INTRODUCTION:

The chemical compounds that herbal plants make and consist of a range of physiological impacts. They contain an enormous amount of different chemicals with potential medicinal qualities. A growing number of clinical disorders are being treated with herbal plants.

As all populations have employed herbs at some point in the past, traditional remedies are the oldest type of medical care that humans are aware of. It made an important contribution to the development of modern civilisation¹. Several commonly used treatments in today's world have herbal roots. Higher plants have existed in antiquity played a significant part in keeping the human body healthy as a supplier of therapeutic substances. Tinospora cordifolia, a plant of the family Menispermaceae of medicinal plants, is used in ayurveda treatments to strengthen the body's defences against infection and the immune system². 10,000 tonnes are thought to be required annually for this species to prepare crude herbal medications in the Indian medical system. These indigenous plant species are widely distributed in South India's tropical and subtropical regions. Tinospora cordifolia is a wellness tonic with alternative diuretic and aphrodisiac effects, and it has a number of significant therapeutic applications. Previous research on the stem of Tinospora cordifolia, a popular folk remedy in India, indicated its significant function in anti-diabetic management by lowering blood glucose. Moreover, Tinospora cordifolia extracts have excellent cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities also³.

Humans have used medicinal plants for their healing and medicinal properties since the dawn of human civilisation. Many medications are now identified and taken from medicinal plants, which have been used as a wonderful source of plants for healing for thousands of years. In the main healthcare system, traditional medicine provides an accessible and reasonably priced source of care for many patients in many underserved regions in India and other nations⁴. It may be beneficial to choose ayurvedic herbal items as a risk-free method to increase host defence against infectious agents and reduce the mortality and morbidity consequences linked to new coronavirus infection. Therefore, using herbal formulations is an excellent strategy to boost immunity⁵. Regular administration of natural goods, mostly herbs, together with conventional medications raises the possibility of herb-drug interactions. Being a resourceful plant, Tinospora cordifolia contains a huge number of physiologically active substances that have been shown to have medicinal potential. There are findings in pharmaceutical and clinical trials that support the healing and restorative properties of this plant in treating a variety of illnesses^6,7. Plant extracts are an invaluable resource of organic antioxidants and antimicrobials since they have demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Fast and effective methods for extracting polyphenol from plants are the least expensive approach since they utilise less solvent and don't require as long of an extraction period as the standard output method does⁸. It is a potent nutritional tonic with the capacity to cleanse the body while also renewing and providing nutrients to every bodily tissue. With improvements in technical compatibility and integration, the analytical sector is currently exhibiting a significant paradigm change on a global scale. The majority of herbal products were made from botanical extracts, which are secondary metabolites produced by plants and include a variety of phytochemical components^9,10,11. It is a potent nutritional tonic with the capacity to cleanse the body while also renewing and providing nutrients to every bodily tissue. With improvements in technical compatibility and integration, the analytical sector is currently exhibiting a significant paradigm change on a global scale. The majority of herbal products were made from botanical extracts, which are secondary metabolites produced by plants and include a variety of phytochemical components^12,13,14.

Fruits are the one of the economic parts of Tinospora plant. Its single-seeded fruits bear in the winter and bloom in the summer. Fruits come in groups of one to three and are fleshy and single-seeded. These drupelets have sub terminal-style scars on broad stalks. The fruit has an ovoid form, a smooth texture, and is red or crimson red in colour. They emerge throughout the winter¹⁵. Immature or partially mature seeds are known to be of inferior quality than developed seeds. The berry type and species have an impact on maturity indices. Physical characteristics of berries or seeds dictate the most popular methods for gauging their growth. In both dry and fleshy fruits, change in fruit colour is frequently utilised as a maturity indicator¹⁶. Flowers that are male and female develop on different plants. Female flowers are often solo, whereas male blooms are grouped. When completely matured, the fruits are pea-shaped, glossy, druping, and crimson. Fruits grow in the winter, whereas flowers do so in the summer¹⁷. According to several studies, unrefined fruit extracts that contain various macro- and micronutrients may work in concert to enhance the biological activity of bioactive substances by increasing their bioavailability¹⁸. According to Khan and co-workers, T. cordifolia red berries are full of high-value bioactive compounds including berberine, carbohydrates, lycopene (likely with beneficial biological processes), phenols, and potassium when they are fully mature. Moreover, the food industry may use this fruit as a substitute source of lycopene¹⁹. This is the first account of T. cordifolia's fruit ingredients, and it includes assessments regarding the pigment pattern, total antioxidant and biologically significant elements. Many GC-MS studies have been conducted on the numerous portions like branch, roots and foliage of the T. cordifolia medicinal plant, but no one has examined the plant's fruits, which are said to have significant therapeutic significance was not disclosed. The purpose of present research was to apply GC-MS to investigate the fruits of T. cordifolia plant for potential medicinal properties. And this research can serve as a reference point for important data on the quantity and variety of phytoconstituents contained in Tinospora cordifolia that really can aid in the creation of new medications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Gathering of fruits:

