Mango Ginger – Curcuma amada – The Uncommon Spice with Uncommon Pharmacotherapeutic Potentials

 

Lata Choudhary¹, Ritesh Jain², Satish Sahu³*

¹Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Chouksey Engineering College, NH-49,

Masturi - Jairamnagar Road, Lalkhadan, Bilaspur 495004, Chhattisgarh.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chouksey College of Engineering, NH-49, Masturi - Jairamnagar Road, Lalkhadan, Bilaspur 495004, Chhattisgarh.

³Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chouksey Engineering College, NH-49,

Masturi - Jairamnagar Road, Lalkhadan, Bilaspur 495004, Chhattisgarh.

 

ABSTRACT:

Mango ginger, or Curcuma amada Roxb., is an uncommon spice that looks like ginger but flavors like fresh mango. Pickles and other culinary items are typically made with mango ginger rhizomes. Mango ginger is widely regarded in Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal systems as a digestive aid, aphrodisiac, antipyretic, emollient, diuretic, laxative, and expectorant as well as a cure for biliousness, itching, skin disorders, bronchitis, asthma, hiccups, and inflammation caused by accidents. Aside from its numerous biological benefits, mango ginger has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, cytotoxic, anti-allergic, hypotriglyceridemic, CNS depressing properties, analgesic, etc. Some of the major chemical constituents are volatile oils, phenolic acids, curcuminoids, starch, terpenoids, etc. The primary active components of C. amada are highlighted in this review article along with their biological roles, which may be important from a pharmacological standpoint.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION: 

Clinical and epidemiological investigations have discovered a link between phytochemicals and a range of biological functions that support human health. According to scientific research, several phytochemicals have higher biological activity in their natural forms. They have been widely used in Ayurveda and other conventional medicinal procedures since the Charaka Samhita. Anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavanones, isoflavones, resveratrol, ellagic acid, etc. are only a few of the polyphenolic phytochemical classes used by the pharmaceutical industry today together with dietary components and non-nutrient molecules. The active phytochemicals are assumed to be preserved in the spices.

 

The several spices of the genus Curcuma are widely known for their extensive variety of uses in nutraceuticals, medications, cosmetics, colours, etc. An unknown medicinal plant from the ginger family is called Curcuma amada, sometimes referred to as mango ginger. While Zingber offcinale and Curcuma longa have been the focus of extensive study, C. amada has long been overlooked. This review illustrated C. amada's conventional uses, phytochemicals, most recent patents, and pharmaceutical possibilities¹.

 

CURCUMA AMADA:

C. amada is a unique spice that tastes like fresh mango, while having a ginger-like appearance. The genus Curcuma was established by Linnaeus in his 1753 book Species Plantarum. The Arabic word "kurkum," which refers to the hue yellow, is probably where the name came from. Curcuma amada Roxb is another name for this plant. It is a perennial herb with rhizomes that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and has a strong taste. Seventy to eighty species of rhizomatous annual or perennial plants comprise this family. The Indo-Malayan region, tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia are all parts of the species' wide geographic range. The plant has a one-meter height limit. The tall, oblong, lanceolate, radical, sheathed, and petiolate leaves grow in clumps. Each plant has five to six leaf pairs. Mango ginger rhizomes feature fleshy, buff-colored nodes and internodes that are 5–10cm long and 2–5cm in diameter. At the rhizome's nodes, scaly leaves are arranged in a circle, giving the appearance of growth rings with scars on the surface. Sympodial branches are separated into the rhizomes. The flavour of the rhizomes is strong and reminiscent of fresh mango².

 

ANCIENT DESCRIPTION:

Other names for mango ginger are explained in the Sanskrit shloka that follows³:

Darvibheda, Amragandha, Surabhidaru, Karpura padmapatra, Surimat, and Surataraka.

 

The comprehensive documentation of the use of plants as medicine throughout the ancient Vedic era is found in the Ayurvedic literature. The healing properties of mango ginger are so described in the following Sanskrit shloka:

 

Ginger with a flavour of raw mango cools the body. It inflames Vata.

Additionally, it calms down an out-of-control Pitta and heals any irritation and skin conditions.

 

TAXONOMICAL INFORMATION:

The taxonomical hierarchy of mango ginger is as follows⁴:

Kingdom: Plantae

Super division: Spermatophyta

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Monocotyledonae

Order: Zingiberales

Family: Zingiberaceae

Genus: Curcuma

Species: amada Roxb.

