Table1: Ethnomedicinal uses of some medicinal plants and their different therapeutic activity

S.No	Plant name	Family	Plant part	Therapeutic activity	Cure Anemia/ Menstrual disorder	Reference
1.	Argyreria speciosa	Convolvulaceae	Whole plant	Cough, Dyspnea and Fever	Anemia	Ekka (2016)^10,12
2.	Lygodium flexuosum Sw.	Lygodiac Eae	Leaf	Epilepsy	Irregular Menstruation	Ekka (2016)¹⁰
3.	Bauhinia variegata	Fabaceae	Leaves, flower, fruit and seed	Anti -bacterial, anti-Fungal, anti Malarial, pain reducing and - Fever reducing. Tumors, Wounds, Cough	Menstrual bleeding	(Sahu et al., 2014)^2,32
4.	Emblica oficinalis	Euphorbiaceae	Fruit	It is used to Reinforce teeth, hair and nails, as well as to regulate sugar in the blood,Diabetes, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Jaundice	Anemia and Menstrual bleeding	(Mishra et al., 2010)^2,3,6,25
5.	Saraca asoca	Caesalpiniaceae	Bark		Menstrual disorder	(Painkra et al., 2015)²⁷
6.	Acorus calamus L.	Araceae	Rhizome	Epilepsy, Cough and Cold	Menstrual disorder	(Painkra et al., 2015)^27,20
7.	Smilax zeylanica	Liliaceae	Root	Blood pressure	Menstrual disorder	(Painkra et al., 2015)^27,20,39
8.	Asparagus racemosus Wild	Liliaceae	Root	Weakness	Menstrual disorder	(Painkra et al., 2015)^4,20,27
9.	Vitex negundo L.	Verbeneceae	Root	Skin diseaseand Ulcer, Arthritis	Menstrual disorder	(Painkra et al., 2015)^20,27
10.	Abelmoschus crinitus Wall	Malvaceae	Root	General health conditions	Sickle cell anemia	(Acharya et al., 2012)¹
11.	Aegle marmelos Corrce	Rutaceae	Ripe dried fruit	General health problem	Sickle cell anemia	(Acharya et al., 2012)^1,20
12.	Andrographis paniculata	Acanthaceae	Whole plant	General health problem	Anemia	(Acharya et al., 2012)^1,14
13.	Scoparia dulcies	Scrophulariaceae	Dried root	General health problem	Anemia	(Acharya et al., 2012)¹
14.	Azadirachta indica L.	Meliaceae	Leaves	General health problem	Anemia	(Acharya et al., 2015)^1,3,20
15.	Chlorophytum tuberosum	Liliaceae	Tuberous root	General health problem	Anemia	(Sahu et al., 2014)^20,32
16.	Diospyros melanoxylon	Ebenaceae	Fruits	UTI, Diarrhoea, Skin problem	Bleeding disorders	(Patel et al., 2021)^28,3
17.	Vitex peduncularis Wall.	Lamiaceae	Leaves	Malaria, Jaundice, Typhoid	Menstrual disorders	Bhalla A. (2003)^7,21
18.	Pittosporum floribundum W and A	Pittosporeae	Bark, fruits	Preventing abortion in young women, Jaundice, Piles	Anemia	(Gunsai et al., 2020)^10,13
19.	Aloe vera (L.)	Liliaceae	Pulp	Pain, Constipation, pulp is also used as blood purifier	Menstrual disorders	(Sahu et al., 2014)³²

Discription of the plant -

Argyreia speciosa—also known as Samandar-ka-pat, Samundarsokha, and Ghav-patta—is useful for oedema, deranged vata, rheumatoid arthritis, cough, dyspnoea, and fever; invigorating¹⁰. This woody climber is common throughout India, especially in Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and South India, and can reach heights of up to 300 meters. Flowering and fruiting occur in August–December. Thin roots, measuring 2-4 mm in diameter, have a smooth brownish appearance, while bigger roots, measuring 5-25 mm or more, have a rough exterior because of lenticels. The leaf is coated in hair on the underside and has a silvery, woolly appearance. It has a robust midnerve and weak lateral nerves, and it is dorsiventral and unicostate. With a brown hilum, the triangular seeds measure 0.5-0.75 cm in length. When the stem is young, it is white and tomentose; as it ages, it develops many lenticels and vertical ridges, measuring 25 mm. All the plant parts are used to treat various illnesses^,12.

