INTRODUCTION:

The intensive development of natural remedies in recent decades has proven the effectiveness of treatment. The effectiveness of traditional treatments used for specific human diseases has been widely verified through research¹.

Herbal medicine is the root of various traditional healing systems worldwide. Plants serve as a direct source of approximately 25% of the raw medicines currently in use, and another 25% comes from chemically modified natural products². Herbal medicine has garnered special attention in modern healthcare due to its widespread use in the field of health worldwide, and the belief that herbs aid in maintaining health, preventing diseases, and providing added strength³. In previous centuries, extracts from natural products, especially those derived from plant species, served as the primary source of traditional medicines. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, biologically active organic molecules began to be isolated in relatively pure forms for medicinal purposes⁴.

Therapeutic plants have various medicinal properties, making them valuable in finding the right healthcare system. Since ancient times, medicines primarily originated from plants, either from the entire plant or from various parts like leaves, roots, stems, bark, seeds, flowers, and some medicines were made from plant excretions like gum, resin, and latex⁵. An increasing number of people in the United States, as much as 42%, are using complementary or alternative treatment approaches to help address their health issues⁶. Turmeric, a common Indian food pigment, and spice, has been proven to have various therapeutic uses in traditional Indian medicine. Its role in wound healing, urinary tract infections, and liver diseases has been well-documented⁵. Medicinal plants have become a source of assistance in controlling many diseases in developing countries, and sickle cell disease is no exception. The lower-income populations living in developing countries heavily rely on traditional medicine due to their cultural alignment and their inability to afford the medical costs offered by orthodox practitioners. Bioactive substances with therapeutic activity in plants used in traditional practices are mostly unidentified, and traditional healers believe in the holistic nature of their treatment. The substances found in medicinal plants that possess healing properties are known as active principles⁷.

The reproductive system is a series of interactions among organs and substances in an organism used for reproduction. The male reproductive system consists of two main parts, which are the testes, responsible for sperm production, and the penis. In humans, both of these organs are located outside the abdomen. The male and female reproductive systems differ. In female reproduction, the vagina and ovaries are responsible for producing eggs. The maturity of eggs, or ovum, is marked by menarche, which occurs between the ages of 13 and 16. On the other hand, in male reproduction, there are the penis and testicular glands responsible for sperm production. Nocturnal emissions mark the maturity of sperm during puberty. When a sperm cell meets an egg cell, pregnancy occurs, which will develop into a fetus⁸.

Reproductive health refers to the optimal physical, mental, and social well-being that encompasses all aspects of the reproductive system, not just freedom from diseases or disorders. Especially in women, reproductive health issues are complex, and common factors affecting them include poor women's health status in Indonesia, changes in sexual behavior such as early marriage and premarital sexual activity, inadequate nutrition, diseases that can potentially affect reproductive health, and inadequate environmental sanitation conditions⁹.

Reproductive diseases can occur due to fungal growth in the reproductive organ area, often as a result of poor hygiene practices and partner infidelity. The highest incidence of reproductive tract infections is found among the adolescent (35%–42%) and adult (27%–33%) populations. Common reproductive tract infections in adolescents include candidiasis (25%–50%), bacterial vaginosis (20%–40%), and trichomoniasis (5%–15%). In Indonesia, various reproductive health issues in women have been identified, including problems such as infertility (20%), vaginal discharge (15%), cervical cancer (35%), uterine cancer (52%), and candidiasis (5%). According to the results of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2014, the incidence rate of reproductive tract infections reached 20 per 100,000 of the Indonesian population, and in 2016, this number increased to approximately 60 per 100,000 with reproductive tract infections. This indicates that there was an increase in cases of reproductive tract infections during the period of 2014–2016, largely attributed to inadequate reproductive organ hygiene practices⁹.

Indonesia possesses great potential to create top-notch herbal products that align with modern medicine. The country's traditional medical system relies on natural ingredients, commonly referred to as herbal medicine, which makes herbal remedies the preferred treatment option for health concerns, particularly among rural communities. Traditional medicine is primarily focused on maintaining health and well-being, with a special emphasis on preventing reproductive organ ailments. Jamu or traditional Indonesian herbal medicine is one of Indonesia's cultural heritages that has been consumed by almost the entire Indonesian population, especially in rural areas. The pharmacological activities of nearly 5,000 Indonesian herbal medicine species have been observed¹⁰.

