INTRODUCTION:

Finishing and polishing are steps that must be taken to achieve a smoother restoration surface. Polishing removes minor scratches from the restoration surface to leave a smooth, reflective surface with minimal microscopic scratches¹. Composite resins are insoluble, have low heat conductors, and are easily manipulated. Apart from that, surface hardness is another property of composite resin as a restoration material².

Low surface hardness on a cloth will result in the material being scratched more easily. In polishing resin composites, abrasive materials often contain silica, carbide, aluminum oxide, diamond, and zirconium oxide³. One-step and multi-step polishing are techniques used when carrying out polishing procedures. The difference between the two techniques lies in the amount of abrasive material used⁴. One-step polishing uses one instrument, while multi-step polishing uses several tools and takes longer than one⁵. Several studies say that the final surface of composite resin restorations is smoother and shinier, as obtained from multi-step techniques. Polishing paste is an abrasive instrument used in the multi-step polishing process⁶.

Loose abrasive polishing pastes have been used for decades in industrial and scientific applications, including dentistry, for polishing composite resins⁷. Loose abrasive polishing pastes can be influenced by several factors, such as the shape, direction, and size of abrasive particles and the duration of application of the polishing material, which can affect the results of the physical properties and durability of the restoration⁸. The requirements for loose abrasive polishing paste are that it contains abrasive materials, namely diamond and aluminum oxide, has a fine particle size ranging from 0.3-10μm, has a water-soluble medium such as glycerin, the concentration of the paste used is around 20-50% in a fat base or containing water, containing Na-CMC and the concentration contained in the paste⁹. Based on research conducted by Ahmad (2017) regarding the use of blood cockle shell waste as an abrasive material in toothpaste, it has been proven that the calcium carbonate content in blood cockle shells can be used as an abrasive and remineralization material in making toothpaste. Apart from that, based on all the test results, it was concluded that toothpaste with 25% clam shell powder was better than adding 50% clam shell powder¹⁰.

Polishing paste is rarely used because a mixture of chemical compositions in commercial pastes can irritate the eyes and skin after repeated use over a long period. The A. granosa contains high levels of calcium carbonate, namely 98%, which can be utilized with abrasive and remineralizing properties in making toothpaste¹¹. Calcium carbonate in egg shells ( 70.84%) is known to have abrasive properties and can polish the surface of acrylic resin denture bases, which is clinically acceptable in dentistry¹². In addition, when used in polishing, the abrasive content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) can produce minor scratches, thus affecting the smoothness of the surface. Research by Az-Zahra and Wandania (2020) showed the lowest surface roughness value for composite resin restorations after polishing with a polishing paste made from A. granosa¹³. The A. granosa is also rich in calcium carbonate, essential for the tooth remineralization process to create healthy and strong teeth.

There is a lack of scholarly research examining the impact of varying concentrations of A. granosa as a polishing agent on the parameters of roughness, gloss, and surface hardness in nanohybrid composite resin. A well-documented correlation exists between the concentration of A. granosa polishing paste and the gloss and surface hardness of the nanohybrid composite resin, as indicated by the premise. This work aims to employ A. granosa powder as a natural abrasive to improve nanohybrid composite resin restorations' smoothness, glossiness, and surface hardness during the polishing procedure. Kindly rephrase the text.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Ethical clearance No. 1146/KEPK/USU/2022 Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra, Medan Indonesia approved this research. A total of 48 upper premolars were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then divided into six groups, each group consisting of 8 samples, namely the 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75% concentration group, the commercial polish control group, and the no polish group. The A. granosa was obtained from the coast of Gunung, Batu Bara, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, with coordinates 3.264307, 99.531837. The collection samples in the materials laboratory of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of North Sumatra, Indonesia

Sample Preparation:

