ABSTRACT:
The present study aimed to identify the most frequently isolated microorganisms from neonates and their surrounding environment in neonatal intensive care unit and to detect biofilm formation in indwelling medical devices and nursing facilities used in neonatal intensive care unit. Four hundred and seventy samples from neonates and their environment were taken from neonatal intensive care units of Zagazig University Hospitals over the the period from February 2010 to March 2011.The blood samples sent for laboratory investigation as well as swabs from skin of newborns, incubators, environmental room, gowns, hands of health care workers, hand disinfections solutions, feeding tubes, urinary catheters and cannulas. The specimens yielded: 150 Staphylococcus aureus, 150 coagulase negative Staphylococcus, 50 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 100 Klebsiella pneumonia. Genotyping using pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed that there is a relationship between isolates from health care workers, environmental room with those isolated from blood of neonates . Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of feeding tubes, urinary catheters and cannulas showed biofilm formation.
Cite this article:
Marwa Fady Abozed, Hemat Kamal Abd El Latif, Fathy Mohamed Serry, Lotfi Mohamed El Sayed. Correlating Neonates' Bacterial Isolates with Surrounding Environment in NICU and Detection of Biofilm Formation. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 6(7): July 2013; Page 794-801.
Cite(Electronic):
Marwa Fady Abozed, Hemat Kamal Abd El Latif, Fathy Mohamed Serry, Lotfi Mohamed El Sayed. Correlating Neonates' Bacterial Isolates with Surrounding Environment in NICU and Detection of Biofilm Formation. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 6(7): July 2013; Page 794-801. Available on: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2013-6-7-22
REFERENCES:
1 BradyM T ,2005. Health care-associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control ;33:268-75.
2 Vander Zwet et al,2005. Nosocomial infections in a Dutch neonatal intensive care unit: surveillance study with definitions for infection specifically adapted for neonates. J Hosp Infect ;61:300-11.
3 Zaidi A K et al.2005. Hospital-acquired neonatal infections in developing countries. Lancet ;365:1175-88 .
4 Aziz K, et al; 2005Canadian Neonatal Network. Variations in rates of nosocomial infection among Canadian neonatal intensive care units may be practice-related. BMC Pediatr. ;5(1):22.
5 Vermont Oxford Network. 2009 Very Low Birth Weight Quality Management Report for Center 105. Burlington, VT: Vermont Oxford Network; 2009.
6 -Stoll BJ, 2002 et al. Lateonset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates:the experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics.;110(2 Pt 1):285–291
7- Hernández-Ronquillo L, et al.2004. Risk factors for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia:a case-control study. Arch Med Res. ;35(6):549–553
8 Cotten CM, et al.2005.NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Prolonged hospital stay for extremely premature infants: risk factors, center differences, and the impact of mortality on selecting abest-performing center. J Perinatol. ;25(10):650–655 .
9 Capretti MG, et al.2008. Impact of a standardized hand hygiene program on the incidenceof nosocomial infection in very low birth weight infants. Am J Infec Control.;36(6):430–435 10- Stoll BJ, et al 2010. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics. ; 126(3):443–456.
11 -Stoll BJ.et al.2004 .National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network.Neurodevelopment and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA. ;292(19): 2357–2365
12 -Bassler D, et al 2009; Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms Investigators. Using a count of neonatal morbidities to predict poor outcome in extremely low birth weight infants: added role of neonatal infection. Pediatrics. ;123(1):313–318
13 Costerton JW, eta l. 1999 .Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections. Science 284:1318–1322.
14 Donlan RM and Costerton W 2002. Biofilms Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant Microorganisms. Clinical Microbiological Review, 15(2): 167-193.
15 Parsek, M.R,2003. Bacterial biofilms: an emerging link to disease pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , 57, 677-701.
16 Branda, S.S.et al.,2005. Biofilms: the matrix revisited. Trends Microbiol., 13.
17 Anwar, H.eta l.,1992. Establishment of aging biofilms: possible mechanism ofb bacterial resistance to antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 36, 1347-1351.
18 Nichols, W.W.et al.1988. Inhibition of tobramycin diffusion by binding to alginate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1988, 32, 518-523.
19 Brown, M.R.W.; Allison, D.G.; Gilbert, P. Resistance of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics: a growth-rate related effect? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1988, 22, 777-783.
