Author(s):
David Ufuoma ADJE, Olayinka, Rukayat Adepeju, Michael Chukwuemeka Omuta
Email(s):
a_udave77@yahoo.com
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00526 
Address:
David Ufuoma ADJE1*, Olayinka, Rukayat Adepeju2, Michael Chukwuemeka Omuta3
1Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
2Dept. of Pharmaceutical Services, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos.
3Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Madonna University, Elele, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 16,
Issue - 7,
Year - 2023
ABSTRACT:
Background The perennial problem of low immunization coverage in most developing countries calls for deployment of all available human health resources in order to increase access to life-saving vaccines and to increase immunization coverage. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacists in immunization delivery and to explore barriers to involvement. Method: A pre- tested self-administered questionnaire was distributed to cross-section of 216 pharmacists working in secondary and tertiary hospitals across Lagos State, Nigeria. Knowledge and attitude scores were expressed as frequency and percentages. The Chi square test was used to explore association between demographic variables and respective scores. A p value of less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: More than 80% of pharmacists were either very knowledgeable or fairly knowledgeable about vaccines and vaccine preventable diseases. Although there were concerns about regular power supply, resource availability was adequate but involvement in vaccine administration was low. Age and additional qualifications were significantly associated with knowledge of vaccines (X2 =18.594, df 4, P value=0.017, X2 =13.841, df 4, P value = 0.031 respectively). The major barriers to involvement were concerns about vaccine quality, availability and safety, lack of time, and lack of regular power supply. Conclusion Pharmacists’ knowledge on immunization was adequate but involvement in vaccine administration was low. The major barriers to involvement were concerns about vaccine quality, availability and safety. The option of deploying pharmacists for primary care duties, including immunization, appears plausible.
Cite this article:
David Ufuoma ADJE, Olayinka, Rukayat Adepeju, Michael Chukwuemeka Omuta. An appraisal of Pharmacists’ involvement in Immunization delivery in Lagos State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2023; 16(7):3201-6. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00526
Cite(Electronic):
David Ufuoma ADJE, Olayinka, Rukayat Adepeju, Michael Chukwuemeka Omuta. An appraisal of Pharmacists’ involvement in Immunization delivery in Lagos State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2023; 16(7):3201-6. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00526 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2023-16-7-23
REFERENCES:
1. Anil K Agarwal, Anju Agarwal, Ramniwas Mahor, Akshat Pathak. A Cross Sectional Study to identify managerial issues in the Implementation of vaccination of under-five Children for effective management of Immunization Center. Asian Journal of Management. 2021; 12(3):265-0. doi: 10.52711/2321-5763.2021.00040
2. Rodrigues CMC and Plotkin SA Impact of Vaccines; Health, Economic and Social Perspectives. Front. Microbiol, 2020, 11:1526. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01526
3. Ketaki Shinde1, Usha Rani, Naveen Kumar. P. Assessing the Effectiveness of Immunization Reminder System among nursing Mothers of South India. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2018; 11(5): 1761-1767. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00327.X
4. Vaibhav Dagaji Aher, Subham Banerjee, Kamal K. Mahaur. Vaccine: An Ultimate Way of Immunization. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 4(3): March 2011; 369-374
5. WHO Immunization Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/immunization. Accessed 3/4/21
6. Sarfraz Ahmed, Nor Hayati Othman, Siti Amrah Sulaiman, Rao US Mahadeva, Nordin S, Atif Amin Baig. Resistance to Polio Vaccination in Some Muslim Communities and the Actual Islamic Perspectives – A Critical Review. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 7(4): April, 2014; Page 494-495.
7. Rathi HB, Bansal AK, PK Shrivastav. Immunization Status of Pre-School Students in Slums. Research J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2010; 2(1):57-58
8. Chindy Umaya, Urip Harahap, Khairunnisa, R. A. Syahputra. The Effect of Medication Remainder Application (MRA) on The Level of Knowledge and Compliance of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, Indonesia. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(11):5725-8. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00995
9. Zainab. The effect of the application of topical shallots on infant pain post-immunization. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 15(4):1775-8. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00297
10. Adriana Guzman-Holst, Rodrigo DeAntonio, David Prado-Cohrs, Patricia Juliao, Barriers to vaccination in Latin America: A systematic literature review, Vaccine,2020 , 38, (3) Issue 3,:470-481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.088
11. John Elflein Deaths by influenza and pneumonia in the U.S. 1950-2018 Available at https://www.statista.com/statistics/184574/deaths-by-influenza-and-pneumonia-in-the-us-since-1950/ Accessed2/6/21
12. Hill HA, Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA, Kang Y. Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19-35 Months - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Oct 12; 67(40):1123-1128. .https:/%20doi:%2010.15585/mmwr.mm6740a4
13. Hunter P, Fryhofer S A, Szilagyi P G Vaccination of adults in general practice. Thematic Review of vaccine, 2020 :169-183,Available at https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(19)30310-6/fulltext#%20
14. Ozawa S, Portnoy A, Getaneh H, Clark S, Knoll M, Bishai D, Yang HK, Patwardhan PD. Modeling the economic burden of adult vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016; 35(11):2124–32. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0462
15. Bragazzi NL. Pharmacists as Immunizers: The Role of Pharmacies in Promoting Immunization Campaigns and Counteracting Vaccine Hesitancy. Pharmacy (Basel). 2019; 7(4):166. Published 2019 Dec 5. doi:10.3390/pharmacy7040166
16. Poudel, A., Lau, E.T., Deldot, M.E., Campbell, C., Waite, N., and Nissen, L. (2019). Pharmacist role in vaccination: Evidence and challenges. Vaccine. 2019, 37,(40,): 5939-594
17. Casey R. Tak, Macary Weck Marciniak, Amanda Savage and Sachiko Ozawa The essential role of pharmacists facilitating vaccination in older adults: the case of Herpes Zoster, Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 2020,, 16:1, 70-75, DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1637218
18. Cernasev, A.; Aruru, M.; Clark, S.; Patel, K.; DiPietro Mager, N.; Subramaniam, V.; Truong, H.-A. Empowering Public Health Pharmacy Practice—Moving from Collaborative Practice Agreements to Provider Status in the U.S. Pharmacy, 2021, 9, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pharmacy9010057
19. Salisa C. Westrick, Brandon J. Patterson, Mohammad S. Kader, Sanuwar Rashid, Philip O. Buck, Mitchel C. Rothholz, National survey of pharmacy-based immunization services, Vaccine, 2018 , 36 (37): 5657-5664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.027.
