INTRODUCTION:

The oral cavity in humans is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium. The squamous epithelium is modified in the tongue, where structures like teeth and salivary ducts can interrupt its continuity. Gingival tissue forms a cuff around each tooth, creating a gingival crevice. The gingival crevice releases a continuous stream of crevicular fluid, which tends to increase in cases of inflammation. Saliva is composed of various functional components that assist in functions such as lubrication, enamel remineralization, digestion, and aggregation, while also providing oral buffering^1,2.

A viral disease affecting the oral cavity pertains to a type of pathology that involves the infectious nature of the condition on oral tissues.

This particular type of viral disease can manifest as a result of either the destruction of cellular components or the immune system's response triggered by viral proteins. The clinical presentation of viral infections often includes a sudden onset and solitary or multiple blister formations or ulcerations within the oral cavity. In addition to these local manifestations, accompanying general symptoms like fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy may be observed in certain viral conditions. Notably, viral infections have been implicated in the etiology and progression of periodontal diseases, further highlighting the impact of such conditions on oral health. Despite the prevalence of viral diseases affecting oral tissues in dental settings, there exists a notable lack of emphasis on their diagnosis and management, primarily due to the intricate challenges involved in accurately identifying these infections. It is important to underscore that specific viral infections have been associated with the development of tumors, highlighting the critical need for prompt reporting and referral to specialized oral disease management services within dental practice^3,4. Plants have been utilized for centuries in the prevention and management of dental illnesses. The efficacy of plant extracts stems from their ability to interact with specific chemical receptors within the human body. In comparison to conventional medications, herbal remedies exhibit reduced adverse effects. A significant hurdle lies in the limited knowledge regarding the impact of herbs on oral tissues, their mode of operation, and potential side effects^5,6. In nations such as India, the preservation of this legacy and the identification of medicinal plants hold particular significance, given their historical utilization across various generations for the treatment and control of oral ailments. As crucial adjunctive and alternative modalities in oral health care, the utilization of herbal products is anticipated to witness a growing prevalence^7–10. This research aims to conduct a thorough systematic analysis of the most recent literature pertaining to the efficacy of medicinal plants and herbal remedies utilized for enhancing oral health due to viral infections.

Herpesviridae:

Viral infections of the oral cavity are most commonly caused by viruses from the Herpesviridae family, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV or HHV-3), cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV-5), human herpes viruses (HHV-6, HHV-7 or HHV-8), and Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)¹¹.

Herpes Simplex Infection:

Herpes simplex, a viral infection stemming from the herpes simplex virus, is a well-documented and studied medical condition. The infections associated with this virus are meticulously categorized based on the specific body area impacted by the viral invasion. For instance, cold sores, a common manifestation of herpes simplex, are characterized by small blisters that cluster together, often appearing alongside sore throats. On the other hand, genital herpes, another prevalent presentation of the virus, typically showcases minimal symptoms that primarily involve the development of small blisters that eventually rupture, giving rise to mild ulcers¹².

One intriguing aspect of the herpes simplex infection is its cyclic nature, wherein the symptoms tend to manifest periodically. This cyclic pattern typically involves alternating phases of active illness, during which the symptoms are prominently displayed, followed by periods of remission where the individual remains asymptomatic. It is widely observed that the initial episode of herpes simplex infection is usually the most severe, marked by symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, swollen lymph nodes, and headaches^13,14.

HSV, a member of the herpes viridae group, is a virus of significant pathogenicity that is well-documented for its role in developing mucocutaneous manifestations in both the oral cavity and the genital region. The herpes simplex virus is further classified into two major types, namely HSV-1 and HSV-2, each distinguished by their unique antibody profiles. HSV-1 is notably linked to conditions such as pharyngeal infections, meningoencephalitis, and dermatitis occurring above the waistline, while HSV-2 is primarily associated with infections affecting the genital and anal regions.

Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection:

Recurrent herpes simplex infection is characterized by the reactivation of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the trigeminal nerve ganglion. Various factors such as age, sunlight exposure, trauma, stress, fatigue, pregnancy, immunosuppression, fever, respiratory illness, menstruation, systemic illness, or malignancy can trigger this reactivation. The typical incubation period ranges from 3 to 9 days. The severity, size, and number of lesions in the primary infection directly impact recurrent herpes lesions, which can manifest at the primary inoculation site or in adjacent areas supplied by the affected nerve ganglion. Recurrent herpes labialis (RHL), commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters, is the most prevalent form of recurrent herpes simplex infection^15,16. Recurrent HSV infections primarily impact the lips and keratinized oral mucosal regions such as the palate and gingiva. Nevertheless, recurrent intraoral herpetic lesions can arise in any area of the oral mucosa, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, leading to episodes of erythema multiforme. Patients with a history of recurrent erythema multiforme episodes are commonly prescribed antiviral medications as a prophylactic measure.Therefore, clinicians must keep HSV in mind as a potential cause of oral vesicles or ulcers in patients with compromised immune systems⁴.

Varicella Zoster Infection:

The varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3), is a pathogen that has likely afflicted humans since ancient times. VZV is a prevalent virus responsible for causing varicella, commonly referred to as chickenpox, and establishing latency in sensory and sometimes motor nerve ganglia following the initial infection. The virus may reappear later in life, capitalizing on the waning immune function associated with aging or immunocompromised conditions, leading to reactivation and subsequent development of mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy. Cranial mono- or polyneuropathy can impact various cranial nerves, resulting in central, cervical, and peripheral manifestations. Furthermore, several studies suggest a potential link between recurrent aphthous ulceration and reactivation of VZV infection. Nevertheless, recent research findings do not conclusively support the direct involvement of VZV in the development of recurrent aphthous ulceration. VZV infections can cause lesions in the oral mucosa, posing challenges for clinicians in differentiating them from other conditions^4,17.

Epstein-Barr Virus Infection:

EBV is a member of the ancient and highly successful herpesvirus family. It is commonly recognized that the infection caused by EBV is considered to be one of the most effective chronic viral infections among humans. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection leads to a persistent presence of the virus within the host over a lifetime and has been associated with various oral inflammatory conditions such as oral lichen planus (OLP), periodontal disease, and Sjogren's syndrome (SS)^18,19. EBV is highly prevalent in humans and is known to establish a persistent infection in over 90% of the global adult population. This infection is generally harmless and remains throughout their lifespan. The initial infection with EBV usually occurs during infancy and early childhood, and it is often asymptomatic. However, young adults who have not encountered EBV in their early years may experience a delayed primary infection. In such cases, the infection can cause symptomatic acute illness known as infectious mononucleosis or the "kissing disease," which occurs in 25-80% of cases. The transmission of EBV primarily occurs through direct contact with virus-infected saliva, such as kissing, but it can also be transmitted through blood and semen during sexual interactions, blood transfusions, and organ transplants. EBV can infect various types of cells under different conditions. One theory posits that EBV infects oropharyngeal ECs first, replicates, and then spreads to infect B cells in lymphoepithelial structures. An alternative hypothesis suggests that EBV enters tonsillar lymphoepithelium crypts via saliva, breaches the epithelial barrier, and directly infects naive B cells. Supporting this latter theory, Dunmire and colleagues detected EBV viral genomes in the blood weeks before any IM symptoms, indicating early systemic dissemination of EBV-infected B cells before epithelial amplification in the oral cavity^19,20.

