INTRODUCTION:

The ancient Indian medical system, Ayurveda, has long been a staple of holistic approaches to mental and physical wellness in healthcare. One important facet of Ayurvedic treatment is Ayurveda Pharmaceutics, known as Bhaisajya Kalpana. In Ayurveda, Bhaisajya means ausadham (drug), a substance that can treat the disease, and Kalpana means planning, i.e., preparing different dosage forms.¹

Hence, Bhaisajya Kalpana deals with how a drug is transformed into a medicinal form in different dosages. Ayurvedic texts, including the Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Astanga Samgraha, Astanga Hrudaya, Sarangadhara Samhita, Nighantu Granthas, and Bhaisajya Ratna Bali, are the sources of Ayurveda Pharmaceutics². The Panchavidhha Kasaya Kalpana( Fundamental preparation or dosage forms), which clarifies Swarasa Kalpana(Juice), Kalka Kalpana (Paste), Kwath Kalpana (decoction), Hima Kalpana (Cold infusion), and Phanta Kalpana (Hot infusion) are the many extensive medicinal descriptions and processing methods included in these texts. Many people consider the eighteenth to fourteenth centuries to be the golden period of Ayurvedic pharmaceutical innovation because of the contributions of Acharya Sarangadhara( Saranghadhara Samhita)³. It deals with the formulation, validation, authentication, and quality control of different dosage forms. Later on, a wide variety of dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, pastes, creams, ointments, mouthwashes, and suspensions, have developed over the ages to meet modern healthcare demands through Ayurveda pharmacy. Over the past century, Ayurveda Pharmaceutics has experienced difficulties in developing dosage forms and extending shelf life despite its rich history. However, scientific discoveries have offered answers to these problems, making it possible to convert conventional formulations into current dosage forms while maintaining stability, safety, and efficacy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

1. Selection of Data Sources:

Electronic databases and Ayurvedic depositories were searched for literature regarding panchabidha kashaya kalpana and its derivative formulations. The results were examined and synthesized. The study covered a variety of Ayurvedic dosage forms, along with their dose and self-life durations.

2. Data Synthesis and Interpretation:

Data from the selected studies and texts were synthesized to comprehensively review Ayurvedic pharmaceutical dosage forms. Historical perspectives were compared with modern innovations to highlight the evolution of Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. Key findings and insights were interpreted to delineate the relevance and applicability of Ayurvedic dosage forms in contemporary healthcare settings.

PANCHABIDHA KASAYA KALPANA (Basic formulations):

Swaras (Juice):

The evolution of liquid oral formulations traces back to administering freshly obtained plant juices, known as Swarasa. This process involves crushing green herbs to extract their juice or, in the absence of fresh herbs, soaking dry powdered herbs in water overnight and then squeezing them through a cloth. For instance, ginger juice is obtained through this method⁴. However, for thick leaves and barks where direct squeezing is not feasible, the putapaka swarasa technique is employed. Here, the raw material is formed into a mass, wrapped in leaves, and covered with mud before being heated until it turns into a red-hot ball. After cooling, the processed material is squeezed to obtain the Swarasa.⁵ Examples include Vasa putapaka swarasa and Nimba putapaka swarasa. Due to its heaviness, the dose for Swarasa is half pala (approximately 24 ml), while putapaka Swarasa is prescribed at one pala (approximately 48 ml). Additionally, Acharya suggests adding certain Prakeshapa dravyas like honey, sugar, jaggery, alkalies, cumin, rock salt, ghee, oil, and powdered herbs to Swarasa. Swarasa obtained through the putapaka method is typically consumed with one Karsa (approximately 12 gm) of honey.⁶

Kalka (paste):

Top of Form

Preparing a paste-like mass from either fresh or dried medicinal herbs is termed "Kalka." This method transforms crushed plant materials into a cohesive form, where the active constituents remain intact without requiring juice extraction. For instance, the preparation of Rasona Kalka exemplifies this practice, where the medicinal properties of garlic are preserved in a paste form, offering a convenient and potent means of administration. The dose of Kalka (Paste) is 12 gm. Such formulations ensure the retention of bioactive compounds and facilitate their effective delivery for therapeutic purposes.⁷

Kwatha (Decoction):