Lygodium flexuosum Sw. - With primary branches that are not elongated and secondary branches that bear alternating leaflets, this rhizomatous perennial fern has a climbing rachis that can reach a thickness of 2.5 mm. On hairy winged stalks, the largest leaflet measures 4-12x1.2 cm and has a thin, hard texture with sharply serrated edges. China, India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Australia are among the many nations that have this¹⁰.

Bauhinia variegata - This tree is commonly known as koliar, rakhta-kanchan, mandari, kural, gurial, gwiar, kachnar, and orchid tree. The Bauhinia variegata tree is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree with a maximum height of 15 meters and a diameter of 50 cm³³.It belongs to family Fabaceae^3,32. It has a small bowl and a spreading crown. In contrast to its pale brownish grey exterior bark, its inner bark is reddish, fibrous, and bitter. The tree features unbranched flower clusters, thin, zigzag leaves, and thin, zigzag twigs. Native to China, Colombia, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam, B. variegata is a tropical plant that grows well in hot, dry summers and moderate winters. It also needs sunshine, adequate drainage, and fire resistance. From a young age, the tree yields seeds, and pods are gathered and dehydrated for future growth. Flowering occurs in early winters. Both direct sowing and stump planting work well, and soaking seeds enhances germination. Buds, flowers, and leaves are all consumed as vegetables^2,34.

Emblica officinalis—Phyllanthus emblica L., a medium-sized deciduous tree that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is also called Indian gooseberry, emblic myrobalans, and Amla in Hindi—is also known as Emblica officinalis. Originally from India, the plant species is now found in South Africa, China, Sri Lanka, and Uzbekistan. Greyish-brown bark with sporadic flakes. Branchlets with drooping branches that resemble compound leaves. Below the leaves are tiny, many leaflets and flowers. Deciduous trees can grow up to 15 meters tall and have pink-red flames and grey-brown bark. Simple, bifarious, and alternating leaves are present. The unisexual flowers are grouped closely together in the leaf axils. This plant blooms from March through May. Fruits are thick, yellowish-green, indehiscent capsules that subglobosely dehisce into six cocci. It is a yellowish-green fruit with an obtusely triangular, six-celled nut that is used extensively in several Indian traditional medicinal systems and folklore^2,6,25.

Saraca asoca—This medium-sized tree belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae²⁰ and has compact pods, glabrous, paripinnate leaves, fragrant orange-scarlet flowers, and beautiful blossoms with sporadic purplish-pink new leaves, Saraca indica is a little evergreen tree that can reach a height of 750 meters and is sometimes known as Saraca asoca. Its leaves are rectangular, paripinnate, sub-coriaceous, and have fine, lanceolate tips that resemble corks. It has black, grey, or dark brown bark and fragrant flowers²⁰. The ellipsoid-oblong, compact seeds are numbered 4–8^24,37.

Acorus calamus L. - Known for its ability to revitalise the brain and nervous system, Acorus calamus L. is a common plant in Indian traditional medicine.1.3 to 2.5 cm thick, pale to dark brown, creeping, jointed, slightly vertically compressed rhizomes with a spongy interior are the hallmarks of this strong-smelling, semi-aquatic perennial herb⁹. With a pointed apex and an amplexic base, the petioles are thin, up to 80 cm long, glossy, bright green, linear to narrowly ensiform, and sheathed for 20–50 cm. Pale green and fragrant, the flowers are packed tightly on a sessile, cylindrical, stumpy spadix that is 5 to 7 cm long. Green, angular, three-celled, meaty fruits with one to three oblong seeds. Numerous illnesses, such as rheumatism, mental disorders, and epilepsy, are treated with its rhizomes⁹. The essential oil, rhizomes, and leaves of the plant all have carminative and antispasmodic qualities. This review offers a thorough grasp of its conservation initiatives and prospective medical uses^,35.