 

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION:

Around the world, this genus may be found, including in northern Australia, India, Malaysia, Indo-China, and Thailand. In addition to some places of West Bengal where it may be found in the wild, C. amada is also grown in Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, the North-eastern regions, Tamil Nadu, and several other states. They are indigenous to the Indo-Malayan region and have a wide geographic distribution in the tropics, extending from Asia, Australia, and Africa. Out of the 10 Curcuma species, 4 species are found in the wild and are dispersed across the north-eastern part of the country: C. aeruginosa, C. brog, C. caesia, and C. sylvatica. Two species, C. amada and C. zedoaria, are found in both the wild and cultivated forms throughout India. While C. malabarica and C. aromatica are prevalent in south India, C. harita and C. raktakanta are distributed across Kerala⁵.

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

Physiological, molecular and nutrient analyses are crucial for assessing the nutritional value and nutraceutical content of edible rhizomes. Mango ginger rhizome was shown to be a significant source of carbohydrates and fibre.

 

Curcuminoids:

The well-known curcumins curcumin, bis-demethoxycurcumin, and demethoxycurcumin are the primary ingredients in acetone extract ⁶ (Figure 1).

 

 

CURCUMIN

 

 

BISMETHOXYCURCUMIN

 

 

BISDEMETHOXYCURCUMIN

Figure 1: Curcuminoids present in Curcuma amada.

 

Phenolic content:

Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, gentisic acid, gallic acid, cinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, etc. are the free phenolic acids found in mango ginger ⁷ (Figure 2).

 

 

CINNAMIC ACID                       P-COUMARIC ACID

        

SYRINGIC ACID                              GALLIC ACID

                        

PROTOCATECHUIC ACID             GENTISIC ACID

 

FERULIC ACID                                  CAFFEIC ACID

Figure 2: Phenolics present in Curcuma amada.

 

Starch:

The starch from mango and ginger appears to hold promise as a material. Separated from its source, mango ginger starch was given a number of features. It possesses distinctive biological and structural traits. Mango ginger has 9.8 percent moisture, 1.3 percent ash, 43 percent amylose, and 45 percent starch. In terms of morphology, mango ginger starch and ginger starch granules are similar, however they differ in terms of surface fissures and X-ray diffractogram pattern. On scanning electron micrographs, granules seemed elliptic, circular, polygonal, and irregular, although they actually had diverse forms. Granules ranged in size from 3 mm to 20 mm for little granules to 20 mm to 48 mm for large granules. They are of the 'B' type of starch, which is a characteristic that distinguishes Curcuma species. It thus fills a unique void between ginger starch and turmeric. Temperature increases linearly improved the solubility and water-holding capacity of mango ginger starch. Intriguing traits of mango ginger starch, such as its high amylose content and low solubility, should be researched in order to produce nutraceuticals that improve metabolism ⁸.

 

Terpenoid:

Three terpenoid bioactive compounds, namely adannulen, adanaldehyde, and difurocumenonol, were successfully isolated and characterised from the chloroform extract of the C. amada rhizome (Figure 3). Total reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, etc. are among the other features that the bioactive compounds possess in addition to their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The aforesaid bioactive compounds were possibly harmful for cancer cell lines and platelet aggregation inhibitors ⁹.

 

Figure 3: Terpenoid present in Curcuma amada.

 

Volatile constituents

The composition of mango ginger volatile oil has been the subject of several reports. Cis-ocimene and car-3-ene are primarily responsible for the flavour of the mango among the >60 volatile aroma elements in the essential oil of mango ginger rhizome. Trans-hydroocimene, cis-hydroocimene, myrcene, and ocimene were found to be the main substances in the volatile oils of C. amada. This says that the aroma of raw mango and turmeric, as well as those of ginger and mango, are combined to create the flavour of mango ginger. The mango ginger acetone extract is made of the colourless oil made of phytosterol and curcumin and the azulenogenic oil made of camphor, pinene, ar-turmerone, and curcumene ¹⁰.

