesaria Junita Mega, Nur Imamatul Ummah, Visilmi Kaffah Putri Ayna, Fitriatuz Zakia, Yassir Ahmad Azzaim, Ala’a Saif Alqhtani, Raed Labib. The effectiveness of Ocimum sanctum extract application as an Antimicrobial in the Supportive Therapy of Periodontal Disease. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(1):177-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00027 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2025-18-1-27
REFERENCES:
1. Riskesdas K. Hasil Utama Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS). J Phys A Math Theor. 2018; 8(44): 1–200.
2. Suvan J. Leira Y. Moreno SFM. Graziani F. Derks J. Tomasi C. Subgingival instrumentation for treatment of periodontitis. A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2020; 47(2): 155–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13245
3. Papapanou PN. Sanz M. Buduneli N. Dietrich T. Feres M. Fine DH et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol. 2018; 89(1): 173–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.17-0721
4. Soulissa AG. A Review of the Factors Associated with Periodontal Disease in the Elderly. Journal of Indonesian Dental Association. 2020; 3(1):47. https://doi.org/10.32793/jida.v3i1.448
5. Kwon T. Lamster IB. Levin L. Current concepts in the management of periodontitis. Int Dent J. 2020; 71(6): 462-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12630
6. Brookes ZLS. Bescos R. Belfield LA. Ali K. Roberts A. Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review. J Dent. 2020; 103: 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103497
7. Prasad KARV. John S. Deepika V. Dwijendra KS. Reddy BR. Chincholi S. Anti-Plaque Efficacy of Herbal and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash: A Comparative Study. J Int Oral Health. 2015; 7(8):98–102.
8. Philip SA. Ocimum Sanctum: An Advent as a Local Drug Delivery Agent in the Management of Periodontal Disease. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. 2018; 3(11): 765–768.
9. Ramamurthy J. Jayakumar ND. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant effect and cytotoxicity of ocimum sanctum intra oral gel for combating periodontal diseases. Bioinformation. 2020; 16(12): 1026–1032. https://doi.org10.6026/973206300161026
10. Fernandes T. D’souza AD. Sawarkar SP. Ocimum sanctum L: Promising agent for oral health care management. Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy. 2020; 259–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119618973.ch16
11. Nocini R. Lippi G. Mattiuzzi C. Periodontal disease: the portrait of an epidemic. J Public Health Emerg. 2020; 4: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.21037/jphe.2020.03.01
12. Sedghi LM. Bacino M. Kapila YL. Periodontal Disease: The Good, The Bad, and The Unknown. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021; 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.766944
13. Könönen E. Gursoy M. Gursoy UK. Periodontitis: A multifaceted disease of tooth-supporting tissues. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081135
14. Naito M. Shoji M. Sato K. Nakayama K. Insertional Inactivation and Gene Complementation of Prevotella intermedia Type IX Secretion System Reveals Its Indispensable Roles in Black Pigmentation, Hemagglutination, Protease Activity of Interpain A, and Biofilm Formation. J Bacteriol. 2022; 204(8). https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00203-22
15. Preshaw PM. Bissett SM. Periodontitis and diabetes. Br Dent J. 2019; 227(7): 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-019-0794-5
16. Newman DDS FACD MG. Newman and Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology. Elsevier. 2019.
17. Kalala-Kazadi E. Toma S. Lasserre J. Nyimi-Bushabu F. Ntumba-Mulumba H. Brecx M. Clinical and microbiological profiles of aggressive and chronic periodontitis in Congolese patients: A cross-sectional study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2020; 10(4): 491–497. https://doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_501_19
18. Trombelli L. Farina R. Silva CO. Tatakis DN. Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol. 2018; 45(20): 44–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12939
19. Tetan-El D. Adam AM. Jubhari H. Gingival diseases: plaque induced and non-plaque induced. Makassar Dental Journal. 2021; 10(1): 88-95. https://doi.org/10.35856/mdj.v10i1.394
20. Rasheed HT. Article Review: Gingivitis, Etiology and Prevention [Internet]. Available from: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0190-803x
21. Buskermolen JK. Janus MM. Roffel S. Krom BP. Gibbs S. Saliva-Derived Commensal and Pathogenic Biofilms in a Human Gingiva Model. J Dent Res. 2018; 97(2): 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034517729998
22. S. Preethanath R. I. Ibraheem W. Anil A. Pathogenesis of Gingivitis. In: Oral Diseases. IntechOpen; 2020: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91614
23. Amanda EA. Oktiani BW. Panjaitan FUA. Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Flavonoid Propolis Trigona Sp (Trigona thorasica) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis. 2019; 3(1): 23-28. https://doi.org/10.20527/dentin.v3i1.887
24. Tonetti MS. Greenwell H. Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol. 2018; 89(1): 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.18-0006
25. Alsinaidi AA. Periodontitis, the Current Cellular and Molecular Histopathologic Representation: A Narrative Review. 2021; 9(3): 126–131.