Kwatha is known as a decoction, an extraction technique from later ages that involves boiling dried plant material with water to extract active constituents. This process utilizes heat as a catalyst to dissolve extractable compounds, resulting in a potent liquid known as Kwatha. The quantity of water for the preparation of decoction is also specified according to the quantity and constitution of the drug and the volume of the water remains after boiling is also specified in the text. One part of a coarsely powdered medication is boiled with sixteen parts water over a mild fire until the water volume is reduced to one-eighth part. . According to the constituents of the drug (soft, mild or hard), the ratio of water is differs to 4:8:16 parts than the drug. The term "Kwatha," rooted in the process of boiling, underscores its role as a vital extraction method in traditional medicine, synonymous with Shritha, Sheetha, Kashaya, and Niruha.⁸ The dose of Kwatha is 50ml.

Hima kalpana (Cold infusion):

Hima kalpana, or cold infusion, offers a method of extracting active principles from medicinal herbs with sheeta veerya (cold potency) and volatile constituents, which heat might otherwise compromise. This technique involves soaking dried plant material in cold water for a specified duration, followed by filtration to obtain the infusion. Traditionally, the ratio of one part powdered drug to eight parts cold water is maintained, and the infusion is consumed within 24 hours of preparation. However, preservative technological advancements have extended these infusions' shelf life. Commonly utilized in day-to-day clinical practice, formulations prepared through hima kalpana cater to various diseases and patient conditions. For instance, Dhanyaka hima, derived from coriander, exemplifies the therapeutic potential of cold infusions in Ayurvedic medicine.⁹ The dose of hima kalpana is 2 pala i.e100ml

Phanta kalpana (Hot infusion):

Phanta Kalpana, or hot infusion, represents a refinement of traditional techniques by employing boiled water for extraction. This method entails mixing one part powdered drug with four parts hot water, allowing the mixture to steep for a period before filtration through the cloth. This is known as phanta; it keeps the water-soluble active ingredients found in the herbs. Panchakolaphanta is an example of hot infusion and is used in Ayurvedic formulations. This method adds to the wide range of herbal preparations used in traditional medicine by showcasing an improved method of extracting therapeutic qualities⁹Dose of panchakola phanta is 100ml.

Upakalpana (Derived Preparation):

Upakalpana( derived preparation) is a medication that is made specifically to meet each patient's needs and be as successful as possible. It is predicated on the Panchabidha Kasaya Kalpana, or five fundamental formulations, from which other dosage forms are derived. This approach aims to increase the efficacy of medications, ensure the stability of the formulation, facilitate simple distribution, and enhance aesthetic appeal. Practitioners can alter dosage forms using these derived forms to meet each patient's individual needs. Patients' preferences and medical situations can be considered while optimizing therapy outcomes by adjusting elements such as formulation type, dosage strength, and administration method. Preparations made from Panchabidha Kasaya Kalpana increase the medication's potency and durability while maximizing bioavailability and efficacy. Additionally, Upakalpana's variety of dose forms, like tablets, capsules, powders, syrups, etc., ensures patient and healthcare provider convenience of use, fostering medication adherence and therapeutic efficacy^10-11.

Churnas (Powders):

Among the different derived formulations, churn is the oldest solid dosage form and has been used for a long time. In this dosage form, ingredients are dried and pulverized into a fine powder of different sizes. To achieve optimal fineness, the powder is often sifted through a fine cloth, a process known as Vastragalana.¹³ In compound churn formulations, each ingredient in complex Churna preparations is individually washed, dried, ground, and sieved before being blended in predetermined ratios. Each one of them (power) is weighed separately and mixed well. Triphala Churna, Sitopaladi Churna, and Maha Sudarshan churnas Narasingha Churna¹⁴Sringyadi Churna¹⁵, Avipatti Churna¹⁶ are well-known formulations used for treatment.