Smilax zeylanica - First identified by Linnaeus in 1788, Smilax zeylanica is a climbing shrub belonging to the Liliaceae family²⁰. It has a woody stem, prickles, and berries, previously under the Liliaceae family. Prickly stem, ovate-oblong leaves, axillary umbels, and unisexual flowers characterise this climbing shrub. It bears a male bloom with six free stamens on a greenish perianth. Three-lobed, three-celled ovules are seen in the female flowers. It is a subglobose berry¹⁹.

Asparagus racemosus Wild - A. racemosus grows to a height of 1-2 meters and is a woody climber. The blooms have tiny spikes and are white, while the leaves are uniformly small and resemble pine needles. This plant is a member of the Asparagus genus, which was relocated to the newly formed Asparagaceae family from the subfamily Asparagae in the Liliaceae family. Throughout Asia, Australia, and Africa, it is common to find shaded, low-elevation habitat in tropical regions. Among the various types of asparagus cultivated in India, A. racemosus is most frequently utilised in traditional medicine. In India, it is commonly known as shatavari^4,3.

Vitex negundo L. - A tiny tree or deciduous shrub¹⁷. Vitex negundo has a rough, pale bark. It features lanceolate leaflets, terminal panicles, and opposing leaves. The tree bears pollinated, blue-lavender, hermaphrodite flowers from May to August. When fully grown, the fruits are black, globose to egg-shaped, and 3–6 mm long⁴¹.

Abelmoschus crinitus Wall - Small trees, plants, or under shrubs with simple hairs are Abelmoschus species. This is locally known as dotokand or dokrakand¹. The palmately lobed, alternating leaves have sagittate to hastate edges. Bisexual blooms and infinite stamens are features of the axillary or terminal inflorescence. The fruit capsule is ovoid to cylindric, and the ovary is superior. The seeds are smooth. Stamens, carpels, and ovaries are among the functioning male and female elements of the entire, bisexual blooms of the Abelmoschus species. Entomophily, cleistogamy, self-pollination, and cross-pollination are the methods of pollination³⁸.

Aegle marmelos Corrce - The tree, about 6 m tall, has solitary or paired spines that are around 15 mm long. produces petiolate leaves. Pubescent, sparsely white; leaflets 3-5, lower 2 subsessile, ovatelanceolate, subcrenulate, obtuse. Aromatic, greenish white flowers occur in this tree. Pubescent pedicels. Decidious, pubescent, with sepals around 3 mm in length. 13 mm long juicy, spreading petals. Fruits are about 5-10 cm in diameter, greenish yellow or greenish, globose to pyriform; pulp: pale orange, mucilaginous, aromatic; round 3 mm thick. Flat, oblong, thickly fuzzy seeds coated in clear, sticky gum⁸.

Andrographis paniculata - For ages, people have used the well-known medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata Wall to cure a wide range of illnesses, such as cancer, diabetes, ulcers, leprosy, bronchitis, skin disorders, and malaria¹⁴. “Andrographis paniculata,” or “King”of Bitters,” or “Kalmegh,” or “Hempedu bumi,” or “Andrographolide, are used as a synonym¹. Plants are between 30 and 110 cm tall. The leaves have a pinnate form and are glabrous. Rose purple dots adorn the petals of white flowers. The seed capsules are 1.9 cm to 0.3 cm, linear-oblong, sharp at both ends, and yellowish brown in hue. Fruiting and flowering take place from December to April^14,26.

Scoparia dulcies - A tiny annual herb with a semi-woody stem that grows upright. Leaves are sessile, serrated, punctate, rhomboid, or elliptic, opposite or ternately whorled. White flower minute with axillary, extended pedicel. Little, globose capsules that are green when unripe and crimson when ripe. June to September is when it blossoms and bears fruit; however, it frequently does so all year long. Usually in open spaces. Menstrual and menopausal discomfort have been alleviated by S. dulcies^15,22.

Azadirachta indica L. - Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and other tropical and semitropical areas are home to neem trees, which are members of the Meliaceae family^5,3. With a straight trunk and a diameter of around 4-5 feet, this tree develops quickly to a height of 20–23 meters. The leaves are compound, imparipinnate, and have five to fifteen leaflets each. It yields green drupes that turn golden yellow as they develop in June and August⁴⁰.

