Author(s):
Hayat M. Mukhtar, Mohit Mangla, Mohit Sanduja
Email(s):
mohitpharmacist@gmail.com
DOI:
10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00837.9
Address:
Hayat M. Mukhtar1, Mohit Mangla2,3*, Mohit Sanduja3
1Principal (Professor), Amritsar Pharmacy College, Amritsar, Punjab, India-143001.
2Research Scholar, IKG Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, India-144603.
3Assistant Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, India-121102.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 13,
Issue - 10,
Year - 2020
ABSTRACT:
The genus Ocimum has been of great therapeutic potential. It comprises of more than 150 species and subspecies across the globe. One of the species is being named as Ocimum kilimandscharicum due to its native geographical distribution, Kilimandscharo hills of Africa. It is a small, bushy perennial plant, bearing an elongate inflorescence of whorled, bracted small flowers. Traditionally, leaves of the plant are used against pests and to repel insects. The plant is also useful in various ailments like cough, bronchitis, catarrh, bacterial infections, viral infections, foul ulcers, stomachache, wounds and anorexia. It is also known as ‘Camphor Basil’ due to the presence of camphor as the major ingredient in the essential oil. Apart from camphor, the essential oil also contains 1,8-cineol, linalool, camphene, eugenol, ocimene and a-terpineol. Various pharmacological properties of the plant have been reported. In the present article, the economic and social benefits, development of marketed formulation and patents had expressed significant potential but further studies on pharmacological activities and commercialization in different industries are required in exploring the utilities of the plant for the beneficial of the mankind.
Cite this article:
Hayat M. Mukhtar, Mohit Mangla, Mohit Sanduja. Meticulous Approach towards Pharmacognosy and Socio-economic Impact of Ethnomedicinal Plant: Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(10):4751-4764. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00837.9
Cite(Electronic):
Hayat M. Mukhtar, Mohit Mangla, Mohit Sanduja. Meticulous Approach towards Pharmacognosy and Socio-economic Impact of Ethnomedicinal Plant: Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(10):4751-4764. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00837.9 Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2020-13-10-40
REFERENCES:
1. Raja RR. Medicinally Potential Plants of Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Family: An Overview. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant. 2012; 6: 203-213.
2. Pandey AK, Singh P, Tripathi NN. Chemistry and Bioactivities of Essential Oils of some Ocimum species: An Overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2014; 4(9): 682-694.
3. Bradu BL. Search for New Aroma Chemicals from Genus Ocimum: It’s Past Potential and Future Prospects. Supplement to Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. CSIR Publication, Jammu-Tawi. 1997; 551-560.
4. Kashyap CP, Kaur R, Arya V, Kumar V. Therapeutic Potency of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke - A Review. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 2011; 5 (3): 191-200.
5. Narwal S, Rana A, Tiwari V, Gangwani S, Sharma R. Review on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Action of Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 1(4): 287-293.
6. Singh V, Krishan P, Shri R. Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke : Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects : A Review. Research and Review: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2014; 2(3): 1-11.
7. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants, An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer-Verlag Publication, Berlin. 2007; 445.
8. The Plant List- A Working list of All Plant Species. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-136967. Accessed on 25/08/2019.
9. Pullaiah T. Encyclopaedia of World Medicinal Plants. Regency Publication, New Delhi. 2006; 3: 1424.
10. Bieski IGC, Leonti M, Arnason JT, Ferrier J, Rapinski M, Violante IMP, et al. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants by Population of Valley of Juruena Region, Legal Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015; 173: 383-423.
11. Npgsweb Plant Profile. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/ taxonomydetail.aspx?id=25484. Accessed on 13/11/2017.
12. Varrier PS. Indian Medicinal Plants, A Compendium of 500 Species. Orient Longman Private Limited, Chennai. 2002; 4: 164-165.
13. Anonymous. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Material and Industrial Products- Raw Materials. CSIR, New Delhi. 1966; 7: 79-89.
14. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. NISCAIR Publication, New Delhi. 1998; 74.
15. Infonet Medicinal Plant: Ocimum kilimandscharicum. http://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/MedicinalPlants/ Ocimum-kilimandscharicum. Accessed on 11/07/2018.
16. Herbgarden Plant Information, Ocimum kilimandscharicum. http://www.herbgarden.co.za/mountainherb/herbinfo.php?id=284. Accessed on 26/10/2018.