Brushing and rinsing under running water were followed by an hour-long boil in 500mL of vinegar solution at 100°C to make A. granosa powder. The material was cleaned again and dried in direct sunshine for two days. The dry A. granosa was pulverized in a stone mortar and blender and filtered through 400 mesh. The material was ground in a ball mill at 500rpm for 8hours to reach a particle size of ≤10µM. A. granosa powder was divided into four concentrations: 12.5% (0.62g), 25% (1.25g), 50% (2.5g), and 75% (3.75g) and weighed using an analytical balance to begin paste-making. After pouring 50mL of hot distilled water into a mortar, 0.5g of CMC-Na powder was uniformly dusted on top and let to sit for 15 minutes to make the paste base. After resting, the mixture was crushed and mixed with 1ml of glycerin. The remaining 44ml of distilled water was added gradually until a uniform consistency was reached. Blending 5g of the basic paste yielded a paste for each concentration. Three groups of samples were examined for shine, hardness, and surface roughness. The buccal contour was 4mm x 4mm x 2mm, measured with calipers, and the cavity was 1mm above the CEJ. Six groups were randomly assigned: A. granosa polishing paste at 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, commercial polishing paste (Prisma Gloss Dental Sirona, Germany), and no paste. For hardness testing, 48nanohybrid composite resin disk samples were master cast, polymerized, and left for 24 hours.

SEM-EDX Assessment:

Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) (XRD-6000, Shimadzu, Japan) was utilized to examine the morphology and particulate composition of the A. granosa powder. The analysis was conducted thrice, utilizing a 10 kV beam at a working distance between 18 and 21mm. Before examination, all specimens were coated with a layer of gold-palladium using a sputter coater to enhance conductivity. Subsequently, the chemical elements within the samples were explored using the SEM EDX system (Lab X XRD-6000, Shimadzu, Japan). For a comprehensive understanding, elemental analysis was performed on the blood cockle shell powder to ascertain its specific characteristics using the same SEM EDX equipment¹⁴.

XRD Assessment:

X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was employed to analyze the elemental composition of A. granosa. The fundamental working principle of the XRD (EVO MA10, Zeiss, Germany) involves the diffraction of X-rays, which occurs when they encounter the crystal atoms within a material. This interaction gives rise to various angles from which diffraction patterns emerge, delineating the characteristics of the sample. The primary components of an XRD instrument consist of the X-ray source, the sample of the test material, and the detector. The X-ray source within the X-ray tube was subjected to high-voltage collisions to accelerate electrons toward the target metal, producing X-rays with wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to 100x10^-10 meters. The test material required a finely grounded solid (powder) for the analysis. The detector functioned to measure the angles of the X-rays after being reflected off the test material¹⁵.

Gloss Test:

Forty-eight samples were soaked in artificial saliva for 24 hours, stored in an incubator at 37°C to condition the samples according to oral cavity conditions, and then tested for surface smoothness of the models using a gloss meter (ETB-0686, China). The specimens were placed in a closed window with a black film container to avoid outside light, and the measurement units were expressed in gloss units (GU)¹⁶.

Hardness Test:

A total of 48 samples were soaked in artificial saliva for 24hours, stored in an incubator at 37°C to condition the samples according to oral cavity conditions, then tested for the surface hardness of the samples using a Vickers Hardness Tester (Future-Tech FM-800, China). The specimen is placed in the center of the objective lens and focused, and then pressure is applied with a load of 100 grams for 15 seconds. The unit of measurement is expressed in VHN¹⁷.

Roughness Test:

Forty-eight premolars underwent various treatments and were examined for surface texture changes using a 10x10 µm Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). These specimens were tagged and divided into four treatment cohorts. Each tooth was attached to the instrument's holding apparatus, and the NanoSurf2 software was enabled on the associated computing device to communicate with the apparatus controller for evaluation. The operator selected the desired image scale from the IMAGING part of the software interface, which ranged from 0 to 0.5 µm (or 0 to 500 nm, alternately). Next was POSITIONING, then ADVANCE. Close inspection through the scan head's optical aperture was essential to avoid accidental scanning probe contact with the specimen. After selecting the APPROACH instruction, the operator observed the procedure until the controller produced a "tet" beep, signaling the scanning probe's precise contact with the tooth surface and starting the scanning operation. This imaging sequence took 8 minutes and produced JPEG images. Lastly, POSITIONING was re-engaged, WITHDRAW was selected, and RETRACT was initiated until it stopped. The specimen was carefully removed to end the procedure, and the device was powered down ¹⁸.