Chlorophytum tuberosum - Around the world, the herb Chlorophytum flourishes in warmer climates. This safed musli comes under family Liliaceae^1,7,20. Growing in gregarious bunches, the plant is around 20 cm tall. At the base, all of the strap-shaped leaves, which range in length from 6 to 12 and 15 to 30 cm. As soon as the monsoon season begins, blooming will begin. The white, 2.5 cm broad flowers have six oval edges. Six upright stamens with golden anthers occupy the flower's centre. The fruits are three-edged capsules containing 2 mm-diameter seeds. Leaves and bulbs that can be eaten Moreover, Chlorophytum is a food for famine. Dry leaves and bulbs are ground into flour for bread. Blooming from June to July^29,32.

Diospyros melanoxylon - Diospyros melanoxylon is a medium-sized tree or shrub which comes under family Ebenaceae, with pelican-colored bark and a huge, meaty root³. a maximum length of 35 cm, its coriaceous leaves are opposed or alternating. Female flowers are mauve and larger than males, which are sessile and have three blossoms. The round fruits have an olivegreen shade. Fruit bats and birds, particularly hornbills, consume and spread edible fruits. Every other year, the tree yields high-quality seeds^,18,28.

Vitex peduncularis Wall. - An axillary or terminal dichasial cyme, opposing palmately compound leaves, and a quadrangular stem and branches characterise Vitex species, which can be either shrubs or trees. This plant is known as manjur godi or chraigorwa in Chhattisgarh^7,21. With drupaceous, endocarp hard fruits and bisexual, zygomorphic, hypogynous flowers, it has an axillary or terminal inflorescence. Woody lianas are a rare type of plant. 20–28 cm long axillary panicles; linear, 1 mm long, pubescent bracts; slender, flattened, 6.5–14 cm long, densely pubescent peduncles. Flowers are many; pedicels are 1-2 mm long. The Vitex species is a tree or shrub with axillary or terminal dichasial cymes, opposite palmately compound leaves, and a quadrangular trunk and branches. It has axillary or terminal inflorescences with drupaceous, endocarp hard fruits and bisexual, zygomorphic, hypogynous flowers^,11,21,31.

Pittosporum floribundum W and A -

Pittosporum floribundum Wight and Arn. (Pittosporaceae) has been linked to numerous medicinal claims, particularly for its economical and ethnomedicinal use. A tiny tree in the Pittosporaceae family has several medicinal claims because of its ethnomedical and socioeconomic uses¹³. Its tiny, glabrous, cuneate, oblong-lanceolate branches have lenticellate, terete, and pubescent branchlets. The bark of this little tree or shrub species is pale grey or greyish brown, and it grows to a height of 2 to 8 meters. Simple, alternating, or whorled leaves with lanceolate-oblong to oblanceolate-oblong shapes are its characteristics^,16,23.

DISCCUSION:

New insights into the diagnosis, management, and alleviation of ailments are offered by the traditional knowledge of plants for medicinal purposes and herbal healers. In order to identify and preserve this knowledge, the current documentation of customary knowledge from new sources will provide important clues for the evolution of human society and it will help to the process of identifying/recording species of plants in the Chhattisgarh state. Due to a lack of access to modern healthcare facilities, poverty, ignorance, and fewer interaction choices, the majority of people—especially those living in rural areas—are still forced to treat common illnesses using traditional medicines. Because medicinal plants are from nature and are more matched to the body's systems, they have fewer adverse effects than chemical medications.

According to this review research, 19 medicinal plants were shown to be highly effective in treating menstruation disorders and anemia in various regions of Chhattisgarh. Some plants are a rich supply of iron because they absorb the metal from the soil.

Certain plants also boost activity against anemia and menstruation disease by curing gastric ulcers, piles, jaundice, UTIs, skin issues, and malaria.

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Received on 07.12.2024 Revised on 20.02.2025

Accepted on 30.03.2025 Published on 10.04.2025

Available online from April 12, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(4):1893-1898.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00270

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