 

Bioactive Compounds During Development:

It's possible that a biological requirement led mango ginger rhizome to evolve the multipurpose compounds it did to address the several subterranean abiotic and biotic issues. Difurocumenonol was one such compound with multifunctional properties found in mango ginger. Along with other pleasing features, mango ginger also exhibited a distinct pattern of phytochemical and difurocumenonol accumulation that suggested the ideal time to harvest the rhizomes, which are abundant in phytochemicals and have a number of medicinal advantages. Rhizomes that are 150 to 180 days old have phenolic, difurocumenonol production, maximal protein, and accumulation patterns. To evaluate the value of C. amada rhizomes, high quantities of bioactive compounds and other storage components are essential and serve as key markers. The stability of phytochemical compounds and their unaltered biological activity under extended storage conditions are the optimal properties for product manufacturing. The selection of plant material has a big impact on the final product's quality. There isn't much knowledge out there in this area, especially when it comes to bioactive phytochemicals. Difurocumenonol, a multipurpose bioactive terpenoid component, has successfully been shown to operate as a biomarker to assess bioactive quality changes in mango ginger rhizome following preservation at varying temperatures. The concentration range of difurocumenonol in rhizomes after they have been maintained at room temperature for 70 days becomes useless for product manufacturing due to a drop in the quantity of its main phytochemicals. The primary phytochemical difurocumenonol is preserved for a longer period of time when mango ginger is stored at a low temperature. The mango taste was also preserved, and the antioxidant and phytochemical properties barely changed. Thus, it was discovered that temperature and storage time had a direct impact on the phytochemical and biological activities of mango ginger ¹¹.

 

Traditional Uses:

There are a number of species in this genus that are extremely beneficial as spices, dyes, and medications. The oldest medicinal system in India, Ayurveda, employed rhizome in a number of ways, including as an antipyretic, aphrodisiac, and laxative. Other health benefits of C. amada rhizome have been reported, including relief from asthma, biliousness, inflammation, skin disorders, etc. brought on by accidents. It has emollient, antipyretic, maturant, expectorant, expectorant, diuretic, etc. properties. Several studies have also demonstrated the effectiveness of the C. amada rhizome in treating scabies, lumbago, ear infections, ear irritation, gleet, ulcers, etc. on the male genitalia. Sauces, curries, desserts, pickles, salad, preserves, dressings, etc. all use it as a key ingredient ¹².

 

Biological Activities:

Because it contains bioactive compounds, rhizome is often utilised. As a cooling agent, digestive aid, astringent, and aromatic, mango ginger is used medicinally. The treatment of cuts, wounds, and itching has long been done with rhizome paste. Rhizome paste is applied topically to treat skin disorders like sprains, which is another time-tested technique. The stomachic and carminative properties of the rhizome work together. There aren't many records on the plant's aerial parts. However, it's been asserted that a decoction produced from the rhizome and table salt may treat colds and coughs and improve the quality of blood, as well as that a whole-plant paste formed from crushed long peppers (Piper longum) can treat piles. The use of native leaf extract topically for bruising and sprains has also been suggested.

 

Analgesic:

A fraction prepared from an ethanol extract of the mango ginger rhizome decreased the tail-flick response, inflammation caused by carrageenan, and writhings brought on by acetic acid, identify additional antinociceptive and antiphlogistic activity ¹³.

 

Antiallergic:

Several sources claim that C. amada is a basic feature in herbal therapies, particularly anti-allergy preparations ¹⁴.

 

Antibacterial:

The antibacterial activities of mango ginger aqueous and organic solvent extracts are vulnerable to Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. The heated aqueous extract has significant antibacterial activity in comparison to the unheated aqueous extract. Researchers also discovered that solvent extracts were more effective against bacteria than 1,4-dioxan and DMF. Mango ginger rhizomes have been shown to contain free and bound phenolics that have antibacterial properties. The phenolic components of mango ginger, both free and bound, have the ability to inhibit Helicobacter pylori growth and H⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity. Ferulic acid and cinnamic acid are found in the phenolic components of mango ginger, and they both have a substantial role in preventing the growth of H⁺-K⁺-ATPase and H. pylori. Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus fecalis, and Bacillus subtilis are all extremely resistant to different extracts such hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, methanol, and acetone extracts. These extracts were effective against microbes across a broad spectrum of antibiotics. The chloroform extract was the most effective when compared to other extracts. However, none of the mango ginger extracts inhibited the development of Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Enterobacter aerogenes, and E. coli ¹⁵.

 

Anticancer:

Mango ginger extracts have reportedly been found to be toxic to both healthy and cancer cell cultures when dissolved in hexane, acetone, chloroform, methanol, and ethylacetate. All of the extracts demonstrated noticeably increased toxicity against cancer cells when compared to normal cells, which provides compelling evidence of the extracts' anticancer characteristics. The five extracts under investigation were hexane, chloroform, methanol, and acetone extract in order of decreasing danger, followed by ethyl acetate extract. Numerous mango ginger extracts have undergone cytotoxicity testing, and the findings reveal that perhaps the extracts are much less dangerous for normal cell types ¹⁶.