Medicinal plants are a suitable resource for treatment because they are more in line with human nature and have fewer side effects¹¹. The use of plants for phytotherapy in treating reproductive organ diseases involves a variety of plant parts such as rhizomes, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and even fruits. Different processing methods can be used such as boiling, making tea, and creating extracts. Some plants used in the herbal treatment of reproductive organ ailments include red and green betle leaves, Aru root, papaya leaves and fruit, coconut water, binahong leaves, soursop leaves, rose flowers, cat's whiskers leaves, pandan leaves, cinnamon bark, ginger rhizomes, tomatoes, and moringa leaves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The research method employed was the Literature Review Article (LRA) method, aimed at understanding the uses and benefits of plants in treating reproductive organs. A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar for publications within the last 10 years. The search, conducted in September 2023, used the keyword "herbal medicine for reproductive organs." This review article collected a total of 48 national journals and international journals.

Plant name	Morphology	Efficacy
Caesalpinia Bonduc	Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Ordo: Fabales Keluarga:Fabaceae Genus:Guilandia Spesies: G. Bonduc¹²	Hormonal System
Piper Betle L	Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi : Spermatophyta Ordo : Piperales Keluarga: Piperaceae Genus:Piper Spesies: P. Betle¹³	Vaginal discharge
Folium Papaya	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi : Spermathophyta Ordo : Cystales Keluarga: Caricaceae Genus:Carica Spesies: C. Papaya¹⁴	Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Regularity
Piper Crocatum	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Ordo: Piperales Keluarga: Piperaceae Genus:Piper Spesies: Piper Croatum¹⁵	Healing Perineal Wounds, Especially For Vulva Hygiene
Vernonia amygdalina	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi : Spermatophyta Ordo : Asterales Keluarga: Asteraceae Genus:Verninia Spesies: Vernonia Amygdalina ¹⁶	Vaginal discharge
Cocos Nucifera L	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi : Spermatophyta Ordo: Palmales Keluarga: Araceae Genus:Kakao Spesies: Coco L. ¹⁷	Dysmenorrhea
Rosa Demence	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Ordo: Rosales Keluarga: Rosaceae Genus:Roseae Spesies: Rosa L. ¹⁸	Vaginal discharge
Annona Muricata L	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Ordo: Magnoliales Keluarga: Rosaceae Genus:Annonaceae Spesies: Muricata L ¹⁹	Vaginal discharge
Orthosiphon aristatus	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi : Spermatophyta Ordo : Lamiales Keluarga: Lamiaceae Genus: Orthosiphon Spesies: O. Aristatus ²⁰	Gonorrhea
Semonila	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi: Tracheophyta Ordo: Poales Keluarga: Lamiaceae Genus: Orthosiphon Spesies: O. Aristatus ²¹	Gonorrhea
Solanum Lycopersicum	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi : Magnoliophyta Ordo : Solanales Keluarga: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum Spesies: Lycopersicum ²²	Increases Testosterone Levels
Cinnamomum Verum	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Ordo: Laurales Keluarga: Lauraceae Genus: Cinnamomum Spesies: C. Verum ²³	Dysmenorrhea
Zingiber Officinale	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi : Spermatophyta Ordo : Zingiberale Keluarga: Zingiberaceae Genus: Zingiber Spesies: Z. Officinale ¹⁹	Dysmenorrhea
Moringa Oliefera	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Ordo: Capparales Keluarga: Moringaceae Genus: Moringa Spesies: M.Oleifera ²⁴	Dysmenorrhea
Cola Cordifolia	Kerajaan:Plantae Divisi: Tracheophyta Ordo: Malvales Keluarga: Malvaceae Genus: Cordifolia Spesies: Cola ²⁵	Increasing Sperm Quality
Psidium Guajava L	Kingdom: Plantae Divisi : Spermatophyta Ordo: Myrtales Family: Myrtaceae	Increasing Sperm Quality

	Genus: Psidium Spesies: Psidium Guajava L.²⁶
Piper Betle	Kingdom: Plantae Divisi: Spermatophyta Ordo: Piperales Familia: Piperaceae Genus: Piper Species: Piper Bettle L. ²⁷	Albus Flour
Carica Papaya	Kingdom: Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Ordo: Violales Famili: Caricaceae Genus: Carica Spesies: Carica Papaya L. ¹⁴	Increasing Sperm Quality
Acorus Calamus	Kerajaan: Tumbuhan Divisi : Magnoliophyta Ordo: Arales Family: Araceae Genus: Acorus Spesies : Acorus Calamus ²⁸	Vaginal discharge

Caesalpinia Bonduc:

The decoction of Aru root in female mice has benefits for the hormonal system, especially those related to the hormones necessary for the development of egg follicles, such as LH and FSH. The decoction of Aru root (Caesalpinia bonduc) significantly affects female mice. A total of 1000grams of Aru root (Caesalpinia bonduc) is boiled in 300ml of water until it reaches a volume of 100ml²⁹.

