Author(s):
Ananya Madiyal, Subhas G. Babu, Suchetha Kumari N, Sharmila K. P, Prajna U, Deesha Kumari, Mohammed Faizal Asan
Email(s):
ananyamadiyal@gmail.com
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00286 
Address:
Ananya Madiyal1, Subhas G. Babu2, Suchetha Kumari N3, Sharmila K. P4, Prajna U5, Deesha Kumari6, Mohammed Faizal Asan7
1,2AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology.
3KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Biochemistry.
4,5KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Central Research Laboratory.
6AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Public Health Dentistry.
7Indus Group of Dental Diagnostics, Andhra Pradesh.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 17,
Issue - 4,
Year - 2024
ABSTRACT:
Background: Oral cancer ranks sixth among all the types of cancers globally and contributes to significant mortality and morbidity. Inflammation is known to play an important role in tumorigenesis. Human Beta Defensins are a type of AMP that play a role as chemo attractive, antimicrobial, and antitumor agents and also act as immunomodulators. They have also been demonstrated in cancer cell lines. Beta defensins act as tumor suppressor genes by manipulating the tumor microenvironment. The existing literature on human beta defensin-2 activity is scarce. There exists no literature on the comparison of the level of salivary human beta defensin-2 between subjects with oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. Saliva contains constituents that reflect the physiologic state of the body. This can be utilized for rapid and atraumatic diagnosis of diseases owing to its non-invasive nature of collection. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the level of human beta defensin-2 in the saliva of subjects with oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer and compare them with levels in healthy subjects. Materials and methods: The study sample included 75 subjects who were divided into three groups consisting of healthy subjects, subjects with oral potentially premalignant disorders and subjects with oral cancer. Results: The mean salivary Human beta defensin-2 level in subjects with oral cancer was significantly higher than in healthy controls and subjects with oral potentially malignant disorders. The level was highest in the oral cancer group and least in the control group. This difference among the 3 groups was statistically significant. In the group with premalignant disorders, the variation in the level of salivary human beta defensin-2 according to the type of lesion was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study highlights the diagnostic role of hBD-2 in saliva. The presence of Human beta defensin-2 in the saliva of healthy controls points to its role in the maintenance of mucosal integrity. Elevation in the level of hBD-2 in oral potentially malignant disorders and a further increase in oral cancer indicate the potential use of hBD-2 as a biomarker in early diagnosis of oral cancer. Use of saliva as the diagnostic fluid aids in establishing a non-invasive and atraumatic means of diagnosis.
Cite this article:
Ananya Madiyal, Subhas G. Babu, Suchetha Kumari N, Sharmila K. P, Prajna U, Deesha Kumari, Mohammed Faizal Asan. Status of salivary human beta defensin-2 in oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer: Quest for a novel non-invasive biomarker. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2024; 17(4):1799-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00286
Cite(Electronic):
Ananya Madiyal, Subhas G. Babu, Suchetha Kumari N, Sharmila K. P, Prajna U, Deesha Kumari, Mohammed Faizal Asan. Status of salivary human beta defensin-2 in oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer: Quest for a novel non-invasive biomarker. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2024; 17(4):1799-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00286 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2024-17-4-60
REFERENCES:
1. Jeihooni AK, Jafari F, Jeihooni AK, Jafari F. Oral Cancer: Epidemiology, Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment. Oral Cancer - Current Concepts and Future Perspectives. 2021; 455-360. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.99236
2. Ajay P, Ashwinirani S, Nayak A, Suragimath G, Kamala K, Sande A, et al. Oral cancer prevalence in Western population of Maharashtra, India, for a period of 5 years. Journal of Oral Research and Review. 2018; 10(1): 11-4.doi: 10.4103/jorr.jorr_23_17
3. Veluthattil A, Sudha S, Kandasamy S, Chakkalakkoombil S. Effect of Hypofractionated, Palliative Radiotherapy on Quality of Life in Late-Stage Oral Cavity Cancer: A Prospective Clinical Trial. Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 2019; 25(3): 383-90. doi: 10.4103/IJPC.IJPC_115_18
4. Nandakumar E, Savitha G. A study of Salivary Lactate Dehydragenase (LDH) level in normal individuals and the Oral Cancer Patients. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2015; 8(7): 932-4. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00155.9
5. Ahad M. Antioxidant level in Oral Malignancy. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2015;8(8):1011-3.doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00171.7
6. Borse V, Konwar AN, Buragohain P. Oral cancer diagnosis and perspectives in India. Sensors International. 2020;1:100046. doi: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100046
7. Ouidad A, Sara C, Islam B, Yousra GI, Samir D. Analysis of Blood Pressure, Lipid Profile and Hematological Biomarkers in men Addicted to Tobacco Chewing. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2021;13(1):1-4.doi: 10.5958/2321-5836.2021.00001.X
8. Sridharan G. Epidemiology, control and prevention of tobacco induced oral mucosal lesions in India. Indian Journal of Cancer. 2014;51(1):80-5. doi: 10.4103/0019-509X.134651.