Cytomegalovirus infection:

The human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesviridae family and Betaherpesvirinae subfamily. It is also referred to as human herpesvirus type 5. CMV is a prevalent virus that can cause both primary and secondary infections. Interestingly, it only exists naturally within the human body. The transmission of the virus occurs through direct contact with bodily secretions containing the virus, such as semen, cervical secretions, urine, saliva, breast milk, blood products, or through organ and tissue transplantation^4,21. Primary CMV infection typically occurs during childhood. Similar to other herpesviruses, CMV can remain latent and reactivate. Periodic reactivations commonly happen in situations of stress, immunosuppression, autoimmune diseases, and chemotherapy usage. In immunocompetent individuals, CMV infection often goes unnoticed. Histopathological examination may reveal cellular changes indicative of infection. 1. Ongoing research is being conducted to explore the involvement of cytomegalovirus in xerostomia, Sjögren's syndrome, and Kaposi's sarcoma^21–23.

Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), 7, and 8 infection:

Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 are part of the Roseolovirus genus within the β-herpesviruses subfamily. Initially detected in HIV-infected individuals, HHV-6 is strongly associated with conditions like multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, and certain types of cancer. These viruses, HHV-6, 7, and 8, are recognized for causing infections in the oral cavity, leading to symptoms such as mouth ulcers, throat irritation, and swollen lymph nodes. Diseases like roseola (associated with HHV-6) and Kaposi's sarcoma (linked to HHV-8) are commonly attributed to these viral infections^24,25. HHV-7 was first observed in CD4+ T cells present in the peripheral blood of healthy people. The primary infection with HHV-7 often results in an exanthem subitem, which is a typical febrile rash illness seen in infants and young children. HHV-7 enters a dormant state within CD4+ T cells and epithelial cells in the salivary glands. Reactivation of HHV can occur due to a weakened immune system in the host and an inflammatory trigger. This has led to the hypothesis that HHV reactivation might contribute to chronic inflammatory oral conditions such as periodontitis²⁴.

Papillomaviridae:

The oral mucosa can be affected by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus with double-stranded DNA. This virus has the potential to cause benign, premalignant, or malignant conditions in the oral cavity. Although there are approximately 25 strains of HPV that can impact the oral mucosa, most of these subtypes have a low likelihood of leading to cancer. The main routes of transmission are through oral or genital contact²⁶.

SARS-CoV-2 variants:

Research conducted in the early stages of this pandemic revealed the virus's inclination towards specific anatomical locations within the body, particularly the oral cavity, attributed to the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE-2) in the epithelial layer of oral tissues. It is plausible that the oral cavity serves as the primary point of entry for the coronavirus²⁷. ACE2 receptors are expressed in various regions such as the tongue, floor of the mouth, gingival sulcus, and the epithelium of the buccal and lingual surfaces of teeth. Early signs such as taste disturbances often manifest before other symptoms of the infection. Additional manifestations include xerostomia, gingival inflammation, and ulcerations. Given the typical presence of diverse viruses and pathogens in the gingival sulcus, this area could potentially serve as a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, there exists a correlation between the oral viral load and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Consequently, reducing the viral load in the oral cavity might mitigate the risk of transmission²⁸.

RNA Viruses Enteroviruses:

Currently, there are over 60 recognized distinct members, including three polioviruses, 24 Coxsackie A viruses, six Coxsackie B viruses, and 30 echoviruses. Enteroviruses, specifically coxsackievirus A and B, are the predominant etiological agents responsible for viral infections of the oropharynx. Typically, these viral infections primarily impact children and give rise to periodic outbreaks, occurring every few years, particularly during the summer season²⁹.

Paramyxoviruses:

Measles, also called rubeola, is caused by an enveloped RNA virus that is transmitted through respiratory droplets. The prevalence of measles has greatly reduced thanks to extensive vaccination effort symptoms like white spots on the inner cheeks, red spots with blue-white centers in the mouth and throat, and a red, painful throat can be induced by the virus. Seeking medical attention is crucial when there is a suspicion of measles, as complications may arise if the condition is left untreated³⁰.