Statistical Analyses:

The research results on nanohybrid composite resin restorations' gloss, hardness, and surface smoothness were analyzed by Oneway ANOVA and Least Significant Difference, with p<0.05 as the significance limit.

RESULTS:

Table 1 reports that A. granosa concentrations of 25 and 50% have good natural abrasive properties in changing the surface roughness of the associated nanohybrid composite resin dental restorations. One-way ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference between the A. granosa treatment groups on the surface roughness of the nanohybrid composite resin (p<0.05).

Figure 2. Surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin restorations subjected to polishing with A. granosa powder. (A) 12.5% (B) 25% (C) 50% (D) 75% (E) Commercial Paste (F) Control (Non Paste)

Figure 1(A) shows the results of particle size examination based on SEM examination results at 5000 times magnification. Some A. granosa powder sizes were 2.52μm, 3.68μm, 5.53μm, 5.83μm, and 6.14μm, with an average of (4.74±1.567). Figure 1 (B and C) shows the chemical element composition of A. granosa, where Oxygen (58.5%) and Calcium (40%) have high contents. In addition, Figure 1(D) XRD results of A. granosa at an angle of 2ɵ depict several different peaks, namely 26.22; 26.28; 27.1; 29.36; 29.38; 47.28; 48.48; 48.36; 62.60. This peak list indicates the presence of CaCO3 aragonite crystals.

Figure 2 shows the surface roughness of the nanohybrid composite resin restoration after polishing with A. granosa powder at various concentrations (12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) and compared with commercial paste and untreated control conditions. The abrasive effect of A. granosa powder increased roughness at 12.5% and 75% concentrations. Meanwhile, concentrations of 25 and 50% show a smoother surface. These results were then compared with commercial paste to determine the relative effectiveness of A. granosa, and control conditions provided a basis for comparison for all treatments, as shown in Table 1.

DISCUSSION:

The finishing and polishing process to obtain a good restoration surface must pay attention to several conditions, one of which is the paste-making process, including concentration. The amount of concentration of the abrasive material influences the viscosity of the paste, which in turn also affects the smoothness of the surface¹⁹. Viscosity determines the stability of a moving solution when there is friction when the solution is rotated with a spin coater so that a lower concentration will form a thinner layer and a cavity with a larger diameter. Meanwhile, a thicker layer and voids with a smaller diameter will create at high concentrations²⁰.

In dentistry, polishing paste is widely used for restorations because it contains abrasives such as aluminum oxide, diamond powder, silica, calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide, and perlite. Polishing pastes that contain aluminum oxide and diamond powder can produce smooth nanofiller and nanohybrid composite resin restoration surfaces²¹. Polishing pastes often found today contain synthetic ingredients that can irritate the eye area and skin in some sensitive patients. against allergies to the paste contents²². The A. granosa is a natural material that contains abrasive particles, including calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), which are commonly used in dentistry²³. The abrasive content of calcium carbonate is known to have good polishing ability in producing minor scratches, which affect the smoothness of the surface. So, the finishing and polishing procedures determine the surface's smoothness quality²⁴.

Figure 1. The XRD examination shows that A. granosa contains CaCO3. It is an essential aspect of the properties of A. granosa fiber as a natural abrasive material. CaCO3 as aragonite crystals is vital as an abrasive material in nanohybrid composite resin surface restoration. Aragonite crystals are a polymorphic form of calcium carbonate known for their relatively higher hardness than other polymorphic forms, such as calcite. ²⁵. Aragonite is a suitable choice as an abrasive material, especially in dental applications. When used for polishing nanohybrid composite resins, microscopic aragonite particles remove surface roughness without damaging the internal structure of the composite²⁶. The gentle yet effective abrasive effect of aragonite can increase the surface smoothness of restorations, improving aesthetics by improving surface shine and uniformity and increasing surface hardness. Harder restorations are more resistant to abrasion and wear from chewing and cleaning activities, thereby extending the functional life of the restoration²⁷. Additionally, the smooth surface of the restoration is more difficult for plaque and bacteria to adhere to, helping to maintain oral health. Therefore, using CaCO3 aragonite crystals in polishing procedures has become an integral part of efforts to improve the quality and durability of nanohybrid composite dental restorations²⁸.