17. Njoroge GN, Bussmann RW. Diversity and Utilization of Antimalarial Ethnophytotherapeutic Remedies among the Kikuyus (Central Kenya). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2006; 2: 1-7.
18. Githinji CW, Kokwaro JO. Ethnomedicinal Study of Major Species in the Family Labiatae from Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1993; 39(3): 197-203.
19. Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Central Drug Research Institute and Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi. 1990; 1: 296.
20. Alzoreky NS, Nakahara K. Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from some Edible Plants Commonly Consumed in Asia. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003; 80(3): 223-230.
21. Kweka EJ, Mosha FW, Lowassa A, Mahande AM, Mahande MJ, Massenga CP, et al. Longitudinal Evaluation of Ocimum and Other Plants Effects on the Feeding Behavioral Response of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the field in Tanzania. Parasites and Vectors. 2008; 1(1): 1-8.
22. Rebecca LJ, Kumar SA, Sharmila D, Kowsalya E, Lakshmi RMG. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity among Ocimum sanctum. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(6): 2889 – 2894.
23. Paton A. A Synopsis of Ocimum L. (Labiatae) in Africa. Kew Bulletin. 1992; 47(3): 403.
24. Darrah HH. Investigation of the Cultivars of the Basils (Ocimum). Economic Botany. 1974; 28(1): 63-67.
25. Outtropicalsoil African Blue Basil – Ocimum kilimandscharicum x basilicum ‘Dark Opal’. https://ourtropicalsoil.com/2018/10/12/ african-blue-basil/. Accessed on 11/07/2018.
26. Siktberg R, Meyers M. Basil: An Herb Society of America Guide. An Herb Society of America Guide. 2003; 36.
27. Usda, Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke, Plant Profile. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=OCKI2. Accessed on 15/12/2016.
28. Fao Alphabetical List of Plant Families with Insecticidal and Fungicidal Properties. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2230e/ x2230e09.htm. Accessed on 26/10/2018.
29. Tropicalferns. Useful Tropical Plants: Ocimum kilimandscharicum. http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Ocimum+kilimandscharicum. Accessed on 05/07/2018.
30. Zeven AC, Wet JMJ. Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and their Regions of Diversity. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen. 1982; 135.
31. Ligare. Domestication and Commercialization of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke. https://www.equatorinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/case_1348163412.pdf. Accessed on 17/07/2018.
32. Ryding O. Notes on Sweet Basil and its Wild Relatives (Lamiaceae). Economic Botany. 1994; 48: 65-67.
33. Dhingra DR, Ganjoo TN, Gupta GN. Camphor and Camphor oil from Ocimum. The Indian Soap Journal, 1951; 17: 85 -91.
34. Kannan K. Karpur Tulsi: A Short Cut in Camphor Production. Indian Farming. 1961; 11(2): 16-24.
35. Mudaliar CR. Possibility of Growing Camphor yielding Ocimum in Madras State. The Indian Soap Journal, 1956; 21(9): 206.
36. Misra RC, Das G. Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke (Lamiaceae): A New Distributional Record for Peninsular India with Focus on its Economic Potential. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Section B. 2016; 86(4): 795-803.
37. Handa KL, Kapoor LD, Channa ON. A Prilimainary Note on the Essential oil Bearing Plants of Kashmir. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1953; 23(2): 147-152.
38. Choudhary JK. Production of Camphor and Camphor Oil from Ocimum kilimandscharicum plants raised in West Bengal. The Indian Forester. 1958; 84(9): 577-582.
39. Pandey R. Infection Potential and Management of Root Knot Nematode on Camphor Basil. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology. 1997; 15(1): 74-81.
40. Skaria BP, Joy PP, Mathew S, Mathew G, Joseph A, Joseph R. Aromatic Plants, Horticulture Science Series-1. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi. 2007; 114-117.
41. Chowdhury T, Mandal A, Roy SC, De Sarker D. Diversity of the Genus Ocimum (Lamiaceae) through Morpho-molecular (RAPD) and Chemical (GC–MS) Analysis. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 2017; 15(1): 275-286.
42. Patel RP, Singh R, Saikia SK, Rajeswara Rao BR, Sastry KP, Zaim M, et al. Phenotypic Characterization and Stability Analysis for Biomass and Essential Oil Yields of Fifteen Genotypes of Five Ocimum species. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015; 77: 21-29.