Herbal medicine in Oral viral infectious:

In recent years, in addition to traditional treatment methods, herbal agents have made significant inroads into oral care products. These compounds exhibit intriguing medical and physicochemical properties that have caught the attention of researchers and manufacturers alike. The incorporation of herbal ingredients in various oral care products by numerous companies has become a common practice to enhance the therapeutic benefits offered. The historical roots of using herbal remedies in oral health can be traced back to Indian and Chinese traditional medicine practices. Notably, Hippocrates, the renowned ancient Greek physician, recommended a mouth rinse comprising alum, salt, and vinegar for oral hygiene^31–33. Similarly, ancient religious texts like the Talmud, dating back approximately 1800 years, advocated the use of "dough water" and olive oil for maintaining oral health. Another ancient medical figure, Pedanius Dioscorides, suggested a mixture of wine, milk, and herbal extracts from olive tree leaves and pomegranate for oral care. Furthermore, the use of "Miswak," a teeth cleaning twig derived from the Arak tree, has a long history in various Asian and African cultures, dating back to ancient times^34–36. The tabular data presents an extensive overview of diverse botanical compounds and their impacts on different viral strains (table 1). It delineates the botanical nomenclature alongside specific bioactive compounds present in them and their corresponding viral targets. For example, Lavandula angustifolia harbors R-enantiomers of linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, and other bioactive agents that exhibit efficacy against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, as well as SARS-CoV. In contrast, Thymus vulgaris contains thymol, p-cymene, terpinene, and other bioactive compounds that specifically target Herpes simplex virus-1, Herpes simplex virus-2, and SARS-CoV2^37–40. Moreover, the tabular representation encompasses data regarding botanical specimens such as Polygonum cuspidatum, Maytenus heterophylla, Artemisia annua, Lindernia crustacean, Rheum officinale, and Arctium lappa L, elucidating the bioactive compounds existing within these plants and their antiviral properties. Polygonum cuspidatum is enriched with emodin, physcion, resveratrol, and other bioactive agents that demonstrate efficacy against Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), HSV-1, and HSV-2. Furthermore, antiviral oral solutions for animals, derived from traditional Chinese medicine constituents and probiotics, present a novel safe therapeutic option for viral infections in animals, with the added benefits of reduced toxicity and increased efficacy. These discoveries underscore the promise of herbal treatments in tackling viral respiratory infections, underscoring the significance of investigating natural remedies for efficient management and prevention^{31–33,41–44} . Herbal medicine has shown promising potential as an alternative treatment for HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections, especially in light of increasing drug resistance to conventional antiviral medications like acyclovir. Various plant extracts and phytochemicals have demonstrated significant anti-HSV activity through different mechanisms of action, offering a wide array of options for combating these viruses. Compounds from plants like Clinacanthus nutans, Punica granatum, Thymus vulgaris, and Lavandula angustifolia have been studied for their antiviral properties against HSV-1 and HSV-2, showcasing potential as effective treatments. Additionally, the Iranian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP) has identified several herbs with antiviral potential against both HSV serotypes, emphasizing the importance of exploring natural sources for novel antiviral agents. Further research into the bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action is crucial for developing herbal medicines as viable options for managing HSV infections^28,45,46 In conclusion, herbal medicine serves as a complementary or alternative therapeutic approach for various illnesses. Despite the plethora of synthetic drugs developed, there remains a high demand for herbal remedies. Although instances of allergic reactions and adverse effects have been documented, these remedies continue to show efficacy in disease management. Should substantial evidence surface regarding the therapeutic benefits of herbal medicine, particularly in treating severe conditions like cancer followed by HPV, they could serve as viable alternatives or supplementary pharmaceuticals. It is pertinent to acknowledge that not all herbal treatments yield therapeutic results. The current study's contribution lies in the introduction of prevalent herbal medicines for the treatment of oral viral infections, particularly HSV-1 and HSV-2, as potential alternative therapeutic options. Despite the abundance of research highlighting the advantages of herbal medicine in the field of dentistry, assertions are made without elucidating the mechanisms of action of active components both in vivo and in vitro, with the majority of studies falling short in this regard. Consequently, there exists a pressing necessity to enhance research endeavors and secure funding directed towards conducting clinical trials that delve into the effectiveness, safety, cost-efficiency, and characterization of these natural compounds⁴⁷.