In February 2023, perfectly matured Tinospora cordifolia fruits were harvested from a medicinal plant garden, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, HCandRI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India (figure 1). Normally, the fruits are present only in female plants and are not readily available commercially. The raw materials collected were properly washed with clean water, subsequently dried under open sun (figure 2), powdered (figure 3) and then maintained in sealed containers at optimum temperature of 24°C.

Methanolic Extract Preparation:

Tinospora cordifolia's harvested parts, including the fruit in this instance, were dried under shade. Subsequently, using the soxhlet extraction technique at 70 °C, the pulverized form of T. cordifolia fruit was extracted with methanol (figure 4). Following the extraction process, the product was concentrated and maintained at a regulated temperature and lowered pressure in a desiccator. T. cordifolia methanolic extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator to dry at a controlled room temperature and low pressure before being stored for future use. Afterwards its yield percentage was calculated and recorded.


Figure 1: Matured fresh fruits	Figure 2: Fruits dried in the shade

Figure 3: Homogenised to a fine powder	Figure 4: Methanol extracted

GCMS Technique:

Equipment GCMS-QP2010 Ultra SHIMADZU (S.No. 74707) with GCMS implementing positive at high resolution was used to carry out the GCMS analysis. The Rxi-5Sil MS Column, which would be fused with a silica capillary column of 30m x 0.25mmID x 0.25mdf, is a feature of this particular instrument. The system was built to operate with an ionisation energy near 70 eV in order to detect GCMS data. A 2-l injection volume was employed, and the carrier gas used was precisely helium gas (99.99%). The ion source maintained its temperature at 230°C while the injector reached a temperature of 270 °C. The oven temperature was subsequently designed to rise from 50°C at a rate of 6°C/min to 250 °C, and after that, a hold period of 2min was preserved. The interphase heat was 280 °C. Following then, it was set to run at a pace of 15 degrees Celsius each minute up to 280 degrees, concluding with a hold duration of 20 minutes. Records of the mass spectra were made. The solvent cutoff time was 5 minutes, and 60.32 minutes was selected as the total running time for the GCMS. To determine the proportional percentage quantity of each phytoconstituent, the ratio of the mean maximum area to the total area was compared.

Components Identification:

Establishing the mass spectrum The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 14 as well as WILEY 8 libraries' pre-existing database was used for GCMS. In this instance, the spectra of unidentified phytoconstituents from the material under study were compared to the spectra of recognised compounds that were kept as in NIST 14 as well as WILEY 8 libraries. A specific amount of hits was seen and noted. On the basis of these findings, it is also used to establish the compound name, as well as the molecular formula, molar mass, and other factors, such as their structures and common names, which may be investigated later utilizing bioinformatics tools.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

New medications are derived from medicinal plants. Several contemporary medications are made inadvertently from therapeutic plants. They have made several contributions to the arsenal against a variety of ailments and disorders. The creation, modernisation, and quality assurance of herbal medicines depend heavily on the analysis and extraction of plant material. Researching on understanding plant toxicity is made simpler by therapeutic plants, which also help to protect people and animals from ecological poisons. So, the goal of the current investigation is utilization of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine which pharmacological components present in the methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia. GCMS study yielded some really intriguing results. The analysis of fruit extracts in methanol revealed sixty-four peaks (figure 5), according to the findings. By using the GCMS Method, several chemicals from the fruit extract that are significant for medicine were found here. Some of the significant bioactive substances included in methanolic fruit extract are listed in table 1.

