Author(s):
B. R. Malathy, Sweetlin Ajitha P, Sangeetha K. S, Swetha Thampy, Kamala G
Email(s):
maluravi_71@yahoo.co.in
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00771 
Address:
Dr. B. R. Malathy1, Sweetlin Ajitha P2, Sangeetha K. S3, Swetha Thampy3, Kamala G3
1Reader, Department of Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai – 600119.
2Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai – 600119.
3IVth Year BDS Students, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai – 600119.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 14,
Issue - 8,
Year - 2021
ABSTRACT:
Essential oils (EOs) are natural extracts from the seeds, stems, roots, flowers, bark and other parts of the plant prepared by steam distillation. They are complex, volatile, natural compounds formed by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. They are known for their bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, sedative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, spasmolytic and locally anesthetic properties. They are generally composed of a combination of substances like terpenes, phenolics, aldehydes or alcohols. The complex composition and different mechanisms of action of EOs may be an advantage over other antimicrobials to prevent the development of resistance of pathogenic bacteria. With this background, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of five essential oils like basil, lime, rosemary, thyme and canada balsam against 14 microbes. The effects of essential oil on the selected microbes were determined by agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition was observed and measured in millimeter. Essential oils which showed inhibitory diameter >15 mm were further tested to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). S. aureus, E. coli, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, C. albicans and M. furfur were inhibited by all essential oils. K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and E .faecalis were inhibited only by thyme and not by other essential oils. The MIC values ranged from 50% to 0.10%. The least MIC value of 0.10% was shown by thyme and basil to S. aureus, thyme to E.coli and all essential oils against C. albicans except lime.
Cite this article:
B. R. Malathy, Sweetlin Ajitha P, Sangeetha K. S, Swetha Thampy, Kamala G. Antimicrobial activity of Commercial essential oils on human pathogens. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(8):4440-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00771
Cite(Electronic):
B. R. Malathy, Sweetlin Ajitha P, Sangeetha K. S, Swetha Thampy, Kamala G. Antimicrobial activity of Commercial essential oils on human pathogens. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(8):4440-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00771 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2021-14-8-77
REFERENCES:
1. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils – A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008; 46: 475.
2. Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Anackov G. Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2006; 54(5): 1822-1828.
3. Kimbaris AC, Siatis NG, Daferera DJ, Tarantilis PA, Pappas CS, Polissiou MG. Comparison of distillation and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the isolation of sensitive aroma compounds from garlic (Allium sativum). Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2006; 13(1): 54-60.
4. Verma SK, Goswami P, Verma RS, Padali RC, Chauhan A, Singh VR, Darokar MP. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of bergamot-mint (MenthacitrateEhrh.) essential oils isolated from the herbage and aqueous distillate using different methods. Industrial Crops and Products. 2016, 91: 152–160.
5. Si Said ZB, Haddadi-Guemghara H, Boulekbache-Makhloufa L, Rigoub P, Reminia H, Adjaouda A, Khoudjaa NK, Madani K. Essential oils composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydro distillated extract of Eucalyptus globulus fruits. Industrial Crops and Products. 2016; 89: 167–175.
6. Felsociova S, Kacaniova M, Horska E. Antifungal activity of essential oils against selected Terverticillate penicillia. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2015; 22(1): 38-42.
7. Sharifi-Rad J, Salehi B, Schnitzler P, Ayatollahi SA, Kobarfard F, Fathi M, Eisazadeh M, Sharifi-Rad M. Susceptibility of Herpes simplex virus type 1 to monoterpenes, thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and essential oils of Sinapis arvensis L., Lallemantia royleana Benth. and Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-grand). 2017; 63(8): 42-47.
8. Quassinti L, Lupidi G, Maggi F, Sagratini G, Papa F, Vittori S, Bianco A, Bramucci M. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Hypericum hircinum L. subsp. majus (Aiton) N. Robson essential oil. Natural Product Research 2013; 27: 862-8.
