In-vitro Sun Protection Activities of different Solvent Extracts of Pistia stratiotes leaves
Preksha Dwivedi1*, Zulphikar Ali1, Gazala Parveen2, Ranjit Singh1, Neeraj Verma2,
Shashi Kant Tiwari3
1Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur, U.P. 247341.
2Knowledge University - Erbil Iraq.
3Hygia College of Pharmacy, Lucknow 226013.
4Roga Nidan Uttarakhand Ayurveda University, Haridwar 249401.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: prekshadwivedi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
KEYWORDS: Pistia stratiotes, Sun protection factor, Ultraviolet Radiation, Mansur equation, Sunscreen.
INTRODUCTION:
Aging begins the day when we are born. Changes in lifestyle over the last fifty years, Increased solar exposure due to outdoor activities and elevate risk of skin cancer from poor sunbathing habits. Chronic exposure to UV rays leads to skin aging, wrinkles, uneven pigmentation, reduced skin elasticity, and disrupted skin barrier functions.
The skin changes that occur due to the aging process are specifically related to photoaging2,5. SPF of a sunscreen also tells about the time at which the sunscreen needs to be apllied again3,4. Compounds that absorbs or prevent UV radiation are known as sunscreen or sunblocks6.
UV rays divides in three main regions UV-A, UV-B and UV-C lies in 100nm to 400nm range7,8. These rays hits the skin initiates morphological and chemical events that can cause skin cells to change into cancerous ones2,3,9. UVA is able to reach deeper layer of skin because it has higher wavelength compare to UVB so its reported as causing agent of photoaging, skin cancer, oxidative damage, pigmentation, and tanning2,3,5. In previous years, few plant extracts and some oils with photo protective properties were used in sunscreen formulations. Current research advocates for the use of natural substances in skin protection, particularly antioxidants applied topically, which significantly slow down the ageing process of the skin2,5.
The plant Pistia stratiotes, also known as water cabbage comes to the family Araceae10,11. The plant, especially leaves, is said to possess several healing properties. The plant is believed to have antiseptic, antitubercular, and anathematic 12 and antidysentric13 properties. The plant has historically been used to treat fever, blood disorders, and tuberculosis. It is also used as a laxative, bitter, and cooling component in "tridosha." The whole plant has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat eczema, ulcers, and syphilis14,15.
Extracts from the plant Pistia stratiotes may be more photoprotective against UV light due to the existence of flavonoid molecules. However, prior research on the topic has never been expanded upon. The objective of the present study is to assess the efficacy of sun protection ability of the ethanol, chloroform and aqueous leaves extracts of Pistia stratiotes.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Chemical and Reagents:
All chemicals utilized in the study were of analytical quality and used in their original form. Solvents like ethanol, chloroform etc. were purchased from Indian Scientific corporation, Lucknow.
Collection and Authentication of Plant:
The fresh leaves of Pistia stratiotes L. were collected from local area of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The plant specimens were identified at the CIMAP Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India. The Reference no is CIMAP/Bot-Pharm/2022/19.
Extraction of Plant material:
After collection of the fresh leaves of Pistia stratiotes were washed with water and dry in shade. The plant leaves were powdered with the help of mechanical grinder. The plant powder material of Pistia stratiotes leaves were extracted by cold maceration method9. Three solvents were used for cold maceration i.e., ethanol, chloroform and aqueous for three days. After three days extract was filtered then concentrated by rotatory evaporator until dryness16,17.
Sample Preparation:
0.2gm of extract (Ethanol, Aqueous and chloroform) were taken and transfer to a 100ml volumetric flask diluted with solvent (Ethanol, Aqueous and chloroform) and filter. Discarded firstly 10ml, then the 25ml of portion was moved to a 50ml volu. flask then diluted with solvent for volume makeup, then another 25ml portion moved to new 50ml volu. flask and makeup with solvent.17,18.
In-vitro Estimation of SPF:
SPF values are now utilized worldwide as a standard to evaluate the efficacy of sunscreen. It provides an estimate of the amount of time one can spend in the sun without becoming burned. Using the Mansur mathematical equation, the SPF number of the herbal sources extracts was determined19,20.
The Sun Protection Factor is utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of the sunscreen formulation. In-vitro method used for calculating the SPF value by using UV spectroscopic method and estimate the wavelength on 290-320nm at equally 5nm intervals. The mansur equation is used to calculate the SPF value with the given formula 21,22,23,24.
EE (λ) = erythemal effect spectrum.
I (λ) = solar intensity spectrum
Abs (λ) = absorbance of the sunscreen product.
CF = correction factor, (10).
EE x I = constants remain the same for valuess25,26. Sayre et al. (1979) were the ones who made the determination and are showed in Table I
The absorbance and sun protection factor of the Ethanolic Chloroform and Aqueous leave extracts of Pistia stratiotes is calculated by using UV-spectrophotometric method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Sun protection factor value of the all extract’s was obtained using UV spectrophotometer and calculated by mansur equation.The UV Spectrophotometer using wavelength 290nm to 320nm for measurement, and apply Mansur equation to determine SPF27,28. The calculated value of the all extract’s is shown in the Table 1 and Table 2 and normalized product function also shown in Table1 which is used for SPF calculation.