Vati (Tablet/ Pills):

The term "vati" refers to medications that are prepared in tablets or pills. Vati represents a more stabilized and compact form of churnas, culminating in the creation of pills or tablets. The process of vati preparation typically involves three main methods for achieving compactness. Firstly, the drugs are cleaned and dried, and then they fine powder. These are triturated by adding the recommended fluids until they form a soft paste. When indicated, multiple liquids are used one after the other for grinding. After proper trituration, pills will be made manually or by making machine. The characteristics of the final stage of preparation of pills are that they should not adhere to the fingers on rolled. During the preparation of pills, two technical processes have been applied, i.e., Bhavana and mardana, involving trituration with herbal extracts or juices, resulting in a fine dough with excellent binding properties, which is then shaped into pills.¹⁷ Examples of vati formulations include Chandraprabha vati, Yogaraja guggulu, and Kanchanara Guggulu, each tailored to specific therapeutic needs and incorporating diverse herbal constituents to enhance efficacy and stability. In case of Tablet preparation, the ingredients of the formulations were made into granules form ,then these granules were made into tablets using a single-punch tablet machine that had the appropriate punch and die depending on the formulation.¹⁸

Ghruta (Medicated Ghee):

The importance of lipid-based formulations for medication administration is recognized by contemporary pharmaceutical science, a concept that has long been recognized in Ayurveda. Tailapaka, and Ghruta paka also known as snehapaka. Three fundamental ingredients are used in the preparation of therapeutic oil /ghee in Ayurveda: (i) Drava (prescribed liquid.), (ii) Kalka (prescribed paste), and (iii) Taila/Ghee. To prepare medicated ghee, add four parts of water to the kalka (paste) of the ingredients. Boil it over medium fire until all the water is out of the ghee. Drava dravya like kwatha,hima, phanta and swarasa were added one after other with the ghee and boiled it till the liquid part were completely evaporated.tirring is required regularly. Then, it is filtered Depending on the foundation utilized; formulations are Dhanwantara ghruta, Dadimadya ghruta, and etc.^19-20

Taila (Medicated Oil):

Taila preparations are the formulations where the tail is boiled with prescribed decoction and paste of drugs according to the formulae. The method of preparation is the same as medicated ghee... Examples such as Nirgundi Taila and Saindhavadi Taila Mahamasa Taila, Visagarbha Taila, Pinda Taila etc.²¹

Sandhana Kalpana (Fermentative Formulation):

Asavas and Aristas are medical preparations manufactured by immersing the drugs either in powder form or as a decoction, known as Kasaya, and sugar or jaggery solution for a predetermined amount of time. During this time, a fermentation process produces alcohol. The medication specified in the texts is ground into a coarse powder to prepare the arista formulations, and a decoction is made. This decoction is taken in the fermentation pot and sugar honey, or jaggery based on the formulation were added, and then boiled. The pot lid is placed over the mouth, and seven layers of cloth smeared with clay are used to seal the edges. The container is stored in a designated area, an underground basement, or a pile of pady to try and maintain a steady temperature throughout the fermentation process, as fluctuations in temperature can slow down or speed up the process. The cover is taken off, and the liquid is decanted before being strained after the predetermined amount of time (35–45 days) and then strained after two or three days. When the fine suspension particle settles down, it is again strained and packed in the bottle. Without making decoction, Asava is prepared as like as Arista etc. The mportants Asaba and Arista formulations are Balarista.Dasamularista, Ashokarista Chandana sava etc.^22-24

Avaleha (Medicated Jam):

Avaleha is a drug preparation that is semi-solid, and for the preparation of Avaleha, the prescribed decoction is condensed by boiling with either jaggery sugar or candy sugar, powder, or pulp of certain drugs, resulting in a concentrated base. The concentrated mass is prepared by continuing the procedure until it becomes thread when squeezed between two fingers or settles in water without dissolving readily. Subsequently, praise drugs, often including flavouring agents, ghee, oil, and honey, are incorporated into the mixture. Exemplary instances of Avalehas include Chyawanprash Awaleha and Vasawaleha. This preparation method enhances the shelf-life and stability of the formulation and ensures precise dosing and ease of administration, making Avalehas a preferred choice in Ayurvedic therapeutics. Formulations are Chyavan Prash, Agastya rasayan etc²⁵

Satwa (Water soluble extract):

Satwa, denoting a water extract, represents a solid substance extracted exclusively from plants rich in starch or carbohydrates. The process of obtaining Satwa involves several steps. The fresh plant material is initially prepared by cutting it into small pieces and crushing it to facilitate extraction. Subsequently, the crushed material undergoes maceration in water and is kept overnight. The mixture is filtrated following maceration to separate the liquid from the crushing materials. The filtrate liquid is again kept for sedimentation. The sediment, enriched with the desired constituents, undergoes further processing. It is repeatedly washed with water to remove impurities, and the process of decantation aids in separating the sediment from the liquid phase. The resulting sediment is then allowed to dry, culminating in the formation of Satwa. Guduchi Satwa serves as a prime example of this extracted solid substance.²⁶