The results in Figure 2 demonstrate the comparative surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin restorations after being polished with various concentrations of A. granosa. An increase in surface roughness at lower (12.5%) and higher (75%) concentrations indicate that A. granosa powder can contribute to a stronger abrasive effect at these extremes. This may be due to uneven particle interaction with the composite surface at lower concentrations and excessive abrasion at higher concentrations. In contrast, smoother surfaces at 25% and 50% concentrations suggest an optimal balance where the abrasive particles are compelling enough to polish the surface without causing undue roughness.

Previous research supports the notion that the concentration and size of abrasive particles significantly affect the quality of the composite resin surface. Studies suggest that medium concentrations and appropriately sized particles provide the best results, achieving a balance between effective polishing and minimizing surface damage²⁹. These findings, which indicate that 25% and 50% concentrations may be ideal for clinical use, validate the efficacy of traditional abrasive materials and position A. granosa powder as a sustainable natural alternative. This aligns with the increasing demand for environmentally friendly dental materials³⁰.

Table 1 elucidates that concentrations of 25% and 50% A. granosa powder are effective natural abrasives that modify the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin dental restorations. The abrasive action of A. granosa powder leads to a notable reduction in surface roughness. This effect arises from the mechanical interaction between the abrasive particles and the resin surface, whereby the particles physically engage with and gradually remove the irregular top layer of the composite. This action results in a smoother and more uniform surface, enhancing the aesthetic and functional quality of the dental restorations.

Previous studies corroborate these findings, indicating that the mechanical properties of abrasive agents are crucial for achieving optimal surface textures in composite resins. For instance, research by Mohammadian (2018) demonstrated that the size and concentration of abrasive particles significantly influence the efficacy of the polishing process, with smaller, more uniformly distributed particles leading to finer and more consistent surfaces³¹. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of selecting the correct abrasive medium to minimize damage while maximizing smoothing effects³². Applying A. granosa powder at the specified concentrations underscores its potential as an eco-friendly and effective alternative to conventional synthetic abrasives commonly used in dental restoration.

The abrasion mechanism carried out by A. granosa may be similar to other conventional abrasive materials in dentistry, but it has the advantage of being natural. A. granosa particles, when used in appropriate concentrations, eliminate micro-asperities on the resin surface without causing excessive damage or material removal. This is important because excessive material reduction can weaken the composite resin's structure and reduce the dental restoration's service life³³. In the context of previous research, the Study by Jefferies et al. (2007) described how natural abrasive materials can be used effectively for surface polishing of resin composites, producing a smooth surface without compromising the integrity of the material¹. Additionally, research by Kumar et al. (2021) showed that the choice of abrasive agent significantly impacts the surface roughness and aesthetic quality of composite resin restorations³⁴. Therefore, using A. granosa as a natural abrasive offers benefits in reducing surface roughness and may also be more environmentally friendly than synthetic abrasives. Furthermore, this approach can provide a gentler alternative suitable for specific applications in dental restoration, thereby ensuring that the resin surface remains smooth and durable without compromising the quality of the restoration.

Table 2 offers critical insights into the effectiveness of A. granosa powder as an abrasive material for enhancing the surface shine of nanohybrid composite resin dental restorations. This table illustrates the ability of A. granosa powder, at optimized concentrations, to smooth the surface and increase the glossiness of the resin significantly. The increased surface shine suggests that the abrasive particles are fine enough to polish the resin surface without leaving scratches or dull areas. This is crucial for achieving a visually appealing restoration. Meanwhile, the 50% and 75% concentrations of A. granosa powder were in the excellent category, showing results similar to those of the group using commercial paste. This indicates that A. granosa is still effective at higher concentrations but does not significantly increase shine compared to 25% concentration. This could be due to the physical properties of the powder at higher concentrations, which may not significantly increase the surface smoothness³². On the other hand, the non-paste group, which did not receive any treatment, had very low shine, similar to the 12.5% A. granosa concentration group. This shows that without abrasive treatment, the surface of the nanohybrid composite resin tends to be lackluster, emphasizing the importance of the polishing process in dental restoration.

