Author(s):
Liza Meutia Sari, Chairunas Chairunas, Santi Chismirina
Email(s):
lizameutiasari@usk.ac.id
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00822 
Address:
Liza Meutia Sari1, Chairunas Chairunas2, Santi Chismirina3
1Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
2Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
3Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 17,
Issue - 11,
Year - 2024
ABSTRACT:
Background: Areca nut (Areca catechu L.) and red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc. var. rubrum) are herbal plants that have specific phytochemical compound functional groups that have the potential to be used as antifungal and antibacterial. However, the optimal effect of the combination of the two extracts against oral candidiasis and oral bacterial infections is not yet known with certainty. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the combination of areca nut and red ginger on the development of microbial infection in oral cavity. Methods: Plant extraction is carried out using the maceration method. Functional group test using an FTIR spectrophotometer. The antifungal assay with Candida albicans (C. albicans) ATCC 10231 using well-diffusion technique on sabouraud dextrose agar media. Comparison of concentrations of areca nut: red ginger combination is 80%:20%, 50%:50%, and 20%:80%, respectively. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Data analysis of antifungal assay was carried out using the Kruskall-Wallis test with p<0.05, post-hoc using the Mann-Whitney test, and the antibacterial activity using one-way ANOVA with p<0.05 and post-hoc using LSD test. Results: The areca nut extract confirmed the presence of the phenolic, alcohol, and aromatic benzene compounds. The red ginger contained flavonoid, alkaloid, and aromatic functional groups. The combination of areca nut and red ginger extract with a concentration ratio of 80%:20% had the highest inhibitory activity against C. albicans; 15.13±1.71mm with the positive control being 12.43±1.40 mm. In the antibacterial activity, the combination of 80%:20% areca nut and red ginger extract has an average inhibition zone of 12.43±1.40 mm which is the strongest inhibition ability while the positive control is 11.21±2.62 mm. Conclusion. The combination of areca nut and red ginger extracts contained potential phytochemical compounds that influence the antimicrobial ability. The concentration ratio of 80%:20% of areca nut and red ginger extract has the strongest inhibitory activity against C. albicans and S. aureus.
Cite this article:
Liza Meutia Sari, Chairunas Chairunas, Santi Chismirina. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activity of Areca Nut and Red Ginger Combination Extract Against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; 17(11):5379-5. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00822
Cite(Electronic):
Liza Meutia Sari, Chairunas Chairunas, Santi Chismirina. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activity of Areca Nut and Red Ginger Combination Extract Against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; 17(11):5379-5. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00822 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2024-17-11-30
REFERENCES:
1. Vieira Colombo AP, Araújo LL, Pontes Espíndola LCR, Hartenbach AR, Magalhães CB, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence of subgingival staphylococci isolated from periodontal health and diseases. Sci. Rep. 2023; 13(1): 11613.
2. Taverne-Ghadwal L, Kuhns M, Buhl T, Schulze MH, Mbaitolum WJ, et al. Epidemiology and Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis in HIV Patients From Chad in the Post-HAART Era. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13: 1-12.
3. Ambe NF, Longdoh NA, Tebid P, Bobga TP, Nkfusai CN, et al. The prevalence, risk factors and antifungal sensitivity pattern of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Kumba District Hospital, South West Region, Cameroon. PAMJ. 2020; 36(23): 1-14.
4. Chatterjee AN. Role of Antifungal Therapy in Treating different Types of Fungal Infections and it’s Future: A Systematic Review. AJPRes. 2023; 13(2): 129-5.
5. Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, Pustijanac E, Bekić S, et al. Candida albicans-The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J Fungi (Basel). 2021; 7(2): 79.
6. Patil S, Rao RS, Majumdar B, Anil S. Clinical Appearance of Oral Candida Infection and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Microbiol. 2015; 17(6): 1391.
7. Irshad M, Alam MK, Alawneh A, Alhadi MA, Alhadi AA, et al. Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pathogens Associated with Periodontal Abscess. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(10): 654.
8. Altaie AM, Saddik B, Alsaegh MA, M. Soliman SS, Hamoudi R, et al. Prevalence of unculturable bacteria in the periapical abscess: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE . 2021; 16(8): e0255485.
9. Baquero F, Levin BR. Proximate and ultimate causes of the bactericidal action of antibiotics. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2021; 19(2): 123-32.
10. Jeyanthi T, Subramanian P, Kumaravel P A Comparative Analysis of Antibacterial Activity of Withania somnifera Root Extract with Commercial Antibiotics. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2013; 3(2): 98-102.
11. Abbas G, Kashif M, Mudassar M, Khan TA, Bhatti HA, et al. Cytotoxic, embryotoxic, insecticidal and anti-microbial activities of standardized Areca catechu nut. Pak J Pharm Sci 2018; 31(2): 385-92.
12. Rinanda T, Isnanda RP, Zulfitri Z. Chemical Analysis of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var rubrum) Essential Oil and Its Anti-biofilm Activity against Candida albicans. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2018; 13(12).