26. Alsinaidi AA. Periodontitis, the Current Cellular and Molecular Histopathologic Representation: A Narrative Review. 2021; 9(3): 126–131.
27. Eswar P. Devaraj CG. Agarwal P. Anti-microbial Activity of Tulsi {Ocimum Sanctum (Linn.)} Extract on a Periodontal Pathogen in Human Dental Plaque: An Invitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016; 10(3): ZC53-56. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/16214.7468
28. Praharani D. Pujiastuti P. Wahyukundari AM. Arina YMD. Sari DS. Number Of Black-Pigmented Anaerobic Bacteria Contained In The Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) Of Patients Suffering From The Chronic Periodontitis And Aggressive Periodontitis. ODONTO Dental Journal. 2021; 8(1): 101-107.
29. Penmetsa GS. B V. Bhupathi AP. P SR. V SB. V MR. Comparative Evaluation of Triphala, Aloe vera, and chlorhexidine mouthwash on gingivitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Contemp Clin Dent. 2019; 10(2): 333–337. https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_583_18
30. Brookes ZLS. Bescos R. Belfield LA. Ali K. Roberts A. Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review. J Dent. 2020; 103: 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103497
31. Penmetsa GS. B V. Bhupathi AP. P SR. V SB. V MR. Comparative Evaluation of Triphala, Aloe vera, and chlorhexidine mouthwash on gingivitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Contemp Clin Dent. 2019; 10(2): 333–337. https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_583_18
32. Saroj T. Krishna A. A Comparison of Chemical Composition and Yield of Essential Oils from Shoot System Parts of Ocimum sanctum Found in Semi-Arid Region of Uttar Pradesh. 2017; 6(3). https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9881.1000172
33. Bostanci N. Belibasakis GN. Periodontal Pathogenesis: Definitions and Historical Perspectives. Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease. 2018. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53737-5
34. Mallikarjun S. Rao A. Rajesh G. Shenoy R. Pai M. Antimicrobial efficacy of Tulsi leaf (Ocimum sanctum) extract on periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2016; 20(2): 145–150. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.175177
35. Nadar BG. Usha G V. Lakshminarayan N. Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of 4% Tulsi Extract (Ocimum sanctum), Fluoridated and Placebo Dentifrices against Gingivitis and Plaque among 14-15 years School Children in Davangere City, India - A Triple Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Contemp Clin Dent. 2020; 11(1): 67–75. https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_109_19
36. Smith J. Petrovic P. Rose M. De Souz C. Muller L. Nowak B. Martinez J. Placeholder Text: A Study. Citation Styles. 2021; (15)3.
37. Trilochansai GV. Ravishankar PL. Visithriyan G. Guruprasadh P. Aadhithiyan S. Priya PJ. Efficacy of triphala, ocimum sanctum and chlorhexidine mouth wash on gingivitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; 16(5): 2137–2141. doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00351
38. Trilochansai GV. Ravishankar PL. Visithriyan G. Guruprasadh P. Aadhithiyan S. Priya PJ. Efficacy of triphala, ocimum sanctum and chlorhexidine mouth wash on gingivitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; 16(5): 2137–2141. doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00351
39. Soesilawati P. Ummah NI. Syahnia SJMR. Arini NL. Oki AS. The role of Porphyromonas Gingivalis in oral biofilm: Pathophysiology in chronic periodontitis. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; 16(4): 1754–1760. doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00289
40. Gayathri M. Gheena S. Gopinath. Comparison of the aerobic microbes in supragingival plaque of chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2016; 9(9): 1363. doi:10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00261.4
41. Joseph RA. Sabarish R. M S. Bhat K. Balaji SK. Comparative evaluation on the effect of herbal mouthwash on putative periodontal pathogens – in vitro study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; 16(1): 97–102. doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00017
42. Abdi Z. Roozegar M-A. Beigi S. Khorshidi A. Azizian M. Beigi Z. Using simvastatin mouthwash (0.6%, 1.2% and 1.8%) on the improvement of clinical parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2020; 13(2):862. doi:10.5958/0974-360x.2020.00163.8
43. Harishmitha. P.S. Karthikeyan.M. Jayanthkumar. Chlorhexidine and its Role on Oral Health. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2014; 7(12): 1492-1493.
44. Noor SSSE. Pradeep. Chlorhexidine: Its Properties and Effects. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2016; 9(10): 1755-1760. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00353.X
45. Malaiappan S. Abraham C. Association between Sleep and Periodontitis – A Systematic Review. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(5): 2506-2510. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00422.0