Bhasma (incinerated ash):

Bhasma is the powder form of a material that is obtained through calcination. This ancient method involves subjecting minerals, metals, marine and animal products to a purification process before incinerating them in a closed crucible using the putapaka technique or a furnace. Purified metals, minerals, marine and animal products are used to make bhasma.In Ayurveda, sodhana means purification, and it eliminates harmful matters, modifies undesirable physical properties, and enhances therapeutic action. The resultant bhasma exhibits distinct characteristics, including nischindritwa ( no metallic luster), Rekha purna (fine texture enabling easy adherence to finger lines), Varitara (It should float on the surface when submerged in cold, steady water.), and apurnabhava (irreversibility to the original state). Examples of bhasma include swarna bhasma and sukti bhasma²⁴. From the bhasma different rasa preparations (metallic preparations) are formulated with the bhasma such as Pottali rasayana Khalwi rasayan etc.^27-28

Pisti:

Pisties are made by grounding the medication (marine and mineral) in the prescribed liquids and then exposing it to the moon or sunlight. After being purified, the medicine is left to triturate for a day (unless otherwise indicated) in rose water, and then it is left to dry in the sun for an additional day. This cyclic process typically extends over a period of seven days or more, ensuring the attainment of a finely powdered pisti. Formulations are Pravala pisti, Mukta Pisti, etc.²⁹

Arka (Distilled medicinal essences):

A liquid preparation called "Arka" is made by employing a device called an "Arkayantra" to distill specific liquids or medications that have been soaked in water. The prescribed medications are washed and coarsely ground to prepare Arka. The medications are soaked in water and left overnight. Then, it is distilled. This process involves distilling the chosen drugs in a water medium, yielding potent solutions to the aquae. Formulations are Ajamodadi Arka, Karpuradya arka, Satapusparka, etc.³⁰

Sarkara (Syrup):

Medicinal liquids, derived from various traditional preparations such as arka (distilled essence), hima (cold infusion), Fanta (hot infusion), or kwatha (decoction), into Sarkara form(syrups), represent a fusion of ancient methodologies with modern pharmaceutical standards. This transformational process begins with blending the medicinal liquids with twice their volume in sugar, a step essential for preservation and palatability. Subsequently, the mixture undergoes gentle heating at low temperatures until it reaches the desired stage, where the syrup attains optimal consistency and medicinal efficacy. Once this stage is achieved, the mixture is carefully removed from heat, filtered to remove impurities, and meticulously packed into bottles. Formulations are Vanaspa Sharkara, Parusaka Sarklara etc.³¹

Malahar (Ointments):

Mallahar (ointment) is the term for medications that are applied externally as a paste. In the Ayurveda classical text Sidha Yoga Sangraha. Variants like Sweta Mallahar and Jibantyadi Mallahar have been formulated. The medications are ground into a fine powder. It is combined with the liquid or other media specified in each preparation to form a soft paste. The ointments, which are soft, semisolid formulations for external use on skin or mucous membranes, contain medications that have been dissolved, suspended, or emulsified in the base. They serve for emollient and protective actions on the skin, besides acting as vehicles or bases for topical medicinal applications.³²

Self-life period:

The concept of shelf life in pharmaceuticals denotes the duration required for a drug to degrade to 90% of its initial concentration. This parameter is crucial for ensuring the efficacy and safety of medicinal products. Stability is key in determining shelf life; when stored as per recommended conditions, the product maintains its integrity over time. In ancient times, drug storage conditions were rudimentary, lacking the sophistication of modern pharmaceutical facilities and equipment. Consequently, the potency and effectiveness of drugs were susceptible to degradation due to inadequate storage measures. Without proper storage facilities and advanced techniques to inhibit degradation, the shelf life of medicinal substances was limited.