13. Guleli M, İşsever S, Çalışkan C, Ozbek M. Determination of the amount of Simethicone in different Drug formulations by the Gravimetric method and comparison with the FTIR method by Chemometric methods. Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2021; 11(1): 17-21.
14. Jalal M, Azam AM, Ghazanfar AS, Khan HM, Suriya R. Anticandidal activity of bioinspired ZnO NPs: effect on growth, cell morphology and key virulence attributes of Candida species. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018; 46(sup1): 912-25.
15. Ouchari L, Boukeskasse A, Bouizgarne B, Ouhdouch Y. Antimicrobial potential of actinomycetes isolated from the unexplored hot Merzouga desert and their taxonomic diversity. Biol Open. 2019; 8(2): bio035410.
16. Liu PF, Chang YF. The Controversial Roles of Areca Nut: Medicine or Toxin? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023; 24(10): 8996.
17. Zhang S, Kou X, Zhao H, Mak KK, Balijepalli MK, Pichika MR. Zingiber officinale var. rubrum: Red Ginger's Medicinal Uses. Molecules. 2022; 27(3): 775.
18. Mittal S, Rao N, Sudhanshu S, Menghani E Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Tectona grandis L. RJST. 2012; 4(5): 188-91.
19. Vishnu Prasanna SG, Geetha G. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of South Indian Spices against Enteric Pathogens – An In vitro Study. RJST. 2019; 11(1): 69-72.
20. Rej S, Dutta M, Jamal S, Das S, Chatterjee S. Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Clerodendrum infortunatum. Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2014; 4(4): 187-95.
21. Purohit MC, Kandwal A, Purohit R, Semwal AR, Parveen S, Khajuria AK. Antimicrobial Activity of Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Ajuga bracteosa Leaf Extract. Asian J. Pharm. Anal. 2021; 11(4): 275-80.
22. Kambar A, Asha MM, Chaithra M, Prasith Kekuda TR. Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Flower Extract of Quisqualis indica Linn. Against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. RJST. 2014; 6(1): 23-4.
23. Ashfaq MH, Yousaf M. Antifungal Activity of Senna alata – A Review. AJPRes. 2022; 12(4): 307-1.
24. Kilonzo M, Munisi D. Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of Harrisonia abyssinica (Oliv) and Vepris simplicifolia (Verd) extracts used as traditional medicine in Tanzania. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021; 28(12): 7481-85.
25. Otieno JN, Hosea KM, Lyaruu HV, Mahunnah RL. Multi-plant or single-plant extracts, which is the most effective for local healing in Tanzania? Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2008; 22(5): 165-72.
26. Sumalatha K, Ishwara Bhat J. Extraction, Characterization and Identification of Major Chemical Components of Areca Nut Extract at its Different Stages. IJEE. 2019; 10(2): 136-46.
27. Muruganathan N, Dhanapal AR, Baskar V, Muthuramalingam P, Selvaraj D et al. Recent Updates on Source, Biosynthesis, and Therapeutic Potential of Natural Flavonoid Luteolin: A Review. Metabolites. 2022; 12(11): 1145.
28. Aboulaghras S, Sahib N, Bakrim S, Benali T, Charfi S, et al. . Health Benefits and Pharmacological Aspects of Chrysoeriol. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022; 15(8): 973.
29. Allemailem KS. Antimicrobial Potential of Naturally Occurring Bioactive Secondary Metabolites. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021; 13(2): 155-62.
30. Machová M, Bajer T, Šilha D, Ventura K, Bajerová P. Volatiles Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Areca Nut Extracts Obtained by Simultaneous Distillation-Extraction and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction. Molecules. 2021; 26(24): 7422.
31. Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Valle-González ER, Cho J. Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides: Biological Activities, Experimental Testing, and Therapeutic Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018; 19(4): 1114.
32. Raju A, De SS, Ray MK, Degani MS. . Antituberculosis activity of polyphenols of Areca catechu. Int. J. Mycobacteriol. 2021; 10: 13-18.
33. Endo EH, Cortez DA, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Dias Filho BP. Potent antifungal activity of extracts and pure compound isolated from pomegranate peels and synergism with fluconazole against Candida albicans. Res. Microbiol. 2010; 161(7): 534-40.
34. Pambayun R, Gardjito M, Sudarmadji S, Rahayu K. Phenolic conent and antibacterial characteristics from several types of gambier product extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb). Indonesian J. Pharm. 2017; 18(3): 141–46.
35. Silva S, Rodrigues CF, Araújo D, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M. Candida Species Biofilms’ Antifungal Resistance. J. Fungi. 2017; 3(1): 8.
36. Jam N, Hajimohammadi R, Gharbani P, Mehrizad A. . Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous, Ethanolic and Methanolic Extracts of Areca Nut Fruit on Selected Bacteria. Biomed Res. Int. 2021; 2021: 1-8.
37. Ahmed N, Karobari MI, Yousaf A, Mohamed RN, Arshad S, et al. The Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Selective Oral Microbes, Antioxidant Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Zingiber officinale. Infect Drug Resist. 2022; 15: 2773-85.