43. Gill D, Soni N, Sagar BS, Raheja S, Agrawal S. Ocimum Kilimandscharicum: A Systematic Review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2012; 2(3): 455-462.
44. Inamdar JA, Bhatt DC. Structure and Development of Stomata in some Labiatae. Annals of Botany, 1972; 36: 335-344.
45. Mukherjee M, Datta AK, Maiti GG. Sem Studies of Seed and Seed Coat Structures in Ocimum Spp. Journal of Phytological Research. 2006; 19(1): 39-42.
46. Singh TP. Karyomorphological Studies in the Populations of Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 1990; 69: 431-434.
47. Naithani V, Kakkar P. Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum canum and Ocimum kilimandscharicum: A review. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences. 2002; 24(2): 441-455.
48. Tewari D, Pandey HK, Sah AN, Meena HS, Manchanda A. Pharmacognostical and Biochemical Investigation of Ocimum Kilimandscharicum Plants Available in Western Himalayan Region. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2012; 2(4): 446-451.
49. Garg SN, Naqvi AA, Bahl JR, Khanuja SPS. Composition of the Essential Oil of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Leaf. Indian Perfumer. 2004; 48(1): 47-49.
50. Chowdhri BL, Haksar SN. Study of Essential Oil from Ocimum kilimandscharicum. The Indian Oil and Soap Journal, 1962; 27(9): 187-192.
51. Sahu M, Rastogi NK, Shrivastava A. Genetic Variability, Heritability and Scope of Improvement for Yield Components In Basil (Ocimum spp.). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 2008; 3(1): 217-219.
52. Sirsi M, Kale L, Natarajan S. Studies on the Antimicrobial Activity and Pharmacological Properties of Some Essential Oils, Extracted from Locally Cultivated Plants. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science. 1952; 34(2): 261-267.
53. Runyoro D, Ngassapa O, Vagionas K, Aligiannis N, Graikou K, Chinou I. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Four Ocimum Species Growing in Tanzania. Food Chemistry. 2010; 119(1): 311-316.
54. Stanko KC, Orlic S, Politeo O, Strikic F, Kolak I, Milos M, et al. Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Essential Oils of Seven Ocimum Taxa. Food Chemistry. 2010; 119(1): 196-201.
55. Jayaramaiah RH, Singh P, Sarate P, Thulasiram HV, Kulkarni MJ, Giri AP. Insecticidal Potential of Defense Metabolites from Ocimum Kilimandscharicum Against Helicoverpa Armigera. PLoS One. 2014; 9(8): e104337.
56. Padalia RC, Verma RS. Comparative Volatile Oil Composition of Four Ocimum species from Northern India. Natural Product Research. 2011; 25(6): 569-575.
57. Joshi RK. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Camphor Basil (Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke). Global Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 2013; 1(2): 207-209.
58. Pragadheesh VS, Saroj A, Yadav A, Samad A, Chanotiya CS. Compositions, Enantiomer Characterization and Antifungal Activity ff Two Ocimum Essential Oils. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013; 50: 333-337.
59. Selvarani S, Vinayaga PM, Ramalakshami M, Padmapriya S, Abirami M. Ocimum Kilimandscharicum Leaf Extract Engineered Silver Nanoparticles and Its Bioactivity. Journal of Nanomaterials and Molecular Nanotechnology. 2016; 05(2): 1-7.
60. Grayer RJ, Kite GC, Veitch NC, Eckert MR, Marin PD, Senanayake P, et al. Leaf Flavonoid Glycosides as Chemosystematic Characters in Ocimum. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2002; 30(4): 327-342.
61. Pandey R, Chandra P, Kumar B, Dutt B, Sharma KR. A Rapid and Highly Sensitive Method for Simultaneous Determination of Bioactive Constituents in Leaf Extracts of Six Ocimum Species Using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Hybrid Linear Ion Trap Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Methods. 2016; 8(2): 333-341.
62. Shinde K, Shinde V, Mahadik K, Gibbons S. Phytochemical and Antibacterial Studies on Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Planta Medica. 2010; 76: 412.
63. Hakkim FL, Arivazhagan G, Boopathy R. Antioxidant Property of Selected Ocimum species and their Secondary Metabolite Content. Journal of. Medicinal Plants Research. 2008; 2(9): 250–257.
64. Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Central Drug Research Institute and Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi. 1995; 4: 296.
65. Pandey H, Pandey P, Singh H, Gupta R, Banerjee S. Production of Anti-cancer Triterpene (Betulinic Acid) from Callus Cultures of Different Ocimum species and its Elicitation. Protoplasma. 2015; 252: 647–655.
66. Raina AP, Gupta V. Chemotypic Characterization of Diversity in Essential Oil Composition of Ocimum species and Varieties from India. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2018; 30(6): 444-456.
67. Ntezurubanza L, Scheffer JJC, Looman A, Svendsen A.B. Composition of Essential Oil of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Grown in Rwanda. Planta Medica. 1984; 50(5): 385-388.
68. Charles DJ, Simon JE. Essential Oil Constituents of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1992; 4(2): 125-128.
69. Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Central Drug Research Institute and Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi. 1998; 5: 496.
70. Verma RS, Padalia RC, Chauhan A, Thul ST. Exploring Compositional Diversity in the Essential Oils of 34 Ocimum Taxa from Indian flora. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013; 45: 7-19.
71. Chaturvedi T, Kumar A, Kumar A, Verma RS, Padalia RC, Sundaresan V, et al. Chemical Composition, Genetic Diversity, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Camphor-Basil (Ocimum Kilimandscharicum Guerke). Industrial Crops and Products. 2018; 118: 246-258.
72. Padalia RC, Verma RS, Chauhan A. Analyses of Organ Specific Variations in Essential Oils of Four Ocimum Species. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2014; 26(6): 409-419.
73. Singh P, Kalunke RM, Giri AP. Towards Comprehension of Complex Chemical Evolution and Diversification of Terpene and Phenylpropanoid Pathways in Ocimum Species. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances. 2015; 5(129): 106886-106904.
74. Reddy RA, Kumar RB, Venkateswarulu TC, Indira M, Ramyakrishna D, Deepthi M, Sastry KP. Experimental studies on Influence of different doses of Vermicompost on essential oil yield of Ocimum tenuiflorum var. CIM-Ayu. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2016; 9(12):2087-2093.
75. Singh H, Handa KL, Kapoor LD. A Short Note on Camphor Basil Raised in Jammu and Kashmir”, Indian Journal of Pharmacy. 1956:17(7): 97-98.
76. Ribiero DJ. Camphor Production from Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1950; 9B:281-282.
77. Padalia R, Verma RS, Chauhan A. Influence of Harvest Cut Heights on Aroma profile of Ocimum basilicum L., O. kilimandscharicum Guerke and O. tenuiflorum L. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 2016; 19(6): 1442-1453.
78. Charles DJ, Simon JE. Comparison of Extraction Methods for the Rapid Determination of Essential Oil Content and Composition of Basil. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1990; 115(3): 458-462.
79. Singh SK, Anand A, Verma SK, Siddiqui MA, Mathur A, Saklani S. Analysis of Phytochemical and Antioxidant Potential of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Linn. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 2011; 3(2): 40-46.
80. Gupta SC. Variation in Herbage Yield, Oil Yield and Major Component of Various Ocimum Species/Varieties (Chemotypes) Harvested at Different Stages of Maturity. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1996; 8(3): 275-279.
81. Kumar N, Shukla R, Chanotiya CS, Yadav A, Singh AK, Bagchi GD. Effect of Seasons and Drying on the Essential Oil Composition of Leaf in Ocimum Kilimandscharicum Guerke. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2009; 21(5): 400-402.
82. Padalia RC, Verma RS, Chauhan A. Diurnal Variations in Aroma Profile of Ocimum basilicum L., O. gratissimum L., O. americanum L., and O. kilimandscharicum Guerke. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2017; 29(3): 248-261.
83. Mohan R, Renuka K. A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effect of Warm Mustard Oil Vs. Warm Mustard Oil with Camphor on Relief of Knee Joint Pain among Rural Women in Selected Areas of Puducherry. Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2014; 2(4): 356-358.
84. Saftarasmi, Lakshmi T. Ocimum Sanctum in Dental Care -A Mini Review. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2014; 7(1): 101-103.