Piper betle L:

Extract from green betle leaves (piper betle L.) has a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria compared to extract from red betle leaves (piper rocatum). Betle leaves are one of the plants commonly used as an alternative to reduce vaginal discharge. Besides being abundant in the surroundings, green betle leaves are often used due to their non-harmful side effects. In general, betle leaves contain active chemical compounds such as polyphenols, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. The method of making a betle leaf decoction used for cleansing (cebok) is performed periodically for 6 days, with a usage of 100cc in the morning and 100cc in the evening for each application¹³.

The content of green betle leaves (Piper betle L) is excellent for treatment, as it contains various components, including essential oil, hydroxycavicol, chavicol, cavibetol, allyl pyrocatechol, eugenol, caryophyllene, cineole, cadinene, diastase, starch, terpenes, sesquiterpenes, phenyl propane, tannins, sugar, and antifungal agents. The administration of betle leaves in the form of a decoction, with 10 leaves boiled in 250 ml of water until it boils down to 100ml, is effective in addressing vaginal discharge and should be applied three times a day³⁰.

Folium papaya:

Papaya leaves (folium papaya) contain vitamin E, which can alleviate menstrual pain by inhibiting the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Vitamin E suppresses the activity of phospholipase A and cyclooxygenase enzymes through post-translational cyclooxygenase activation, thus hindering prostaglandin production. Conversely, vitamin E enhances the production of prostacyclin and PGE2, which act as vasodilators that can relax uterine smooth muscles. To prepare it, boil papaya leaves in two cups of water. Mix in tamarind and salt, then boil until it simmers. Wait until the boiled liquid reduces to one cup. Turn off the stove, and consume the decoction³¹.

Piper crocatum

Consuming papaya fruit, even unknowingly, can be beneficial for the body. One of its benefits is that it can help regulate menstruation. Papaya is rich in vitamin A and vitamin C, which act as antioxidants, making it good for the skin and menstrual regularity. Papaya also contains a substance that can increase body heat, leading to an increase in estrogen hormone production and improved blood circulation. Additionally, the folic acid content in this fruit helps maintain tissue health, thus promoting regular menstruation. To enjoy these benefits, it is suggested to consume papaya regularly for a week before your menstrual cycle, both in the morning and in the evening. You can choose any variety of papaya based on its ripeness when the fruit turns a reddish-yellow color. Consuming just 2ounces of papaya can fulfill 10% of the potassium requirement and 13% of the copper content, making it an easy solution for irregular menstruation⁸.

Vernonia amygdalina:

Based on the research conducted by Febry Mutiariami Dahlan and her colleagues in 2022, and previous studies, it has been found that a mixture of 100grams of fresh red betle leaves added to 1 liter of water and cooked for 20 minutes after boiling, is highly effective in healing perineal wounds, especially for vulva hygiene. To prepare the solution, the mixture is allowed to settle, and the solution is extracted. After each vaginal wash, the solution can be applied by dabbing it on the perineal wound. The red betle leaves contain alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and essential oils, which act as potent antibacterial agents³².

Betle leaves contain essential oils consisting of betlephenol, chavicol, sesquiterpene, hydroxycavicol, cavibetol, estragol, eugenol, and carvacrol. One-third of these essential oils consist of phenols, with most of them being cavicol. To treat vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age, prepare 20grams of red betle leaves (approximately 12 leaves) with 600ml of water. Boil them over medium heat for 10-15minutes. After the boiled water has cooled down, use it for vaginal washing. Women of childbearing age are given a decoction of piper scrotum once a day for 5 days. The decoction of red betle leaves is effective in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans fungi³³.