However, with the advancement of pharmaceutical science, significant strides have been made in enhancing drug potency and extending shelf life. Modern pharmaceutical practices employ state-of-the-art equipment and meticulously designed storage protocols to minimize degradation and ensure product stability. This evolution underscores the importance of scientific innovation in optimizing the efficacy and longevity of pharmaceutical products.³³

DISCUSSION:

Since the Vedic era, people have been using herbal medications. Although they are primitive and do not include specific production methods. This highlights a pattern in which novel dosage forms are not introduced in succeeding ages but rather methods are refined. Even new combinations remained rooted in the five basic kalpanas. In the past, doctors physically prepared Ayurvedic medications for their patients, but due to population growth and demand, this technique is no longer feasible in the modern era. Large-scale manufacture was prompted by increased national and international commercialization, which made adjustments necessary for various Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana formulations. Advancements in science necessitate adaptations, and with its abundance of fundamental formulations, Ayurveda struggles with palatability and shelf life. The major goals of primary preparation modifications are to improve palatability, extend shelf life, enhance global acceptability, adhere to market standards, facilitate administration, and fix dosage. By improving the appearance, form, palatability, shelf life, therapeutic utility or potency, dispensing ease, and portability, modifications into new dosage forms aid in gaining public acceptance.³⁴ Kashaya Panchavidha Kalpana is guidance based on the severity of the illness, the patient's strength, and their prakruti. After Kwatha, Hima, and Phanta, Swarasa is more Gurutva (heavy for digestion) than Kalka. This indicates that the first type of medicine is larger than the second kind. Although Kalka is a product made entirely of plants, it has a lower concentration than swarasa since it also includes indigestible components and cellular waste. The hardness of the medication being used determines how much water is needed to extract the heat- and water-soluble components from woody, hard medicinal plants. Supachita kwatha (easily digested decoction) best refers to "Gandha varna rasanvitam (it appear natural odour,colour and teast)," which should have the appropriate colourtaste, and smell depending on the ingredient or ingredients.

Benefits of modified dosage forms:

Modified dosage forms enhance appearance like medicated ghee/oil made into capsule forms, Churna into Capsule/tablet/Chewable tablets form, Kashaya into Ghanavati and granules, for Palatability Kashaya into tablets, pills, and syrup, Shelf life enhanced by Asava andArishta dosage form. Increasing therapeutic utility or potency of Taila into liniment, simplifying, dispensing, and portability into capsule, tablet, and Granules forms.

CONCLUSION:

Traditional medical systems have traditionally used a variety of formulations to deliver medications, with liquid oral formulations like Kwatha, Kalka, and Swarasa playing important roles. These technologies, which have their roots in ancient customs, provide unique ways to extract and distribute medicinal components from plants. The inventiveness of traditional medicine practitioners is demonstrated by the distinct processes represented by Swarasa, Kalka, and Kwatha, which range from juice extraction to paste production and decoction extraction, respectively. Because of their adaptability, effectiveness, and capacity to maintain active ingredients, their value goes beyond past customs and is relevant in modern clinical settings. Furthermore, by providing choices for either a hot or cold infusion, the complementary techniques of Hima and Phanta kalpana expand the repertoire of traditional medicine. Comprehending these methods' fundamentals and practical uses is essential to optimizing their therapeutic potential in clinical settings. As long as preservative technologies develop, these compositions' efficacy and shelf life can be progressively enhanced. Global healthcare practices can benefit from ongoing innovation and formulation of herbal medicines by embracing the rich history of traditional medicine and applying contemporary scientific discoveries.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors sincerely thank the Director General and Deputy Director (Tech) of the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi, for their unwavering encouragement and support throughout this endeavour. Their guidance has been invaluable in shaping this work and advancing the understanding of traditional medicine practices.

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Received on 29.05.2024 Revised on 24.09.2024

Accepted on 05.11.2024 Published on 10.04.2025

Available online from April 12, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(4):1931-1936.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00276

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Sl. No	Name of the dosage forms	General dose	Self-life/Expiry Period with effect from the date of manufacture
1.	Churna (Power)	12gm	Two year
2.	Vati (Tablet/Pills)	500mg-1 gm	Three year
3.	Ghruta (Medicated Ghee)	6-12gm	Two year
4.	Taila (Medicated Oil)	External application	Three year
5.	Asava/Arista (Fermentative preparations)	12-24 ml	Ten year
6.	Avaleha (Medicated Jam)	50 gm	Three year
7.	Satwa (Extract)	500mg -1 gm	Two year
8.	Bhasma (incinerated ash)	125-500 mg	Ten year
10.	Pisti	125-500 mg	10year
11.	Arka (Distilled medicinal essence)	12-24 ml	1 year
12.	Sarkara (Syrup)	5-10 ml	3year