85. Ofori DB, Reichmuth C, Bekele J, Hassanali A. Bioactivity of Camphor, a Major Component of Essential Oil of Ocimum kilimandscharicum against Sitophilus zeamais and Prostepha nus truncates. Preecedings of the Second International Conference on Urban Pets. 1996; 626.
86. Kokwaro JO. Medicinal Plants of East Africa. University of Nairobi Press, Kenya. 3rd Edition. 2009; 334.
87. Kumar PR, Priyadarsini SS, Thirumal M. Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity of the Ethanolic and Chloroform extracts of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Leaves – A Comparative Study. Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2017; 9(4): 215-218.
88. Rakha P, Nagpal M, Sharma S, Parle M. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Petroleum Ether Extract of Seeds of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2009; 2 (3): 589-591.
89. Satpute KL, Kalyankar TM. Investigation of Antiacne activity of some Medicinal Plants against Pathogenic Bacteria. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2018; 11(7): 2776-2781.
90. Rakha P, Nagpal M, Sharma S, Parle M. Study of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Fraction of Seeds of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Research J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2009; 1(2): 79-81.
91. Purushothaman B, Suganthi N, Jothi A,Shanmugam K. Molecular Docking Studies of Potential Anticancer Agents from Ocimum basilicum L. against Human Colorectal Cancer Regulating Genes: An Insilico Approach. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(7): 3423-3427.
92. Seyoum A, Kabiru EW, Lwande W, Killeen GF, Hassanali A, Knols BGJ. Repellency of Live Potted Plants Against Anopheles Gambiae from Human Baits in Semi-Field Experimental Huts. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002; 67(2): 191-195.
93. Jembre B, Ofori DO, Hassanali A, Nyamasyo GNN. Products Derived from the Leaves of Ocimum Kilimandscharicum (Labiatae) as Post-Harvest Grain Protectants Against the Infestation of Three Major Stored Product Insect Pests. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1995; 85(3): 361-367.
94. Seyoum A, Killeen GF, Kabiru EW, Knols BGJ, Hassanali A. Field Efficacy of Thermally Expelled or Live Potted Repellent Plants Against African Malaria Vectors in Western Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2003; 8(11): 1005–1011.
95. Stuli V, Yadav CL, Kumar RR, Banerjee PS. In vitro Acaricidal Effect of Some Medicinal Plants Against Boophilus microplus. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2006; 20(2): 141-143.
96. Bekele J, Hassanali A. Blend Effects in the Toxicity of the Essential Oil Constituents of Ocimum kilimandscharicum and Ocimum kenyense (Labiatae) on Two Post-harvest Insect Pests. Phytochemistry. 2001; 57(3): 385-391.
97. Kaguchia SM, Gitahi SM, Thoruwa CL, Birgen JK, Hassanali A. Bioefficacy of Selected Plant Extracts Against Sitophilus zeamais on Post-Harvest Management of Zea mays. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2018; 7(4): 384-391.
98. Kitau J, Kweka EJ, Mosha F, Lowassa A, Mahande AM, Kitau J, et al. Ethnobotanical Study of Some of Mosquito Repellent Plants in North-Eastern Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 2008; 7(152): 1-9.
99. Kweka EJ, Lyatuu EE, Mboya MA, Mwang′onde BJ, Mahande AM. Oviposition Deterrence Induced by Ocimum Kilimandscharicum and Ocimum suave Extracts to Gravid Anopheles gambiae S.S (Diptera: Culicidae) in Laboratory. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 2010; 2(3): 242.
100. Ofori DO, Reichmuth CH, Bekele AJ, Hassanali A. Toxicity and Protectant Potential of Camphor, A Major Component of Essential Oil of Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Against Four Stored Produced Beetles. International Journal of Pest Management. 2010; 44(4): 203-209.
101. Kweka EJ, Nkya HM, Lyaruu L, Kimaro EE, Mwang′onde BJ, Mahande AM. Efficacy of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Plant Extracts After Four Years of Storage Against Anopheles gambiae. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology. 2009; 3(10): 171-174.
102. Anonymous. The Useful Plants of India. NISC and CSIR Publication, New Delhi. 2000; 405.
103. Sarin RV, Narwal S, Bhafna PA. Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Aqueous extract of Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013; 148(1): 223-228.
104. Prasad G, Kumar A, Singh AK, Bhattacharya AK, Singh K, Sharma VD. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Some Ocimum Species and Clove Oil. Fitoterapia. 1986; 57(6): 429- 432.