Cocos nucifera L:

Phenolic compounds are also present in the bitterleaf plant. Phenols are a class of aromatic compounds that belong to polyphenols and contain antioxidants. Antioxidants are substances that are easily oxidized. Flavonoids are considered natural antioxidants because they can capture free radicals by neutralizing bacteria that cause vaginal discharge. To make it, take approximately 7 leaves (about 10grams) of bitter leaf, wash them with clean running water, then boil them in 500cc of fresh water. Use a large pot and boil for 15 minutes. After it boils, wait until it reaches a slightly warm or lukewarm temperature, then use it to cleanse the vagina twice a day for 5 consecutive days³⁴.

Additionally, bitterleaf leaves can assist in the healing of postpartum wounds. The active substances in it include saponin, flavonoid, polyphenol, and alkaloid. The saponin found in bitterleaf has the ability to act as an antiseptic, preventing the growth of microorganisms on the wound, and thus preventing infection. Flavonoids in the bitterleaf plant have anti-inflammatory properties that can prevent oxidation on the wound. Flavonoids can also cause damage to the structure and changes in the permeability mechanism of bacterial cell walls. To prepare it, take 50grams of fresh bitter leaf leaves, boil them in water until they boil, then apply it by compressing the wound once a day, leaving it for 5 minutes before rinsing⁹.

Cocos nucifera L:

Peel the top of the coconut, extract the coconut water, and it's ready to drink. Green coconut water contains 14.11mg/100ml of Calcium, 9.11mg/100ml of Magnesium, and 8.59mg/100ml of Vitamin C. The Calcium and Magnesium found in green coconut water can reduce muscle tension, and Vitamin C, which is a natural anti-inflammatory substance, helps alleviate pain from menstrual cramps by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which plays a role in the production of prostaglandin³⁵.

Rosa demence:

To address pathological vaginal discharge in women using IUD contraception, one of the traditional plants or herbs can be used. One beneficial plant for medicinal purposes is the red rose (Rosa demence). Research by Santi Sartika has shown that rose extract and rose essential oil have a significant antifungal effect against Candida albicans. To maximize the benefits of the nutrient-rich rose without side effects, it can be made into tea. The usage involves drinking red rose tea, where the average vaginal discharge after treatment is lower than before treatment. This can be concluded that there is an effect of red rose tea administration on pathological vaginal discharge in women using IUD contraception in the Klari Community Health Center, Karawang Regency, in the year 2023(36).

Annona muricata L:

To treat leucorrhea, boil 10 slightly mature soursop leaves, wash them under running water first, then soak the soursop leaves in 2.5 liters of water, simmer for 10-15 minutes until it reaches a boiling temperature of about 90°C with medium heat, then strain the soursop leaves to obtain soursop leaf decoction, store it in a thermos to keep it warm. Before use, the soursop leaf decoction is stored in a container and allowed to cool until warm, then the still-warm soursop leaf decoction is used to cleanse the vagina twice a day, every morning and evening, for one week. Soursop leaves contain acetogenesis compounds, including asimisin, bulatasin, and squamosin, which contain antiseptic substances that can kill bacteria, namely phenols, where the phenol content in soursop leaves is 5 times more effective than regular phenol³⁷.

Orthosiphon aristatus:

Cat's whiskers, scientifically known as Orthosiphon stamineus, is a plant with the potential to be a natural antibiotic. This plant is often used in traditional medicine for various health conditions such as stomach issues, headaches, and reproductive disorders. Cat's whiskers contain active compounds like flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids with antibacterial properties. These compounds can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause sexually transmitted infections, including gonorrhea. To utilize cat's whiskers for gonorrhea treatment, the leaves of this plant can be boiled, then the water is strained and consumed regularly as a glass of clean water with a quarter handful of boiled cat's whiskers leaves³⁸.

Semolina:

The saponin content in Suji leaves has molluscicidal, antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, and antimalarial activities. This study also revealed that the saponin content, particularly spiroconasole A, which was successfully isolated and identified, exhibited fungistatic, fungicidal, and bacteriostatic activities against 17 fungal species and 4 species of pathogenic bacteria. For the treatment of gonorrhea, boil 20grams of Suji leaves with one glass of water until it reduces to half a glass. Allow the solution to cool, strain it, and then drink it twice a day (half a glass each time). Meanwhile, to alleviate menstrual pain, take 20grams of fresh Suji leaves, wash them thoroughly, and boil them with two glasses of water until it reduce to one glass. Cool and strain the infusion, and drink one glass per day ³⁹.