 

Antifungal:

The volatile oil from mango ginger rhizomes has potent antifungal properties. Pinene and myrcene are the primary components of volatile oils that have an antifungal effect on a range of fungi, such as Curvularia palliscens, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium falcatum, Fusarium moniliforme, etc¹⁷.

 

Antihyperlipidemic:

Mango ginger extract showed hyportriglyceridemic action in rats with hyperlipidemic caused by Triton, and it had effects on liver synthesis and blood clearance¹⁸.

 

Antiinflammatory:

The ethyl alcohol extract from the mango ginger rhizome has an anti-inflammatory effect when administered to albino rats, both acutely and chronically. Studies have shown that chemical compounds with ester, hydroxyl, olefin, and carbonyl functional groups may be found in ethyl alcohol extract. It was demonstrated that it was significant at higher dosages in a rat paw edema model brought on by acute carrageenan consumption¹⁹.

 

Antioxidant:

An aqueous methanol extract of mango ginger leaves and rhizomes is claimed to have antioxidant action utilising the -carotene bleaching method. Extract from rhizomes performed worse than extract from leaves. Mango ginger extracts were discovered to have antioxidant action when they were administered sequentially with escalating solvent polarity. They provided the findings of several tests that assess the antioxidant activity, such as those that assess the activity of lipid peroxidation, metal chelating, DPPH radical scavenging, and superoxide radical scavenging. In comparison to hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, methanol, acetone, etc extracts, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate and acetone extracts was better. Effective lipid peroxidation inhibition was shown by the non-polar extracts. There are no notable changes in the use of mango ginger for making culinary dishes, according to research on the antioxidant activity of the herb's rhizomes in both fresh and cooked forms²⁰.

 

Antiplatelet:

It has been shown that extracts from ethyl acetate and acetone have substantially stronger inhibitory effects against platelet aggregation than extracts from methanol. Extracts from acetone, methanol, and ethylacetate appear to have a high phenolic content and powerful, concentration-dependent platelet aggregation inhibiting activity²¹.

 

Antitubercular:

Mango ginger has antitubercular properties. A labdane class diterpene called labda-8-(17),12-diene-15,16-dial and its customised analogues have antitubercular properties²².

 

CNS depressant:

With ethanol extract, mango ginger rhizome fraction demonstrated CNS depressing and analgesic effects. The active proportion of barbiturates during sleep decreased, indicating CNS depressant action²³ (Table 1).

 

Miscellaneous Activity:

Biopesticide:

Several studies have shown that C. amada is a highly effective insecticide or pesticide. C. amada demonstrated 100% adult mortality and a decline in oviposition even at a dose of 0.5%. The essential oils from C. amada were completely effective at repelling. Biochemical evaluation of these promising oils may lead to the development of novel pesticides. Insect mortality at 1% levels reached 100% after 45 days. Additionally, C. amada proved particularly effective in avoiding the appearance of the F1 generation of weevils²⁴.

 

Brine-shrimp lethal activity:

Brineshrimp (Artemia salina) lethality was exhibited by mango ginger rhizome water extract. The lethality value (LC₅₀ = 6,600μg, 24hr) was obtained by plotting the percentage of shrimp killed against the quantities of the extracts. It was shown that the concentration of the extract was directly connected with the lethality²⁵.

 

Table 1: Summary of plant parts of Curcuma amada and their pharmacological importance.

Part of Plant	Extract Used	Biological Activity
Calyx, Petals, Flowers	Aqueous	Antioxidant
Leaves	Acetone, Methanol, Ethanol, Aqueous	Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, Analgesic
Rhizome	Chloroform, Hexane, Acetone, Ethyl Acetate, Ethanol, Methanol, Isopropanol, Aqueous	Anticancer, Antioxidant, CNS depressant, Antiinflammatory, Analgesic
Seed, Leaf, Floral	Ethanol	Hypnotic, CNS sedative
Shoots, Seeds, Leaves	Ethanol	Antioxidant
Stem bark	Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum ether	Antidiabetic, Antiinflammatory
Whole plant	Supercritical Carbon dioxide extracts, Ethanol	Antiinflammatory, Antitumor, Antiarthritis

 

RAW MANGO AROMA:

The smell and flavour of spices are two of their most prized qualities. C. amada is referred to as "mango ginger" in south Asian countries because of its characteristic raw mango fragrance. Numerous attempts have been made to identify the volatile fragrance components that give mango its characteristic perfume. Three terpene hydrocarbons were found, including car-3-ene, β-pinene, and cis-ocimene. Researchers theorised that these compounds are responsible for the peculiar mango flavour and aroma. Trans-hydroocimene, myrcene, cis-hydroocimene, ocimene, etc. were discovered in a separate research to be the main character-affecting components of C. amada volatile oils. This shows that a mixture of character-affecting chemicals found in fresh mango and turmeric makes up the scent of mango ginger²⁶.