105. Sethi S, Prakash O, Chandra M, Punetha H, Pant AK. Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Some Ocimum Species Collected from Different Locations of Uttarakhand. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2013; 4(4): 392-397.
106. Agarwal K, Singh DK, Jyotsana, Ahmad A, Shanker K, Tandon S, Luqman S. Antioxidant Potential of Two Chemically Characterized Ocimum (Tulsi) Species Extracts. Biomedical Research and Therapy. 2017; 4(9): 1574-1590.
107. Singh V, Krishan P, Singh N, Kumar A, Shri R. Amelioration of Ischemia-Reperfusion Induced Functional and Biochemical Deficit in Mice by Ocimum kilimandscharicum Leaf Extract. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 85: 556-563.
108. Patil SR, Patil S, Patil MB, Kumar R, Paschapur MS. Screening for Wound Healing Activity of Alcoholic Extract of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Leaves. Research J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2009; 1(2): 93-96.
109. Paschapur MS, Patil MB, Kumar R, Patil SR. Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Leaves of Ocimum kilimandscharicum on Wound Healing Activity in Albino Wistar Rats. International Journal PharmTech, Research. 2009; 1(3): 544-550.
110. Monga J, Sharma M, Tailor N, Ganesh, N. Antimelanoma and Radioprotective Activity of Alcoholic Aqueous Extract of Different Species of Ocimum In C57BL Mice. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2011; 4: 428-436.
111. Batista DC, Mallmann V, Ozorio JRV, Gomes LMS, Aragao RFR, Generoso BA, Lima VT. Evaluation of the Antiproliferative Activity of the Essential Oil of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke. 6th Brazilian conference on Natural Products. Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil. 2017.
112. Thayil SM, Thyagarajan SP. Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Ocimum kilimandscharicum (Karpuratulasi) Inhibits Hiv-1 Reverse Transcriptase In Vitro. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(7): 1099-1103.
113. Owuor BO, Ochanda JO, Kokwaro JO, Cheruiyot AC, Yeda RA, Okudo CA, et al. In vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of Selected Luo and Kuria Medicinal Plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012; 144(3): 779-781.
114. Khaled N, El-Bahy AA, Radwan R, Handoussa H, Maksoud SA. Ocimum kilimandscharicum L. Restores Ovarian Functions in Letrozole - Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Rats: Comparison with Metformin. Life Sciences. 2019; 232: 116640.
115. Shete AS, Mohite VL, Yadav AV. Preparation and Evaluation of Mucilage of Ocimum basilicum as a Gelling Agent. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2008; 1(3): 201-203.
116. Kumar MH, Prabhu K, Rao MRK, Sundaram RL, Shil S, Kumar SA. The GC MS Study of one Ayurvedic Medicine, Vasakadyaristam. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2019; 12(2): 569-573.
117. Lowman SC, Kelly JW. Camphor from Camphor Basil, Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 1945; 34(6): 153-156.
118. Chakravarti RN, Das SN, Chakravarti ML. Camphor from Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Bulletin of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine. 1959; 7(1): 103-105.
119. Chakravarti RN, Dash SN. Camphor from Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Bulletin of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine. 1963; 11: 105-106.
120. Bengelstorff A. Medicinal Plants Bring Fortune to Farmers. The Organic Farmer. 2009; 49: 2.
121. Kloibhofer M, Heuer A, Marquard H. Muliru Farmers Cultivating Traditional Medicinal Plants to Protect the Last Kenyan Rainforest. Seed Case Study Series. 2010; 1-9.
122. Icipe. Medicinal Plants Domesticated and Derived Products. http://www.icipe.org/sites/default/files/2-Medicinal_plants_domesticated_and_derived_products.pdf Accessed on 20/07/2018.
123. Mandela HK, Tsingalia MH, Gikungu M, Lwande WM. Distance Effects on Diversity and Abundance of the Flower Visitors of Ocimum kilimandscharicum in the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. International Journal of Biodiversity. 2018; 2018: 1-7.
124. Triveni B, Jagadish KS, Rani D, Vasundhara M, Narayanaswamy KC, Naik DJ. Biology and Morphological Description of Ocimum tingid, Cochlochila bullita (Stal) (Heteroptera: Tingidae), an Important Pest of Camphor Tulsi, Ocimum kilimandscharicum Gurke in Karnataka, India. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2018; SP4: 29-36.