9. Swaliha C K, Jayachandran T P, Shadiya C K. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Novel HDAC Inhibitors using in vitro Methods. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022;15(12):5455-8.doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00919
10. Khurshid Z, Naseem M, Sheikh Z, Najeeb S, Shahab S, Zafar MS. Oral antimicrobial peptides: Types and role in the oral cavity. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016; 24(5):515-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.02.015
11. Wang X, Jiang W, Duan N, Qian Y, Zhou Q, Ye P, Jiang H, Bai Y, Zhang W, Wang W.NOD1, RIP2 and Caspase12 are potentially novel biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma development and progression. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2014;7(4):1677-86. PMID: 24817964
12. Ghosh SK, McCormick TS, Weinberg A. Human Beta Defensins and Cancer: Contradictions and Common Ground. Frontiers in Oncology. 2019;9:341. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00341
13. Abiko Y, Mitamura J, Nishimura M, Muramatsu T, Inoue T, Shimono M, et al. Pattern of expression of beta-defensins in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Letters. 1999; 143(1): 37-43. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00171-8
14. Diamond G, Ryan LK. Beta-defensins: what are they REALLY doing in the oral cavity? Oral Diseases. 2011;17(7):628-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01799.x
15. Raju P, Babu RG, Sowjanya M, Ramayyappa M. Evaluation of Cancer Bio-markers through Hyphenated Analytical Techniques. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2021; 11(3): 235-42. doi: 10.52711/2231-5675.2021.00041
16. Kirtawade R, Salve P, Seervi C, Kulkarni A, Dhabale P. Biomarker: Indicator for Disease. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2010;2(1):5-11.
17. Sareen A, Tandon S, Ramachandran A, Srimathi R. Saliva as A Diagnostic Tool for Detection of the Viruses: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018 ;11(10): 4739-43.doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00863.6
18. Epstein JB, Silverman S, Epstein JD, Lonky SA, Bride MA. Analysis of oral lesion biopsies identified and evaluated by visual examination, chemiluminescence and toluidine blue. Oral Oncology. 2008; 44(6): 538-44. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.08.011
19. Nivedha S, Gheena S. Prevalence and Incidence of Types of Oral Malignancy- 5 Year Institutional Study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2015; 8(12): 1615-8.doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00289.9
20. Fuller C, Camilon R, Nguyen S, Jennings J, Day T, Gillespie MB. Adjunctive diagnostic techniques for oral lesions of unknown malignant potential: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Head and Neck. 2015; 37(5): 755-62. doi: 10.1002/hed.23667
21. Markopoulos AK, Michailidou EZ, Tzimagiorgis G. Salivary Markers for Oral Cancer Detection. Open Dental Journal. 2010; 4(1): 172-8. doi: 10.2174/1874210601004010172
22. Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Khan RS, Najeeb S, Slowey PD, Rehman IU. Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Detection. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2018; 86: 23-70. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.05.002
23. Hafeez N. Creatine phosphokinase levels in Oral cancer Patients. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2016;9(10):1577-80. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00310.3
24. Agarwal R, Lakshmi T. Salivary Enzymes as Biomarkers for Periodontitis – An Update. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2014; 7(1): 98-100.doi: 10.5958/0974-360X
25. Cristaldi M, Mauceri R, di Fede O, Giuliana G, Campisi G, Panzarella V. Salivary biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis and follow-up: Current status and perspectives. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019; 10: 1476. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01476
26. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. International Journal of Cancer. 2001; 94(2): 153-6. doi: 10.1002/ijc.1440
27. Sun CQ, Arnold R, Fernandez-Golarz C, Parrish AB, Almekinder T, He J, et al. Human β-Defensin-1, a Potential Chromosome 8p Tumor Suppressor: Control of Transcription and Induction of Apoptosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Research. 2006; 66(17): 8542-9.doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0294
28. Winter J, Pantelis A, Reich R, Martini M, Kraus D, Jepsen S, et al. Human Beta-Defensin-1, -2, and -3 Exhibit Opposite Effects on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Proliferation, Cancer Investigation. 2011; 29: 3: 196-201. doi: 10.3109/07357907.2010.543210
29. Salem A, Almahmoudi R, Hagström J, Stark H, Nordström D, Salo T, et al. Human β-Defensin 2 Expression in Oral Epithelium: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Oral Lichen Planus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(7): 1780-96.
30. Kucukkolbasi H, Kucukkolbasi S, Ayyildiz HF, Dursun R, Kara H. Evaluation of hβD-1 and hβD-2 levels in saliva of patients with oral mucosal diseases. West Indian Medical Journal. 2013; 62(3): 230-8. doi: 10.7727/wimj.2012.315