Table 1: Fruit from Tinospora cordifolia contains certain phytochemicals

Peak	Retension Time	Area	Area%	Component Name	Molecular Formula	Molecular Weight
1	5.330	85246	0.06	Silane, [3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyl]ethoxydimethyl-	C10H22O3Si	218
2	7.420	112229	0.08	1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine	C3H6N6	126
3	9.167	182845	0.12	4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-	C6H8O4	144
4	9.288	56622	0.04	Glyceraldehyde	C3H6O3	90
5	24.211	74898	0.05	Tetradecanoic acid	C14H28O2	228
6	26.276	23246	0.02	Suberic acid-2TMS	C14H30O4Si2	318
7	27.540	45086	0.03	Dimethyl palmitamine	C18H39N	269
8	27.623	49206	0.03	Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C17H34O2	270
9	27.882	769732	0.52	6-Octadecenoic acid, (Z)-	C18H34O2	282
10	28.390	3123687	2.09	n-Hexadecanoic acid	C16H32O2	256
11	28.520	3534	0.00	Methyl cis-10-pentadecenoate	C16H30O2	254
12	30.794	260371	0.17	9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester	C19H34O2	294
13	30.921	1136602	0.76	6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-	C19H36O2	296
14	31.260	35718	0.02	Methyl oleate	C19H36O2	296
15	31.425	122433	0.08	Methyl stearate	C19H38O2	298
16	31.936	43058672	28.86	(9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid	C18H32O2	280
17	32.083	36957883	24.77	9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-	C18H34O2	282
18	32.164	25949780	17.39	9-Octadecenoic acid	C18H34O2	282
19	32.409	12531390	8.40	Octadecanoic acid	C18H36O2	284
20	33.041	453298	0.30	5-Dodecenoic acid, (Z)-, TMS derivative	C15H30O2Si	270
21	33.493	25813	0.02	Stearic acid-TMS	C21H44O2Si	356
22	35.895	86991	0.06	Methyl cis-11-icosenoate	C21H40O2	324
23	35.988	225015	0.15	9-Octadecenoic acid	C18H34O2	282
24	36.497	548460	0.37	Eicosanoic acid	C20H40O2	312
25	38.338	49949	0.03	2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl vaccenoate	C22H43NO2	353
26	38.695	107790	0.07	trans-9-Octadecenoic acid, pentyl ester	C23H44O2	352
27	38.813	1540484	1.03	2-Hydrazino-2-imidazoline	C3H8N4	100
28	39.558	513847	0.34	1-Heptacosanol	C27H56O	396
29	39.640	184263	0.12	Ethyl tetratriacontyl ether	C36H74O	522
30	39.725	14437	0.01	4-Hydroxybutyric acid-2TMS	C10H24O3Si2	248
31	39.795	23997	0.02	Methyl oleate	C19H36O2	296
32	40.074	329978	0.22	Vitamin E	C29H50O2	430
33	40.678	19487	0.01	Methyl cis-11,14-Icosadienoate	C21H38O2	322
34	41.188	1280027	0.86	Columbin	C20H22O6	358
35	41.890	14610	0.01	2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid-2TMS	C10H24O3Si2	248
36	42.036	27857	0.02	Oleamide-TMS	C21H43NOSi	353
37	42.273	142212	0.10	1H-2-Indenone,2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methylethyl)-7a-methyl	C13H20O	192
38	42.330	25051	0.02	Elaidic acid-TMS	C21H42O2Si	354
39	42.542	355127	0.24	(R,1E,5E,9E)-1,5,9-Trimethyl-12-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclotetradeca-1,5,9-t	C20H32	272
40	42.649	2078908	1.39	9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester	C21H40O4	356
41	42.697	927682	0.62	9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester	C21H38O4	354
42	42.789	1483110	0.99	9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester	C21H40O4	356
43	42.984	1288269	0.86	Columbin	C20H22O6	358
44	43.050	351255	0.24	Methyl cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoate	C21H32O2	316
45	43.223	328766	0.22	Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester	C21H42O4	358
46	43.315	24155	0.02	Methyl oleate	C19H36O2	296
47	43.815	300483	0.20	Methyl linolenate	C19H32O2	292
48	43.920	966179	0.65	Campesterol	C28H48O	400
49	44.160	267830	0.18	(R,1E,5E,9E)-1,5,9-Trimethyl-12-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclotetradeca-1,5,9-t	C20H32	272
50	44.778	290244	0.19	Squalene	C30H50	410
51	44.894	1148528	0.77	Stigmasterol	C29H48O	412
52	45.307	1857637	1.25	Methyl cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoate	C23H34O2	342
53	45.538	338310	0.23	(+)-Lariciresinol	C20H24O6	360
54	45.680	141662	0.09	Methyl linoleate	C19H34O2	294
55	45.895	354581	0.24	Methyl arachidonate	C21H34O2	318
56	45.975	558083	0.37	Methyl arachidonate	C21H34O2	318
56	46.038	804941	0.54	(E)-5-((1S,5R,8aR)-5-Formyl-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylenedecahydronaph	C22H34O3	346
57	46.110	93923	0.06	Octadecanol-TMS	C21H46OSi	342
58	46.265	133574	0.09	Methyl cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoate	C23H34O2	342
59	46.360	14745	0.01	Methyl cis-11,14-Icosadienoate	C21H38O2	322
60	46.625	191526	0.13	Methyl cis-13,16-Docosadienate	C23H42O2	350
61	46.884	3750540	2.51	.gamma.-Sitosterol	C29H50O	414
62	47.179	138847	0.09	Stigmastanol	C29H52O	416
63	47.250	6897	0.00	Elaidic acid-TMS	C21H42O2Si	354
64	47.742	799511	0.54	.beta.-Amyrin	C30H50O	426
		149188059	100.00