20 Karlin, S., I. Ladunga, and B. E. Blaisdell. 1994. Heterogeneity of genomes: measures and values. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12837–12841.
21 Tenover, F. C., R. Arbeit, G. Archer, J. Biddle, S. Byrne, R. Goering, G. Hancock, G. A. Hebert, B. Hill, R. Hollis, et al. 1994. Comparison of traditional and molecular methods of typing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:407–415.
22 Larson EL, Norton Hughes CA, Pyrek JD, Sparks SM, Cagatay EU, Bartkus JM. (1998).Changes in bacterial flora associated with skin damage on hands of health care personnel. Am J Infect Control 26:513-21.
23 Foca, M., K. Jakob, S. Whittier, et al., 2000.Endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. N Engl J Med., 343(10): 695-700.
24 Miller, M., H.T. Holmes and K. Krisher, 2003. Susceptibility test methods: Dilution and discdiffusion methods. In: Murray PR; Pfaller MA; Jorgensen JH and Yolken RH (eds) 8 th edition. Manual of clinical microbiology. Washington DC.,118: 1526-1543.
25 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; eigtheenth informational supplement: Approved Standards M100-S18. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Baltimore, USA; 2008.
26 Deighton MA, Capstick J, Domalewski E, van Nguyen T: Methods for studying biofilms produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Methods Enzymol 2001, 336:177-195.
27 Villain-Guillot P, Gualtieri M, Bastide L, Leonetti JP: In vitro activities of different inhibitors of bacterial transcription against Staphylococcusepidermidis biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:3117-3121.
28 Morck DW, Lam K, McKay SG, Olson ME, Prosser B, Ellis BD, Cleeland R, Costerton JW,1994. Comparative evaluation of fleroxacin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin as treatments of catheter associated urinary tract infections in a rabbit model. Am J Med ;94:23S-30S .
29 Tassios, P. T., A. Markogiannakis, A. C. Vatopoulos, E. Katsanikou, E. N. Velonakis, K. Kourea-Kremastinou, and N. J. Legakis. 1997. Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enteritidis during a 7-year period in Greece. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1316–1321.
30 Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, et al. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2233-2239.
31 Harpin VA, Rutter N. ,1993. Barrier properties of newborn infant’s skin. J Pediatr ; 102: 419-425.
32 Aletayeb Seyyed Mohammad Hassan, Azar Dokht Khosravi2, Masood Dehdashtian, Farshid Kompani, Seyyed Mazyar Mortazavi and Mohammad Reza Aramesh Identification of bacterial agents and antimicrobial susceptibility of neonatal sepsis: A 54-month study in a tertiary hospital. African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(5) pp. 528-531, 4 March, 2011.
33 Mireya Urrea Ayala , Pons Odena Martı´, Krauel Vidal Xavier Latorre Otin Cristina , Martı´n Mateo Miguel , Campins Martı´ Magda :Nosocomial infections in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units Journal of Infection (2007) 54, 212-220
34 West Boma A and Peterside Oliemen : Sensitivity pattern among bacterial isolates in neonatal septicaemia in Port Harcourt . West and Peterside Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2012, 11:7.
35 Abd El Haleim Mona M., Nada N. Nawar, Eman M. Abd El Rahman, Heba H. Abo Hussein and Nermin R. Mohamed Kamel: Epidemiologic and Micro-bacteriologic Study of Neonatal Septicaemia in Cairo University Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 4(1): 67-77, 2009.
36 Crivaro Valeria, Anna Di Popolo, Alessandro Caprio Antonietta Lambiase, Mario Di Resta, Tonia Borriello, Alda Scarcella, Maria Triassi1 and Raffaele Zarrilli: Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: molecular epidemiology and infection control measures. BMC Infectious Diseases 2009, 9:70.
37 Aiello A.E., J. Cimiotti, P. Della-Latta, E.L. Larson: A comparison of the bacteria found on the hands of ‘homemakers’ and neonatal intensive care unit nurses. Journal of Hospital Infection (2003) 54, 310–315.
38 Shrestha S, Adhikari N, Rai BK,Shreepaili A: Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in Neonatal Care Unit. J Nepal Med Assoc 2010;50(180):277-81.