When A. granosa powder is polished on composite resin, the abrasive particles in the powder interact with the resin surface, removing the uneven top layer. This results in a smoother and more uniform surface, essential for creating a glossy effect³⁵. The surface gloss of dental restorations correlates with the smoothness of the surface; Smoother surfaces tend to reflect light more efficiently, resulting in a glossier appearance³⁶. According to research in dentistry, as expressed by Vishwanath et al. (2022), using appropriate abrasive materials is very important in achieving the desired shine in composite resin restorations. This Study suggests that natural ingredients such as A. granosa can be an effective alternative to commercial polishing pastes, offering advantages regarding biocompatibility and environmental safety³⁷. Furthermore, research by Hao (2018) emphasizes that the smoothness of the surface of dental restorations influences aesthetics and the long-term health of oral tissues, as smoother surfaces reduce the accumulation of plaque and bacteria.³⁸.

The results of One-Way ANOVA analysis with a p-value <0.05 confirmed the existence of significant differences between treatment groups in terms of surface shine, indicating the effectiveness of different treatment variables. According to research by Amaya-Pajares (2022), surface gloss is an important parameter in determining the aesthetics and quality of composite resin restorations, and the use of appropriate abrasive materials can play a key role in achieving the desired results³⁹. The use of A. granosa powder as an abrasive in nanohybrid composite resins shows significant potential in increasing surface gloss, with a concentration of 25% providing the best results.

Table 3 offers valuable data on the impact of A. granosa powder on the hardness of nanohybrid composite resin dental restorations. According to the data presented, a 25% concentration of A. granosa powder markedly enhances the hardness of the composite resin. This increase in hardness suggests that the abrasive particles not only smooth the surface but potentially help compact the composite matrix, which can increase the material’s resistance to wear and deformation. Research by Ben Hassan (2014) shows that surface hardness is an important factor in determining the quality and durability of composite resin restorations. Using materials such as A. granosa can effectively improve these mechanical properties⁴⁰.

A. granosa powder increases the hardness of composite resins through mechanisms that are likely related to the physical and chemical properties of the powder⁴¹. When A. granosa powder is applied to a composite resin and processed through grinding or polishing, the particles in the powder interact with the resin matrix, possibly causing changes in the microstructure and chemical composition of the resin surface⁴². This mechanism could involve filling micro-voids or imperfections on the resin surface with A. granosa particles, increasing the density and structural strength of the resin⁴³. In addition, the abrasion process produced by A. granosa powder can also help create a stronger bond between the filler and the resin matrix, contributing to increased hardness. According to research by Mahata (2020), using natural materials as fillers in composite resin can improve its mechanical properties, including hardness. This Study shows that natural fillers, such as A. granosa, can potentially increase the density and strength of composite resins⁴⁴.

Table 4 provides pivotal findings from an analysis using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, The fact that there is a significant difference between the two concentrations indicates that a higher amount of powder does not necessarily contribute to better results in terms of reducing roughness because, at higher concentrations, the particles may become too tightly packed on the surface of the restoration, resulting in an excessive effect that not only removes roughness but can also erode the composite resin material itself ⁴⁵.

In hardness and shine testing, where there were significant differences between the various concentrations tested, the data suggest that more appropriate proportions of A. granosa powder may be required to improve both attributes, like a lower concentration may be sufficient to increase gloss without negatively affecting hardness. In contrast, a higher concentration may be necessary to maximize surface hardness⁴⁶. This situation shows that the interaction between abrasive particles and the composite resin matrix is complex and influenced by many factors, including the size, shape, and distribution of the abrasive powder particles and the composition and method of applying the composite resin restoration⁴⁷.