125. Kumwar G, Pande G, Tewari G, Bhatt S, Tripathi S. Phytoremedial Potential of a New Chemotype of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke from Kumaun Himalaya. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 2018; 21: 623-639.
126. Mitsuoka S, Nishi T, Yoshikuni Y, Fujita S. Use of the Fruit of the Genus Ocimum in the Preparation of an Obesity Control Agent. European Patent Publication. 1993; 0,333,342 B1.
127. Purohit HJ, Kulkarni M. Preparation of Essential Oil Compositions for Potable Liquid Disinfection. United States Patent Publication. 2006; US 7,074,439 B2.
128. Frederic P, Philippe C. Plant Based Compositions and Uses. WIPO International Patent Publication. 2009; WO 2009/153500 A3.
129. David M. Agricultural Composition. WIPO International Patent Publication. 2011; 101326142.
130. Donna E and Sean E. Composition for Treating Pain and/or Inflammation Comprising Eugenol and Beta Caryophyllene. WIPO International Patent Publication. 2015; WO 2015/000064 A1.
131. Basheer C, Adio SO. Method of Detecting Hg2+ in an Aqueous Solution. United States Patent. 2017; US 9,683,980 B1.
132. Adio SO, Basheer C. Mercury Detection in Water Based Compositions. United States Patent. 2017; US 9,719,975 B1.
133. Wilber L, Rose M, Ochola J, Nguku E, Raina S. Composition and Methods for Controlling a Bee Pest or Disease. WIPO International Patent Publication. 2017; WO 2017/051302 A1.
134. Osman MZ. Composite Herbal Formulation for Oral Care. WIPO International Publication. 2018; WO 2018/091983 A1.
135. Jain BB, Jain SB. Essential Oil Composition from Pancha Tulasi Drops. WIPO International Patent Application Publication. 2015; 267/MUM/2015.
136. Tewari D, Bhoyar M. A Herbal Beverage for Prevention and Therapeutic Management of Depression and Methods of Preparation Thereof. WIPO International Patent Application. 2018;201811034116.
137. Vinutha T, Srikar LN. Essential Oil Composition of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum kilimandscharicum Inoculated with Biofertilizers. Indian Perfumer. 2007; 51(1): 60-62.
138. Ahuja A, Verma M, Grewal S. Clonal Propagation of Ocimum Species by Tissue Culture. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1982; 20: 455-458.
139. Saha S, Dey T, Ghosh P. Micropropagation of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke (Labiatae). Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica. 2010; 52(2): 50-58.
140. Acharjee, S, Giri TP, Behera BS. Studies on Propagation Through Stem Cuttings and Effect of Biofertilizers on Growth of Ocimum kilimandscharicum in Odisha Condition. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research. 2015; 5(6): 257-268.
141. Saha S, Sengupta C, Ghosh P. Encapsulation, Short-Term Storage, Conservation and Molecular Analysis to Assess Genetic Stability in Alginate-Encapsulated Microshoots of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 2015; 120(2): 519-530.
142. Dhawan SS, Shukla P, Gupta P, Lal RK. A Cold-tolerant Evergreen Interspecific Hybrid of Ocimum kilimandscharicum and Ocimum basilicum: Analyzing Trichomes and Molecular Variations. Protoplasma. 2016; 253(3): 845-855.
143. Bansal S, Narnoliya LK, Mishra B, Chandra M, Yadav RK, Sangwan NS. HMG-CoA Reductase from Camphor Tulsi (Ocimum kilimandscharicum) Regulated MVA Dependent Biosynthesis of Diverse Terpenoids in Homologous and Heterologous Plant Systems. Science Reports. 2018; 8(1): 1-15.
144. Chow CY, Yue TF, Chen TN. Camphor Oil as Solvents for DDT and Gammexane. Indian Journal of Malariology. 1951; 5(1): 187-188.
145. Kumar RSA, Rajeswari R, Rajeswari S, Romola CVJ, Priya RS et al. Formulation of Simple Syrup from Acorus calamus and Ocimum kilimandscharicum Based on their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2016; 8(20): 75-78.
146. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. The Controller of Publication, Delhi. 2008; 6(1): 210-211.