Evaluating the SPF is one way to determine effectiveness of sunscreens in protecting against the sun. 29,30. The standard method of defining SPF is to take the Ultraviolet energy required to produce MED (Minimal Erythema Dose) on skin that is protect by sunscreen items or dynamic substances and divide it by the UV energy required to produce MED on skin that isn't protect by sunscreen items or dynamic substances31,32,33,34.
In this research different extracts of Pistia stratiotes leaves were evaluated for the Sun Protection Factor by UV spectrophotometry. The absorbance values at various wavelengths (λ nm) from 290-320 nm of all extracts are given, calculated and presented in Table 1and 2. The SPF values are evident in Table 3 for different extracts are Ethanolic extract – 3.567 ± 0.051, Chloroform extract – 1.612 ± 0.023 and aqueous extract – 1.225 ± 0.017.
Fig.1: Comparative SPF value of Aqueous, Ethanolic, Chloroform extracts of Pistia stratiotes leaves
Table 1: Absorption capacity of all three plant extracts
|
S. no |
Wavelength (λ) |
EE x I (Normalized) |
Absorbance capacity of Ethanolic extract |
Absorbance capacity of Chloroform extract |
Absorbance capacity of Aqueous extract |
|
1 |
290 |
0.0150 |
0.4432 |
0.2042 |
0.1426 |
|
2 |
295 |
0.0817 |
0.4306 |
0.1901 |
0.1362 |
|
3 |
300 |
0.2874 |
0.3782 |
0.1746 |
0.1284 |
|
4 |
305 |
0.3278 |
0.3438 |
0.1648 |
0.1211 |
|
5 |
310 |
0.1864 |
0.3268 |
0.1398 |
0.1162 |
|
6 |
315 |
0.0839 |
0.3212 |
0.1242 |
0.1095 |
|
7 |
320 |
0.0180 |
0.3142 |
0.1092 |
0.1016 |
Table 2: Determination of SPF value of plant extracts by Mansur equation
|
S. no |
Wavelength (λ) |
EE xI |
Ethanolic extract |
Chlroform extract |
Aqueous extract |
|||
|
Absorbance |
EExIx Absx10 |
Absorbance |
EExIxAbsx10 |
Absorbance |
EExIxAbsx10 |
|||
|
1 |
290 |
0.0150 |
0.4432 |
0.0664 |
0.2042 |
0.0306 |
0.1426 |
0.0213 |
|
2 |
295 |
0.0817 |
0.4306 |
0.3518 |
0.1901 |
0.1553 |
0.1362 |
0.1112 |
|
3 |
300 |
0.2874 |
0.3782 |
1.0869 |
0.1746 |
0.5018 |
0.1284 |
0.3690 |
|
4 |
305 |
0.3278 |
0.3438 |
1.1269 |
0.1648 |
0.5402 |
0.1211 |
0.3969 |
|
5 |
310 |
0.1864 |
0.3268 |
0.6091 |
0.1398 |
0.2605 |
0.1162 |
0.2165 |
|
6 |
315 |
0.0839 |
0.3212 |
0.2694 |
0.1242 |
0.1042 |
0.1095 |
0.0918 |
|
7 |
320 |
0.0180 |
0.3142 |
0.0565 |
0.1092 |
0.0196 |
0.1016 |
0.0182 |
|
SPF |
|
|
|
3.567 ± 0.051 |
|
1.612 ± 0.023 |
|
1.225 ± 0.017 |
CONCLUSION:
The goal of this study was to assess Pistia stratiotes efficacy as a sun protector. The findings indicated that Pistia stratiotes exhibited moderate sun protective activity. Using a spectrophotometer, the SPF value of leaves from Pistia stratiotes is estimated by using the three different extracts ethanolic, aqueous, and chloroform and find the best SPF activity among them. The results of the study showed that the ethanolic extract of Pistia stratiotes had an SPF value of 3.567 ± 0.051, which is higher than that of the two other solvents, chloroform and aqueous. The aqueous extract's in-vitro SPF was determined to be 1.225 ± 0.017, whereas the chloroform extract exhibited an SPF activity of 1.612± 0.023. This study found that extracts from Pistia stratiotes leaves can be added to other sunscreen formulas to increase the SPF level.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I am very much grateful to Dr. Narendra Kumar, Senior Scientist CIMAP Lucknow, India, for providing support regarding plant authentication.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
The author has declared that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS:
Each author made an equal contribution.
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Received on 24.04.2024 Revised on 17.08.2024 Accepted on 11.11.2024 Published on 10.04.2025 Available online from April 12, 2025 Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(4):1805-1808. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00258 © RJPT All right reserved
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