REFERENCES:
1. C.N. Bernstein, M. Fried, J.H. Krabshuis, H. Cohen, R. Eliakim, S. Fedail, R. Gearry, K.L. et al., Rey, A. Sood, F. Steinwurz, O.O. Thomsen, A. Thomsen G. Watermeyer. World Gastroenterology Organization Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IBD in 2010, Inflammatory bowel diseases 16(1) (2010) 112-24.
2. C. Cosnes, P. Gower-Rousseau, A. Seksik. Epidemiology and Natural History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Gastroenterology 140(6) (2011) 1785-1794. e4.
3. M.A. Kamm. Review article: maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis, Ailment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 (Suppl. 4) (2002) 21-24.
4. B.C. Da Silva, A.C. Lyra, R. Rocha, G.O. Santana. Epidemiology, demographic characterestics and prognostic predictors of ulcerative colitis, World J. Gastroenterol. 20(2014) 948-9467.
5. D.C. Baumgart, W.J. Sandborn. Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies, The Lancet 369(9573) 1641-1657.
6. Cholapranee A, Ananthakrishnan AN. Environmental hygiene and risk inflammatory bowel diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammatory Bowel Disorder. 2016;22:2191-9.
7. De Souza HSP, Fiocchi C. Immunopathogenesis of IBD: Current state of the art. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016; 13:13-37.
8. Sasaki M, Klapproth JMA. The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. J Signal Transduct. 2012;2012, 704593.
9. Kyle Steenland, Subra Kugathasan, Dana Boyd Barr. PFOA and ulcerative colitis Environmental Research, Volume 165, August 2018, Pages 317-321.
10. Travis SP, Jewell DP. Ulcerative colitis: Clinical presentation and diagnosis. In: Satsangi J, Sutherland LR, editors. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. P. 169-81.
11. Mao B, Li D, Zhao J, et al. In vitro fermentation of lactulose by human gut bacteria. J, Agric Food Chem. 2014;62:325-327.
12. Dignass A, Lindsay JO, Sturm A, Windsor A, Colombel JF, Allez M, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6:991–1030.
13. Panaccione R, Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan B, Schreiber S, Ghosh S. Review article: treatment algorithms to maximize remission and minimize corticosteroid dependence in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:674–88.
14. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, Gelernt I, Bauer J, Galler G, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. The New England journal of medicine. 1994;330:1841-5.
15. Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Dallaire C, et al. Delayed-release oral mesalamine 4.8 g/day (800 mg tablets) compared to 2.4 g/day (400 mg tablets) for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis: the ASCEND I trial. Can J Gastroenterol 2007;21:827–34.
16. Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Kornbluth A, et al. Delayed-release oral mesalamine at 4.8 g/day (800 mg tablet) for the treatment of moderately active ulcerative colitis: the ASCEND II trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2478–85.
17. Dick AP, Grayson MJ, Carpenter RG, Petrie A. A controlled trial of sulphasalazine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1964;5:427-32.
18. Lennard-Jones JE, Longmore AJ, Newell AC, Wilson CWF, Jones FA. An assessment of prednisone hemisuccinate used as out-patient treatment for ulcerative colitis. Gut 1960;1:217-22.
19. Levi AJ, Fisher AM, Hughes L, Hendry WF. Male infertility due to sulphasalazine. Lancet 1979;2:276-8.
20. D’Inca R, Paccagnella M, Cardin R, et al. 5-ASA colonic mucosal concentrataions resulting from different pharmaceutical formulations in ulcerative colitis. World Journal Gastroenterol 2013 September 14;19(34):5665-70.
21. Bautzova, T., Rabiskova, M., Beduneau, A., Pellequer, Y. and Lamprecht, A., 2012. “Bioadhesive pellets increase local 5-aminosalicylic acid concentration in experimental colitis. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 81(2), 379-385.
22. Mihaela Friciu, M., Canh Le, T., Isoas-Szabo, P. and Mateescu, M. A., 2013. Carboxymethyl starch and lecithin complex as matrix for targeted drug delivery: I. Monolithic Mesalamine forms for colon delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 85(3), 521-530.
23. Kaiser GC, Yan F, Polk DB. Mesalamine blocks tumor necrosis factor growth inhibition and nuclear factor-kB activation in mouse colonocytes. Gastroenterology 1999;116:602-609.
24. Rousseaux C, Lefebvre B, Dubuquoy L, et al. Intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y. J Exp Med 2205;201:1205-1215.
25. Smith MA, Mohammad RA. Vedolizumab: an 47 integrin inhibitor for inflammatory bowel diseases. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48:1629---35.
26. Haddley K. Vedolizumab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Drugs Today (Barc). 2014;50:309---19.
27. Cheifetz AS, Gianotti R, Luber R, et al. Complementary and alternative medicines used by patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:415-429.e15.
28. Ben-Arye E, Goldin E, Wengrower D et al. Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:444-449.
29. M. Nishio, K. Hirooka, Y. Doi, Chinese herbal drug natural indigo may cause pulmonary artery hypertension, Eur. Heart J. 37 (2016) 1992.
30. Kock NC. Construction of a continental ileostomy, Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1971;101:729-734.
31. Jonkers D, Penders J, Masclee A, Pierik M. Prrobiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of intervention studies in adult patients. Drugs, 2012;72:803-23.
32. Sekirov, I., Russell, S. L., Antunnes, L. C., & Finlay L. B. (2010). Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev, 90, 859-904.
33. Wang Hongtao, Chen Cheng. Probiotics and their application. Agriculture products processing 2011;doi:10.3969/jissn.1671-9646©. 2011.03.003.
34. Siedner DL, Lashner BA, Brzezinski A et al. An oral supplement enriched with fish oil, soluble fiber and anti-oxidant for corticosteroid sparing in UC; a randomised, controlled trial and antioxidant for gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3: 358-369.
35. Chen X, Zuo Q, Hai T, et al. Lactulose: an indirect antioxidant ametiorating inflammatory bowel disease by increasing hydrogen production. Med Hypotheses. 2011;76:325-327.