The abrasive particles may create a more intensive polishing effect at higher concentrations, resulting in a smoother surface and higher gloss. Still, if used excessively, this can cause thinning or damage to the composite filler, reducing hardness⁴⁸. It indicates the importance of finding the right balance between abrasive concentrations to optimize the desired properties of composite resin restorations. The A. granosa, as an abrasive in dental restorative treatments, can be seen as an innovative approach that combines natural materials with nanohybrid technology to produce dental restorations that are not strong and durable. Further studies may be needed to determine appropriate protocols and ensure that desired results can be achieved consistently in dental practice.

CONCLUSION:

The A. granosa powder with a concentration of 25% can be used as a natural abrasive to improve the properties of innovative dental restorations on the surface of nanohybrid composite resin because it has an excellent effect on nanohybrid composite resin restorations by reducing surface roughness, increasing shine and hardness.

Conflict of Interest:

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgment:

Thanks to LPPM Universitas Sumatera Utara through the TALENTA research program No. 3557/UN5.2.1.6/ PPM/2022), August 31, 2022.

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Received on 21.04.2024 Revised on 20.08.2024

Accepted on 30.10.2024 Published on 10.04.2025

Available online from April 12, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(4):1649-1657.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00236

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Anadara granosa (%)	N	Surface Roughness (µm)				*p-value
Anadara granosa (%)	N	Mean	S. Devt	Frequency	Quality	*p-value
C_12,5	8	0.400	0.130	23%	Rough	0.043
C₂₅	8	0.180	0.090	10%	Smooth
C₅₀	8	0.230	0.090	13%	Smooth
C₇₅	8	0.390	0.200	22%	Rough
Commercial Paste	8	0.230	0.060	13%	Smooth
Non Paste	8	0.310	0.110	18%	Rough

Anadara granosa (%)	N	Gloss Units (GU)				*p-value
Anadara granosa (%)	N	Mean	S.Devt	Frequency	Quality	*p-value
C_12,5	8	10.430	0.230	10%	Low	0.023
C₂₅	8	30.650	0.280	31%	Very High
C₅₀	8	18.800	0.500	19%	High
C₇₅	8	15.460	0.420	15%	High
Commercial Paste	8	16.770	0.520	17%	High
Non Paste	8	7.800	0.380	8%	Low

A. granosa (%)	N	Vickers Hardness (HV)				*p-value
A. granosa (%)	N	Mean	S.Devt	Frequency	Quality	*p-value
C_12,5	8	57.22	2.22	13%	Low	0.002
C₂₅	8	112.70	7.07	25%	Very hard
C₅₀	8	77.75	2.57	17%	Hard
C₇₅	8	76.63	2.30	17%	Hard
Commercial Paste	8	68.32	2.08	15%	Hard
Non Paste	8	53.46	2.37	12%	Low

A. granosa (%)		p-value
A. granosa (%)		Roughness (Ra)	Gloss Units (GU)	Vickers Hardness (HV)
C_12,5	C₂₅	0,001*	0,000*	0,000*
	C₅₀	0,006*	0,000*	0,000*
	C₇₅	0,739	0,000*	0,000*
	Commercial Paste	0,006*	0,000*	0,000*
	Non Paste	0,003*	0,000*	0,039*
C₂₅	C₅₀	0,416	0,000*	0,000*
	C₇₅	0,002*	0,000*	0,000*
	Commercial Paste	0,416	0,000*	0,000*
	Non Paste	0,639	0,000*	0,000*
C₅₀	C₇₅	0,015*	0,000*	0,538
	Commercial Paste	1,000	0,000*	0,000*
	Non Paste	0,728	0,000*	0,000*
C₇₅	Commercial Paste	0,015*	0,000*	0,000*
C₇₅	Non Paste	0,006*	0,000*	0,000*
Commercial Paste	Non Paste	0,728	0,000*	0,000*

Utilizing Anadara granosa as A Natural Abrasive in Polishing Nanohybrid Composite Resins, Application in Dental Restoration