Author(s):
Kaushita Banerjee, Gourav Saha, Pitambar Sahoo, Sourav Chattaraj, Dhamodhar P, Padma Thiagarajan
Email(s):
padmadk4@gmail.com
DOI:
10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00413.8 
Address:
Kaushita Banerjee1, Gourav Saha1, Pitambar Sahoo1, Sourav Chattaraj1, Dhamodhar P2., Padma Thiagarajan1*
1School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore.
2Department of Biotechnology, MS Ramaiah Institite of Technology, Bengaluru, India.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 13,
Issue - 5,
Year - 2020
ABSTRACT:
Caries is a multifactorial infection that can be caused by Streptococcus mutans. This bacteria is responsible for the formation of oral biofilms and incorporates properties that is conducive for its survival in hostile oral environments. Long-term adverse effects like hypersensitivity reactions, supra-infections and teeth staining coupled with the risk of resistance-development limit use of chemical preparations and antibiotics for caries prevention. Hence plant-based formulations with substantial antimicrobial and anti-cariogenic properties, could serve as alternatives for caries prevention. In this study, a Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) oil-in-water emulsion with Tween80/Span80 was formulated and favorably characterized using particle size (252.3±1.15nm with polydispersity index of 0.111± 0.01), FTIR and AFM analyses and stability studies. Its MIC and the MIC of alumina nanoparticles against cultures and isolates of Streptococcus mutans was around 600ppm. However, with the alumina nanoparticle loaded emulsion, the MIC was observed at a much lower concentration of around 400ppm. This nanoparticle incorporated emulsion was also able to inhibit the biofilm formation, with the time kill assay showing a decrease in cell numbers within 60 to 120 minutes post incubation. Alumina incorporated lemon grass oil emulsion may thus to prevent dental caries induced by Streptococcus mutans.
Cite this article:
Kaushita Banerjee, Gourav Saha, Pitambar Sahoo, Sourav Chattaraj, Dhamodhar P, Padma Thiagarajan. Synthesis and Characterization of a Lemongrass Oil Emulsion Formulation incorporating Alumina Nanoparticles for activity against Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Dental Caries. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(5):2291-2296. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00413.8
Cite(Electronic):
Kaushita Banerjee, Gourav Saha, Pitambar Sahoo, Sourav Chattaraj, Dhamodhar P, Padma Thiagarajan. Synthesis and Characterization of a Lemongrass Oil Emulsion Formulation incorporating Alumina Nanoparticles for activity against Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Dental Caries. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(5):2291-2296. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00413.8 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2020-13-5-43
REFERENCES:
1. Bönecker M, Tenuta LM, Pucca Junior GA, Costa PB, Pitts N. A social movement to reduce caries prevalence in the world. Brazilian Oral Research. 2013; 27: 5-6
2. Marchisio O, Esposito MR, Genovesi A. Salivary pH level and bacterial plaque evaluation in orthodontic patients treated with Recaldent products. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2010; 8: 232-236.
3. Gupta C, Kumari A, Garg AP. Comparative study of cinnamon oil and clove oil in some oral microbiota. Acta Biomedica. 2011; 82: 197-199.
4. Thosar N, Basak S, Bahadure RN, Rajurkar M. Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study. European Journal of Dentistry. 2013; 7(Suppl 1): S71.
5. Freires I, Denny C, Benso B, de Alencar S, Rosalen P. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: a systematic review. Molecules. 201522; 20: 7329-7358.
6. Nishimura J, Saito T, Yoneyama H, Bai LL, Okumura K, Isogai E. Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and related bacteria. Advances in Microbiology. 2012; 2: 208.
7. Yévenes I, Alvarez SR, Jara MN, Wolfenson PM, Smith LP. Comparison of mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine and other active agents with chlorhexidine mouth rinse-gel: effects on de novo plaque formation. Revista Odonto Ciência. 2009; 24: 345-348.
8. Maguire A. ADA clinical recommendations on topical fluoride for caries prevention. Evidence Based Dentistry. 2014; 15: 38-39.
9. Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clinical Microbiological Reviews. 2006; 19: 50-62.
10. Gunsolley JC. Clinical efficacy of antimicrobial mouth rinses. Journal of Dentistry, 2010; 38: S6-10.
11. Jeon JG, Rosalen PL, Falsetta ML, Koo H. Natural products in caries research: current (limited) knowledge, challenges and future perspective. Caries Research. 2011; 45: 243-263.
12. Lachenmeier, DW. Antiseptic drugs and disinfectants in Side effects of drugs annual.2018; doi:10.1016/bs.seda.2018.06.005.
13. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology.2008; 46: 446-475.
14. Bassolé IH, Juliani HR. Essential oils in combination and their antimicrobial properties. Molecules. 2012; 17: 3989-4006.
15. Fine DH, Furgang D, Barnett ML, Drew C, Steinberg L, Charles CH, Vincent JW. Effect of an essential oil containing antiseptic mouth rinse on plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2000; 27: 157-161.
16. Pichersky E, Noel JP, Dudareva N. Biosynthesis of plant volatiles: nature's diversity and ingenuity. Science. 2006; 311: 808-811.
17. Silva CD, Guterres SS, Weisheimer V, Schapoval EE. Antifungal activity of the lemongrass oil and citral against Candida spp. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008; 12: 63-66.
18. Abe S, Sato Y, Inoue S, Ishibashi H, Maruyama N, Takizawa T, Oshima H, Yamaguchi H. Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2003; 44: 285-291.
19. Takamura A, Minowa T, Noro S, Kubo T. Effects of Tween and Span group emulsifiers on the stability of O/W emulsions. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1979; 27: 2921-2926.
20. Wang L, Dong J, Chen J, Eastoe J, Li X. Design and optimization of a new self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2009; 330: 443-448.
21. Hojati ST, Alaghemand H, Hamze F, Babaki FA, Rajab-Nia R, Rezvani MB, Kaviani M, Atai M. Antibacterial, physical and mechanical properties of flowable resin composites containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. Dental Materials. 2013; 29: 495-505.
22. Pazyar N, Yaghoobi R, Bagherani N, Kazerouni A. A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology. 2013; 52: 784-790.
23. Danaei M, Dehghankhold M, Ataei S, Hasanzadeh Devarani F, Javanmard R, Dokhani A, Khorasani S, Mozafari MR. Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems. Pharmaceutics. 2018; 10: 3-17.
24. Chen M, Liu X, Fahr A. Skin penetration and deposition of carboxyfluorescein and temoporfin from different lipid vesicular sytems:In vitro study with finite and infinite dosage application. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 201; 408: 223-234.
25. Sjoblom J. 2005. Emulsions and emulsion stability: Surfactant Science Series/61. CRC Press.
26. Han J, Davis SS, Washington C. Physical properties and stability of two emulsion formulations of propofol. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2001; 215: 207-220.
27. Restu WK, Sampora Y, Melina Y, Haryono A. Effect of accelerated stability tests on characteristics of emulsion system on chitosan as a stabilizer. Procedia Chemistry. 2015; 16: 171-176.
28. Hassan AK. New accelerating stability testing protocol for o/w emulsions stabilized by nonionic surfactants including storage temperature determination. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016; 78: 395-401.
29. Autio-Gold J. The role of chlorhexidine in caries prevention. Operative Dentistry. 2008; 33: 710-716.
30. Krzyściak W, Jurczak A, Kościelniak D, Bystrowska B, Skalniak A. The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to form biofilms. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2014; 33: 499-515.