20. Chevalier, J. A., Schwartz, J. L., Su, Y., and Williams, K. R. JUE Insight: Distributional Impacts of Retail Vaccine Availability. Journal of urban economics, 2021, 103382. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103382
21. CDC The Federal Retail Pharmacy Program For COVID 19 Vaccination , Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/retail-pharmacy-program/index.html,Accesssed 15/10/21
22. Paudyal, V., Fialová, D., Henman, M. C., Hazen, A., Okuyan, B., Lutters, M., Cadogan, C., da Costa, F. A., Galfrascoli, E., Pudritz, Y. M., Rydant, S., and Acosta-Gómez, J. Pharmacists' involvement in COVID-19 vaccination across Europe: a situational analysis of current practice and policy. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2021, 43(4), 1139–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-021-01301-7
23. Yamane, Taro. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Edition, New York: Harper and Row.
24. Hogue MD, Grabeinstein JD, Foster SL et al. Pharmacist involvement with immunization: A decade of professional Advancement. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2006: 46: 168-182.
25. Houle SKD, Eurich DT (2019) Completion of multiple-dose travel vaccine series and the availability of pharmacist immunizers: A retrospective analysis of administrative data in Alberta, Canada. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0211006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211006
26. Nurfirda, Susi Ari Kristina, Suci Hanifah. Readiness to provide immunization services among community pharmacists in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(5):2543-7. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00448
27. Bragazzi N. L. . . Pharmacists as Immunizers: The Role of Pharmacies in Promoting Immunization Campaigns and Counteracting Vaccine Hesitancy. Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland), 2019, 7(4), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7040166
28. Youssef, D., Abou-Abbas, L., Farhat, S. et al. Pharmacists as immunizers in Lebanon: a national survey of community pharmacists’ willingness and readiness to administer adult immunization. Hum Resour Health 19, 131 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00673-1
29. International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). An overview of current pharmacy impact on immunization. A global report 2016. The Hague: International Pharmaceutical Federation; 2016 FIP (International Federation of Pharmacists) Available at https://www.fip.org/files/fip/publications/FIP_report_on_Immunisation.pdf. Accessed 13/9/21
30. Ayamolowo, O., Buraimoh, E., Salau, A.O., and Dada, J. Nigeria Electricity Power Supply System: The Past, Present and the Future. 2019 IEEE PES/IAS Power Africa, 2019, 64-69
31. Ibragim Musaevich Bamatov, Anatolij Sergeevich Utyuzh, Vladimir Dmitriyevich Sekerin, Anna Evgenyevna Gorokhova, Dmitrii Anatolievich Shevchenko, Natalia Viktorovna Gayduk. Selecting a provider as the most important step in building a cold chain in Pharmaceutical Logistics. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(10):4641-4647. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00817.3
32. Rathi HB, Bansal AK, PK Shrivastav. Immunization Status of Pre-School Students in Slums. Research J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2010; 2(1):57-58
33. Rupinderjeet Kaur, Kh. Nita Kumari, Lakhpreet Kaur. An exploratory study to assess the immunization coverage and factors leading to dropout among mothers of children in selected rural areas of district Mohali, Punjab with a view to develop an information booklet. Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2020; 10(2): 121-126. doi: 10.5958/2349-2996.2020.00027.0
34. Lisenby KM, Patel KN, Uichanco MT. The Role of Pharmacists in Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and the Measles Outbreak. J Pharm Pract. 2021 Feb; 34(1):127-132
35. Nayar RK, Nair AT, Shaffi M, Swarnam K, Kumar A, Abraham M, Lordson J, Grace C. Methods to overcome vaccine hesitancy. Lancet. 2019 Mar 23; 393(10177):1203-1204. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30218-1. PMID: 30910302.
36. American Society of Health System Pharmacists Council on Professional Affairs. ASHP guidelines on the pharmacist's role in immunization. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003 Jul 1; 60(13):1371-7. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/60.13.1371. PMID: 12901040
37. Casey R. Tak, Macary Weck Marciniak, Amanda Savage and Sachiko Ozawa The essential role of pharmacists facilitating vaccination in older adults: the case of Herpes Zoster, Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 2020, 16:1, 70-75, DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1637218