Table 1: Summarize the plant's scientific names, main chemical components, and antiviral effects.

Scientific Name of Plant	Compound	Effect	Ref
Lavandula angustifolia	R-enantiomers of linalool, linalyl, acetate, limonene, eucalyptol, camphor, terpin-4-ol, lawandulol and lavandulyl acetate	Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, HPV and SARS-CoV	48–55
Thymus vulgaris	Thymol, p-cymene, terpinene, linalool, carvacrol, myrcene and terpin-4-ol	Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), HPV, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), SARS-Cov2	48–53, 56
Mentha piperita	Menthol, mentone, cineol, methyl acetate, methofuran, limonene and carvone, eriocitrin, eriodictyol, naringenin and hesperidin	HSV-1 , HSV-2 , HPV, SARS‐CoV‐2	54, 57–60
Cinnamomum zeylanicum / Cinnamon cassia	Eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, o-methoxy cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl, aldehyde, benzaldehyde, phenylethanol, borneol, coumarin, and cinnamic acid	SARS‐CoV‐2 HPV HSV-1	61–63
Melaleuca alternifolia	Terpine-4-ol, teripene, alpha terpinene, cymene, alpha-pinene, terpinolene , and 1,8-cineol	HSV-1, HSV-2 , SARS‐CoV‐2	61–63
Larrea tridentate	Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phytoestrogens and terpenes, ellagic acid, gallic acid, catechins, methyl gallate, cinnamic acid resorcinol, kaempferol, quercetin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), thymol and carvacrol	Herpes zoster (shingles)/ varicella-zoster virus (VZV) HSV-1 and HSV-2	64–67
Peganum harmala	Harmine, harmaline, harmalol, harman, peganine, isopeganine, dipeganine, deoxypeganine and vasicine, vasicinone and deoxyvasicinone	cytomegalovirus (HCMV) , HSV-1, SARS‐CoV‐2	47, 68–70
Eucalyptus globulus	1,8-cineole , α-pinene, p-cymene , cryptone , spathulenol α-thujene , aromadendrene , limonene, alpha-pinene, gamaterpinene	HSV-1 , HSV-2 SARS‐CoV‐2	71–73
Leptospermum scoparium	Terpinene-4-ol, isoleptospermone, viridiflorene, flavesone, δ-cadinene, leptospermone, and calamene	HSV-1 , HSV-2	71, 74–76
Polygonum cuspidatum	Emodin, physcion, emodin 8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone, citreorosein, (+)-catechin, polydatin, and resveratrol, polygonins A and B , anthraquinones	Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) , HSV-1, HSV-2	77–80
Maytenus heterophylla	elacinnine, celallocinine, nicotinoyl, maytoline, maytolidine, catechin, procyanidins, phenoldienone triterpenoids, normaytansine, maytanprine and maytanbutine	HCMV, SARS_Cov2	81–83
Artemisia annua	camphene, βcamphene, isoartemisia ketone, 1-camphor, βcaryophyllene and β-pinene, artemisinin, artemisinin I, artemisinin II, artemisinin III, artemisinin IV, artemisinin V, artemisic acid, artemisilactone, artemisinol and epoxyarteannuinic acid	HCMV, SARS_Cov2, HSV-1 and HSV-2,	84–87
Lindernia crustacean	Phytol, diterpene, aloe-emodin, byzantionoside B, trans-martynoside, cis-martynoside, trans-isomartynoside , cis-isomartynoside, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside , apigenin-7-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside]	Epstein–Barr virus, HCMV	88, 89
Ginkgo biloba	Quercetin, bilobalide, ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B, Ginkgolic acid, Ascorbic, 3-Methoxy-4-acid hydroxybenzoic acid, Isorhamnetin, Shikimic acid,	HSV-1, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Zika virus (ZIKV), SARS_Cov2	90–93
Quercus acutissima	Picraquassioside D, quercussioside, (+)-lyoniresinol-90α-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B3, and procyanidin B4, quercetin, methyl gallate, gallic acid, betulinic acid, (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and β-sitosterol glucoside, eupatorin, cirsimaritin, betulin, and β-amyrin acetate, pentagalloylglucose	VZV, SARS-Cov2 , HSV-1	94–96