39 Krishna B.V.S. , Asha B Patil and M.R. Chandrasekhar: Extended Spectrum b Lactamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 74—July, 2007 31-34 .
40 Reiss I, Borkhardt A, Füssle R, Sziegoleit A, Gortner L. Disinfectant contaminated with Klebsiella oxytoca source of sepsis in babies. Lancet 2000:22-310
41 Büyükyavuz BehÇet Ílker , Ali Kudret Adiloglu , Süleyman Onal , Saadettin Ender Cubukcu and Hasan Cetin. Finding the sources of septicemia at a neonatal intensive care unit : Newborns and infants can be contaminated while being fed . Jpn.J.Infect.Dis.,59,213-215,2006.
42 Sánchez-Carrillo Carlos, Belén Padilla ,Mercedes Marin , Marsia Rivera ,Emilia Cercenado, Dolores Viġil, Manuel Sánchez-Luna, Emilio Bouza:Contaminated feeding bottles :The source of an outbreak of Pseudomonas aerguinosa infections in a neonatal intensive care unit.Am J Infect Control 2009 ;37:150-4 .
43 Hurrell Edward, Eva Kucerova1, Michael Loughlin, Juncal Caubilla-Barron, Anthony Hilton, Richard Armstrong, Craig Smith3, Judith Grant, Shiu Shoo and Stephen Forsythe: Neonatal enteral feeding tubes as loci for colonisation by members of the Enterobacteriaceae BMC Infectious Diseases 2009, 9:146.
44 Auriti C., A. Maccallini, G. Di Lisoy, V. Di Ciommoy, M. P. Ronchetti and M. Orzalesi : Risk factors for nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive-care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection (2003) 53: 25-30.
45 Seif El-Din Salwa S., Moustafa S. El-Rehewy, Mohammed M. Ghazaly, Mohammed H. Abd-Elhamid: Biofilm Formation by Blood Stream Staphylococcal Isolates from Febrile Pediatric Cancer Patients at South Egypt Cancer Institute. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):674-686.
46 MUTLU M , Y ASLAN, B SAYGIN, G YILMAZ, G BAYRAMO LU, I KöKSAL Neonatal Sepsis Caused by Gram-negative Bacteria in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Six Years Analysis. HK J Paediatr (new series) 2011;16:253- 257.
47 Arciola CR, Montanaro L and Baldassarri L (2001). Presence of icaA and icaD Genes and slime production in a collection of staphylococcal strains from catheter-associated infections. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39 (6): 2151-2156.
48 Harrison Joe J., Howard Ceri, Jerome Yerly, Carol A. Stremick, Yaoping Hu, Robert Martinuzzi and Raymond J. Turner .(2006): The use of microscopy and three-dimensional visualization to evaluate the structure of microbial biofilms cultivated in the Calgary Biofilm Device. Biol. Proced. Online 2006;8:194-215.
49 Olson Merle E., Howard Ceri, Douglas W. Morck, Andre G. Buret, and Ronald R. Read (2002):Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics . Can J Vet Res. ; 66(2): 86–92.
50 Rodney M. Donlan : Biofilms and Device-Associated Infections. Emerging Infectious Disease. Vol. 7, No. 2, March–April 2001
51 Reese Clark, Richard Powers, Robert White, Barry Bloom, Pablo Sanchez, Daniel K. Benjamin : Nosocomial Infection in the NICU: A Medical Complication or Unavoidable Problem? Journal of Perinatology 2004; 24:382–388.
52 Archibald et al.: S. Serratia marcescens outbreak associated with extrinsiccontamination of 1% chloroxylenol soap. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;19:476.
53 Becks VE, Lorenzoni NM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in aneonatal intensive care unit: a possible link to contaminated hand lotion.Am J Infect Control 1995;23:396–8.
54 Huang YC, Lin TY, Leu HS, Peng HL, Wu JH, Chang HY. Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fungemia in neonatal intensive care units: clinicalimplications and genotyping analysis. Infection 1999;27:97–102.
55 Jefferies J. M. C.,T. Cooper, T. Yam and S. C. Clarke: Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreaks in the neonatal intensive care unit – a systematic review of risk factors and environmental sources. Journal of Medical Microbiology (2012), 61, 1052–106156 Waters et al. Molecular epidemiology of gram negative bacilli from infected neonates and health care workers’ hands in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1682-1687.