 

REPORTED PATENTS:

Information on many patented uses for C. amada has surfaced in recent years (Table 2). Due to this, researchers have filed patent applications for their methods of extracting chemical components, primarily curcuminoids, and for medicinal formulations utilising C. amada.

 

Table 2: Recent patent data on Curcuma amada formulations

S. No.	Identifier	Patent Title	Inventors	Applicants	Priority Dates
1.	WO/2006/067802	Anti-allergic herbal formulation(s)	Pushpangadan, Palpu RAO, Chandana Venkateswara RAWAT, Ajay Kumar Singh OJHA, Sanjeev Kumar REDDY, Gaddam Dayanand	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	Publication date (29.06.2006)   Filing date (24.12.2004)
2.	WO/2005/105059	Permeation Enhancer Comprising Genus Curcuma Or Germacrone for Transdermal and Topical Administration of Active Agents	Carrara, Dario, Norberto, R. Grenier, Arnaud Besse, Celine Alberti, Ingo Henry, Laetitia	Antares Pharma IPL AG	Publication date (10.11.2005)   Filing date (28.04.2005)
3.	WO/2002/016503	Process for improving the total yield of curcuminoids from curcuminoid-containing materials up to 30–40%	Madsen, Bjørn Hidalgo GARCIA, Venancio Hernandez VERA, Luis	CHR. Hansen A/S Madsen, Bjørn Hidalgo Garcia, Venancio Hernandez Vera, Luis	Publication date (28.02.2002) Filing date (23.08.2001)
4.	JP4084726B2	Collagen synthesis promoter, fibroblast proliferation promoter, cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, tyrosinase inhibitor, platelet aggregation inhibitor, cosmetics and food and drink	YAMAGUCHI Taiei ISHIDA Yoshihiko Takagaki YIYANG Zhou KISHIDA Naoko	Maruzen Pharmaceutical Co Ltd.	Publication date (30.04.2008) Filing date (30.09.2003)
5.	JP2000312578A	Turmeric alcohol extracts and production of turmeric alcohol extracts	SUNABE, Yoshitake SABE, Ryotake	SUNABE, Yoshitake SABE, Ryotake	Publication date (14.11.2000) Filing date (31.01.2000)
6.	US6235287B1	Certain diterpenes and extracts or concentrates of curcuma amada containing them for use as medicaments	WEIDNER Morten Sloth PETERSEN Morten Just JACOBSEN Nina	Ferrosan ApS Astion Development AS	Publication date (22.5.2001) Filing date (08.01.1999)
7.	US4806374A	Fat product with improved properties	WILLEMSE, Jules M	Lever Brothers Co	Publication date (21.2.1989) Filing date (12.08.1987)
8.	US6224877B1	Process for extraction of curcuminoids from curcuma species	GAIKAR, Vilas Gajanan DANDEKAR, Deepak Vijay	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	Publication date (01.05.2001) Filing date (12.01.2000)

 

CONCLUSION:

The drugs used by the allopathic medical system today are ineffectual for addressing a variety of conditions. The solution could be held by the phytochemicals. Mango ginger appears to be quite promising in terms of its bioactive phytochemicals. The amount of knowledge that is currently available on phytochemicals and their pharmacological and biological effects is truly astounding. The plant's aerial parts are just briefly mentioned in the material. Phenolics, terpenoids, and other bioactive substances have all been shown to be present in the mango ginger rhizome. A variety of biological features, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antiplatelet, anti-tubercular, etc. actions, have been recognised for them. It is possible to deduce that C. amada includes a number of bioactive, varied components, some of which may cooperate to enhance the effects of other substances. The plant's wide range of phytochemical and biological properties, as well as its potential to treat and ward off a wide range of illnesses, may support the plant's therapeutic usefulness. Furthermore, it could offer evidence supporting the bioactivity of mango ginger rhizome and its use in Ayurveda and other mainstream therapies. However, the relationship between the pharmacological effect and structure of these components is essential. Further synthesis of the active ingredients may lead to the development of pharmaceutical drugs that have beneficial impacts on health.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

No conflict of interest declared.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are highly thankful to the College management and Principal for their support.

 

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Accepted on 14.09.2023           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2024; 17(3):1418-1424.