Solanum lycopersicum:

Tomato extract administration can increase serum testosterone hormone levels in white rats fed a highcholesterol diet. The extract is given orally to rats, 15minutes before the high-cholesterol diet is provided, in a volume of 0.5ml per rat, using a gastric tube. Tomatoes are a rich source of nutrients like vitamin E, vitamin C, lycopene, carotenoids, and flavonoids, which are utilized to treat infertility, especially to improve sperm quality⁴⁰.

Cinnamomum verum:

Cinnamon is a plant belonging to the Lauraceae family and has long been used as a herbal remedy. Scientifically, this plant is known as Cinnamomum verum. Cinnamon has various health benefits, including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and antiseptic properties. Typically, cinnamon is used in the form of a decoction or infusion. Cinnamon bark contains essential oils like eugenol and safrole, as well as fiber, protein, tannins, calcium oxalate, and cinnamic acid. Studies have also shown that cinnamon can play a significant role in reducing menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) and improving menstrual cycle regularity. Therefore, cinnamon can be used as a traditional herbal remedy to address dysmenorrhea. To make this remedy, simply add one teaspoon of honey to a glass of 100ml of hot water, then add 1 gram of dried cinnamon bark. Let the mixture steep for a few minutes, and then consume it while it's still warm⁴¹.

Zingiber officinale:

Ginger is a plant that has been the subject of research due to its potential health benefits. It contains compounds such as gingerol, shogaol, and gingerone, which have antioxidant properties and the potential to reduce inflammation. These compounds are found in the rhizome of the ginger plant. Ginger has been traditionally used for various purposes, including as a natural remedy for alleviating menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). It has been found that ginger has a significant effect in reducing the intensity of menstrual pain when consumed in the form of ginger or ginger extract. Therefore, ginger can be considered an alternative intervention for managing primary dysmenorrhea. Respondents were given a ginger and turmeric concoction in the form of a 200ml drink when they experienced menstrual pain. To use ginger and turmeric to reduce dysmenorrhea, grate the ginger and turmeric, then boil them with tamarind and slices of brown sugar. Then, strain the liquid and consume it during menstruation⁴².

Moringa oliefera:

Boiled moringa leaves can lead to a reduction in the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. Moringa contains isothiocyanates, which act as anti-inflammatory agents and can help alleviate and treat inflammation in the body. Additionally, Moringa oleifera is known to have anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antioxidant properties, among others. The nutritional content of moringa leaves is also noteworthy, as they contain high levels of vitamin C, vitamin A, calcium, potassium, and protein. Therefore, moringa is a promising plant in reducing dysmenorrhea pain and providing various health benefits. A significant difference in reducing the level of primary dysmenorrhea pain after consuming a combination of soy milk and boiled moringa water in adolescent girls. Adolescent girls experiencing primary dysmenorrhea can be advised to consume 1 glass (200cc) of soy milk or boiled moringa water once a day before menstruation until the pain is reduced⁴³.

Cola cordifolia:

The extract of Kola leaf has been found to have an impact on the quality of human spermatozoa when tested in vitro. The Kola plant is known to contain several secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and cardenolides. It is also rich in caffeine, proanthocyanidins, and catechins. To prepare the extract, 500grams of Kola leaf powder is taken and placed in an Erlenmeyer flask. Then, 1 liter of 70% ethanol solvent is added, and the mixture is soaked for 48 hours with occasional shaking and sealed tightly. The ethanol extract obtained through filtration is then evaporated using a rotary evaporator until a concentrated extract is obtained⁴⁴.

Psidium guajava L:

Plants that are expected to have potential antifertility properties are the leaves of red guava (Psidium guajava L). Red guava leaves contain active substances such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, essential oils, avicularia, oleanolic acid, and beta-sitosterol, which are suspected to have anti-fertility properties. Alkaloids can influence the secretion of reproductive hormones necessary for spermatogenesis; essential oils work on sperm transportation rather than spermatogenesis; tannins can clump sperm, reducing their motility and viability (Wien and Dian, 2007). Red guava leaves are sliced and dried, and once dry, they are finely ground into a powder. Every 2kg of fresh guava leaves can yield 500g of powder. This leaf powder, about 500grams, is macerated in 1 liter of ethanol solvent overnight (repeated 3 times). The filtrate is evaporated in a rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40°C until an ethanol extract is formed. Evaporation is stopped once vapor forms again. Maceration is repeated until the filtrate is clear, like ethanol. The resulting liquid extract is then concentrated using rotavapor. Subsequently, phytochemical screening is performed to determine the groups of compounds present in the plant material⁴⁵.