9. Fogang HPD, Maggi F, Tapondjou LA, Womeni HM, Papa F, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Vitali LA, Petrelli D, Lupidi G, Vittori S, Barboni L. In vitro biological activities of seed essential oils from the cameroonian spices Afrostyrax lepidophyllus MILDBR. and Scorodophloeus zenkeri HARMS rich in sulfur-containing compounds. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2014; 11: 161-169.
10. Suhail MM, Wu W, Cao A, Mondalek FG, Fung KM, Shih PT, Fang YT, Woolley C, Young G, Lin HK. Boswellia sacra essential oil induces tumor cell-specific apoptosis and suppresses tumor aggressiveness in cultured human breast cancer cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011; 11: 129.
11. Carnesecchi S, Schneider Y, Ceraline J, Duranton B, Gosse F, Seiler N, Geraniol RF. A component of plant essential oils, inhibits growth and polyamine biosynthesis in human colon cancer cells. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2001; 298: 197-200.
12. Composition and in vitro anticancer activities of the leaf essential oil of Neolitsea variabillima from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications. 2013; 8: 531-532.
13. Yu JQ, Liao ZX, Cai XQ, Lei JC, Zou GL. Composition, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of essential oils from Aristolochia mollissima. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2007; 23: 162-167.
14. Ferraz RPC, Cardoso GMB, Da Silva TB, Jose Eraldo do N. Fontes, Ana Paula do N. Prata, Carvalho AA, Moraes MO, Pessoa C, Costa EV, Bezerra DP. Antitumour properties of the leaf essential oil of Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae). Food Chemistry. 2013; 141: 196-200.
15. Jo JR, Park JS, Park YK, Chae YZ, Lee GH, Park GY, Jang BC. Pinus densiflora leaf essential oil induces apoptosis via ROS generation and activation of caspases in YD-8 human oral cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology. 2012; 40: 1238-45.
16. Mulyaningsih S, Youns M, El-Readi MZ, Ashour ML, Nibret E, Sporer F, Herrmann F, Reichling J, Wink M. Biological activity of the essential oil of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae) and its major components. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2010; 62: 1037-44.
17. Ali B, Ali N, Wabel A, Shams S, Ahamad A, Khan SA, Anwar F. Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2015 (8) 601–611.
18. Jimbo D, Kimura Y, Taniguchi M, Inoue M, Urakami K. Effect of aromatherapy on patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics 2009; 9: 173-179.
19. Smith CA, Collins CT, Crowther CA. Aromatherapy for pain management in labour (Review). Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2011 (7).
20. Shiina Y, Funabashi N, Lee K, Toyoda T, Sekine T, Honjo S, et al. Relaxation effects of lavender aromatherapy improve coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy men evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. International Journal of Cardiology. 2008; 129: 193-197.
21. Lai TK, Cheung MC, Lo CK, Ng KL, Fung YH, Tong M, et al. Effectiveness of aroma massage on advanced cancer patients with constipation: a pilot study. Complementary Therapeutics in Clinical Practice. 2011; 17: 37-43.
22. Marchand L. Integrative and complementary therapies for patients with advanced cancer. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2014; 3(3): 160-71.
23. Devi KP, Nisha SA, Sakthivel R, Pandian SK. Eugenol (an essential oil of clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the cellular membrane. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010 Jul 6;130 (1):107-15.
24. Juliano C, Mattana A & Usai M. Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Thymus herba-barona Loisel growing wild in Sardinia. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2000; 12(4): 516-522.
25. Daferera DJ, Ziogas BN, Polissiou MG, GC-MS analysis of essential oils from some Greek aromatic plants and their fungitoxicity on Penicillium digitatum, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000; 48(6): 2576-81.
26. Musa Ozcan, Jean-Clause Chalchat, Essential Oil Composition of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum minimum L. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 2002; 20: 223–228.
27. Regimbal JM and Collin G. Essential oil analysis of Balsam Fir Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1994; 6, 229-238.
28. Hsouna AB, Halima NB, Smaoui S and Hamdi N. Citrus lemon essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2017; 16:146.