Artemisia. absinthium and A. maritime	β-caryophyllene, camphor, germacrene D, artemisia ketone , 1,8-cineole, camphor, ketone derivatives, 1,8 cineole, α-copaene, alcohol derivatives, terpene-4-ol, caryophyllene oxide, α-pinene, sabinyl acetate, α-humulene	Human herpes viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2, HIV-1 , SARS-Cov2	97–99
Rheum officinale	Emodin , palmitic acid, n-eicosane, n-tetracosane, linoleic acid, ethyllinoleate, chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, quercetin, 5-desoxyquercetin, quercetin 3- O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, 1,8 Cineole, Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid, 5,50 -Bisoranjidiol, rubiadin 1-methyl ether, soranjidiol 1-methyl ether, damnacanthol, soranjidiol, rubiadin, and heterophylline	HSV-1 , SARS-Cov2 , HCMV	100–102
Arctium lappa L	Phenylpropanoid dibenzyl butyrolactone lignan ,3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,5-O- dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,5-O-dicaffeoyl-3-O-(4-maloyl)-quinic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (, 1,5-O-dicaffeoyl-3-O-succinylquinic acid, and 1,5-O-dicaffeoyl-4-O-succinylquinic acid, 1,4-O-dicaffeoyl-3-succinyl methyl ester quinic acid, 1,5-O-dicaffeoyl-3-O-succinyl methyl ester quinic acid, caffeoylquinic acids	HSV-1, virus, varicella-zoster virus	103–107
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Saponins (licorices A3, G2, and J2), chalcones (isoliquiritin, licochalcone B, and neolicuroside) coumarins, glychionides A and B, glabrene, glabrone, glabraisoflavanones A and B, isoviolanthin, 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone, and rhamnoliquiritin) Glucoliquiritin apioside, prenyl licoflavone A, shinflavanone, shinpterocarpin, and 1-methoxy phaseolin, apioside, liquiritigenin, 1,2 dihydroparatocarpin A and neolignan lipid esters	HSV-1 and HSV-2 , Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) , SARS-CoV-2, Varicella-zoster virus	108–113
Euphorbia lagascae / Euphorbia lancifolia	Piceatannol, gallic acid, epicatechin, coumaric acid, apigenin, and naringenin, vernolic (12S,13R-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic) acid	HSV-1, HSV-2, and HCMV	114–116
Punica granatum L	Ellagic acid, Sitosterol, maslinic acid, asiatic acid and s 2-(2-propenyl)-piperidine, granatin A ,B, punicalin and punicalagin, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside, quercetol, ursolic acid	SARS-CoV-2 , HSV-2 , HSV-1	117–120
Pinus pinaster	Germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, β-pinene, elemicin, and α-humulene. Main components of the fruit oil were β-caryophyllene α-pinene, longifolene , α-humulene , δ-3-carene, and β-pinene	SARS-CoV-2 , HSV-1	121–123
Melaleuca alternifolia	Terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, p-cymene, and α-pinene, ascaridole, 1,2,4-trihydroxymenthane, α-phellandrene, and limonene	HSV-1 , HSV-2, SARS-CoV-2	124–127
Camellia sinensis	Caffeine , epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin 3-gallate (EGC), epigallocatechin (ECG), epicatechin (EC) and catechin (C),	HSV-1 , HSV-2, SARS-CoV-2, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)	128–132

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Received on 03.06.2024 Revised on 09.07.2024

Accepted on 24.08.2024 Published on 20.01.2025

Available online from January 27, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(1):393-401.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00061

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