Piper betle:

Boiling yellow betle leaves for the treatment of flour albus Yellow betle leaves contain alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. The method for making a decoction of yellow betle leaves is by boiling 10 leaves of yellow betle in 2.5 liters of water, given while warm, twice a day for 5 days, followed by observation to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention, which involves spraying the decoction of yellow betle leaves⁴⁶.

Carica papaya:

Papaya seeds contain proteins, and several enzymes such as papain, caricain, myrosin, alkaloid caricacin, oleanolic glycoside (sinigrin), carpain, β-sitosterol, and glucosinolate (Milind and Gurditta). Extracts from papaya seeds can influence sperm fertility in vitro. Papaya seed extract can affect the contractile response of the cauda epididymal tubules, leading to infertility. The process involves cleaning and drying the papaya seeds, followed by particle size reduction. Then, 500 grams of powder is weighed. The powder is macerated with methanol and subsequently extracted by maceration using approximately 2.5 liters of methanol. After 24 hours, the methanol extract of papaya seeds is separated by filtration, and then fresh methanol is added to the residue for the next extraction process. This extraction process is repeated multiple times until all secondary compound/metabolite components are extracted⁴⁷.

Acorus calamus:

The Rhizoma Acorus calamus contains active compounds such as β-asarone, α-asarone, sesquiterpenes, β-daucosterol, triterpenoid, and water-soluble polysaccharides. The procedure involved in making the extract of Rhizoma Jeringau (Acorus calamus) is as follows: The plant sample is thoroughly washed and dried. Then, the sample is cut into small pieces using scissors and dried in an oven at a temperature of 30–37°C for 1–2hours. Subsequently, the dried sample is ground into a powder using a blender until it becomes fine and then sieved through a 60-mesh sieve. The obtained powder is subjected to extraction using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. Sixty grams of the powder is soaked in 300mL of ethanol solvent for 24hours and shaken for 3hours. The soak is filtered, and the residue is subjected to maceration with the same solvent. This process is repeated three times until the filtrate becomes clear. It is then filtered, and the residue is dried at room temperature to remove the ethanol solvent. The extract obtained is concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The Rhizoma Jeringau (Acorus calamus) extract, in vitro, exhibits antifungal properties against the growth of Candida albicans⁴⁸.

CONCLUSION:

The reproductive system involves a series of organ interactions within an organism essential for reproduction. Reproductive health encompasses the optimal physical, mental, and social well-being of the entire reproductive system, beyond merely being free from diseases or disorders. Thus, utilizing natural remedies is crucial to maintaining the reproductive system's health. Various plants are beneficial, such as Binahong leaves, which are rich in antioxidants that capture free radicals produced by bacteria causing vaginal discharge, and green betel leaves, which inhibit bacterial growth to address vaginal discharge. Papaya, with its vitamin E content, alleviates menstrual pain, while coconut reduces pain from menstrual cramps. Rose petals help address pathological vaginal discharge related to IUD contraception, soursop leaves contain antiseptic compounds that can kill vaginal bacteria, cinnamon has anti-inflammatory properties to treat dysmenorrhea, ginger's gingerol serves as an antioxidant to relieve menstrual pain, and moringa leaves possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to reduce primary dysmenorrhea.

Additionally, various plants and herbs have been explored for their potential in treating different aspects of the reproductive system. Aru tree roots help regulate crucial hormonal systems for egg or follicle development. Cat whiskers contain active compounds like flavonoids that act as antibacterials, inhibiting bacteria related to sexually transmitted infections. Suji leaves, which contain saponins, exhibit antibacterial activity for treating gonorrhea. Tomatoes, rich in vitamin E and flavonoids, address infertility. Red betel leaves aid in healing perineal wounds. Kola leaves can enhance sperm health, guava leaves possess antifertility properties, betel leaves treat vaginal discharge, papaya seeds boost sperm fertility, and Acorus calamus rhizome is effective against vaginal discharge by inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans.

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Received on 24.10.2023 Revised on 13.07.2024

Accepted on 10.12.2024 Published on 02.05.2025

Available online from May 07, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(5):2335-2342.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00334

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