29. Julliana Cariry Palhano Freire, Jose Klidenberg de Oliveira Junior, Daniele de Figueredo Silva, Janiere Pereira de Sousa, Felipe Queiroga Sarmento Guerra and Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima. Antifungal activity of essential oils against Candida albicans strains isolated from users of dental prostheses, evidence-based study. Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2017, Article ID 7158756, 9 pages
30. Yesim Er, Nur Sivri and Mustafa Mirik. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil against Rhizobium (Agrobacterium) vitis using Agar well and Disc diffusion method. Bacteriology Journal. 2018; 8: 1-11.
31. Serra E, Araida L, Bastida H, Joanna Verran ID, Williams D, Malic S. Antifungal activity of commercial essential oils and biocides against Candida albicans, Pathogens 2018; 7, 15.
32. Lagha R, Abdallah BF, Al-Sarhan BO, Al-Sodany Y. Antibacterial and biofilm inhibitory activity of medicinal plant essential oils against Escherichia coli isolated from UTI Patients. Molecules. 2019; 24(6): 1161.
33. Man A, Santacroce L, Jacob R, Mare A, Man L. Antimicrobial activity of six essential oils against a group of human pathogens: A Comparative study. Pathogens. 2019; 8(15).
34. Sienkiewicz M, Łysakowska M, Pastuszka M, Bienias W, Kowalczyk E. The potential use of basil and rosemary essential oils as effective antibacterial agents. Molecules. 2013; 8(8): 9334-51
35. Jiang Y, Wu N, Fu YJ, Wang W, Luo M, Zhao CJ, Zu YG, Liu XL. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Rosemary. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2011 Jul; 32(1): 63-8
36. Ait-Ouazzou A, Lorán S, Bakkali M, Laglaoui A, Rota C, Herrera A, Pagán R, Conchello P. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Thymus algeriensis, Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis from Morocco. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011; 91(14): 2643-51.
37. Bernardes WA, Lucarini R, Tozatti MG, Flauzino LG, Souza MG, Turatti IC, Andrade e Silva ML, Martins CH, da Silva Filho AA, Cunha W. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis and its major components against oral pathogens. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 2010; 65(9-10): 588-93.
38. Chaudhari LK, Jawale BA, Sharma S, Sharma H, Kumar CD, Kulkarni PA. Antimicrobial activity of commercially available essential oils against Streptococcus mutans. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2012; 13(1): 71-74.
39. Gucwa K, Milewski S, Dymerski T, Szweda P. Investigation of the Antifungal activity and mode of action of Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limonum, Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimum basilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus essential oils. Molecules. 2018; 23(5): 1116.
40. Irkin R, Korukluoglu M. Growth inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and some yeasts by selected essential oils and survival of L. monocytogenes and C. albicans in apple-carrot juice. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2009; 6(3): 387-94.
41. Cabanes FJ. Malassezia yeasts: how many species infect humans and animals? PLoS Pathogens. 2014; 10. e1003892. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003892
42. Saunders CW, Scheynius A, Heitman J. Malassezia fungi are specialized to live on skin and associated with dandruff, eczema, and other skin diseases. PLoS Pathogens. 2012; 8(6): e1002701. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002701
43. Angiolella L, Leone C, Rojas F, Mussin J, de los Angeles Sosa, M, Giusiano G. 2018. Biofilm adherence and hydrophobicity as virulence factors in Malassezia furfur. Medical Mycology. 2018; 51: 111–116
44. Vinciguerra V, Rojas F, Tedesco V, Giusiano G, Angiolella L. Chemical characterization and antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris essential oils and carvacrol against Malassezia furfur. Natural Product Research. 2018; 4: 1-5.
45. Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Fahimirad S. J, Efficacy of medicinal essential oils against pathogenic Malassezia sp. isolates. Journal De Mycologie Medicale. 2016; 26(1): 28-34
46. Carvalho M, Albano H, Teixeira P. In vitro antimicrobial activities of various essential oils against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control. 2018; 5: 41-48.