Figure 5: Chromatogram of GCMS analysis of T. cordicolia fruit extract

The GCMS technique's results are shown in Table 1, which includes a variety of peaks for chemicals discovered in T. cordifolia fruit along with their compound name and area percentages. Compounds like (9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid (28.86%), 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)- (24.77%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (17.33%), Octadecanoic acid (8.40%), .gamma.-Sitosterol (2.51%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (2.09%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1.39%), Methyl cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoate (1.25%) and 2-Hydrazino-2-imidazoline (1.03%) have greater peaks in the figures as their retention time as 31.936, 32.083, 32.164, 32.409, 46.884, 28.390, 42.649, 45.307 and 38.813 respectively.

The work done also the first to disclose the existence of hydroxylated fatty acids that are present in all of the active sample, namely 9E,11E-octadecadienoic acid. They are potential metabolites thought to be responsible for the antimicrobial activities, detected in every analysed sample and chosen herbal medicines that have significant anti-RVFV activity, and are a prospective area for the establishment of anti - viral therapeutic agents in the future²⁰. The extract of Moringa oleifera leaves contained 20.89% of 9-octadecenoic acid²¹. In Landolphia Owariensis Plant GC/MS identified the chemical as 9-Octadecenoic acid (melting point: 16.3 °C). The substance was discovered to be particularly effective against the microorganisms that cause diarrhoea, indicating that it may be utilised as a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat diarrhoea (Garba)²².

Tamokou et al. (2012) examined the antibacterial operations of octadecanoic acid separated from the bark extract of Albizia adianthifolia against staph, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Schroeter, Proteus mirabilis, Friedlander's bacillus, typhoid and Shigella sonnei by using broth dilution technique with gentamicin also as good control²³. Flower extracts in both ethanol and acetone contained .gamma.- sitosterol. Scientists have discovered it in Ulva reticulata, and it is anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, antiangeogenic, anti-diarrheal, antivirus and anti-inflammatory²⁴. The synthesis of specific phospholipase A2 blockers as anti-inflammatory medicines is aided by N-hexadecanoic acid. N-hexadecanoic prevent the recurrence phospholipase A2 in such an aggressive way, according to the enzyme kinetics research. The crystalline structure at 2.5 resolution allowed researchers to determine the location of n-hexadecanoic acid in the phospholipase A2 energetic site. Also, using an in computational technique, the adhesion affinity of n-hexadecanoic acid to phospholipase A2 were determined and compared with that of known inhibitors. The molecular and kinetic investigations suggest that n-hexadecanoic acid is a fatty acid inhibits phospholipase A2, making it an anti-inflammatory substance. The results of this study confirm the stringent administration of therapeutic oils rich in n-hexadecanoic acid prescribed by the ancient Indian medical system known as Ayurveda for treating rheumatic disorders²⁵.

Identified for its micellar and emulsifying qualities, 9-octadecenoic acid, (Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (monoolein), the main constituent of the chloroform extract, is referred to as a "magic lipid" due to its wide range of uses in food, beauty products, farming, pharmaceutical drugs, and protein crystallisation. Its usage as a delivery of medications that boost in applications for drug delivery is perhaps more notable²⁶. We have concentrated on employing cis 4,7,10,13,16,19 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as that of the beginning Fatty acid substance because fish oil is a combination of many distinct fatty acids and the associated chromium(III) complexes would be exceedingly challenging to define. According to researchers, carboxylic acids (or their hydrazine) and chromium (III) nitrate are often combined to generate chromium(III) ions of carboxylic acids²⁶. Because the fruit contains the aforementioned chemicals, Tinospora cordifolia' methanolic extract can be used in several pharmaceutical and commercial processes.

CONCLUSION:

The medicinal herb, a foundation of traditional medicine has been the focus of extensive pharmacological research over the past few decades. It has been made feasible by the appreciation of the importance of conventional medications as potential sources of cutting-edge therapeutic chemicals and as raw materials for creating drug leads. Therefore, Analysis using GC-MS was utilized to determine the bioactive chemicals in Tinospora and revealed the existence of 64 compounds. The aforementioned finding and discussion make it abundantly evident that the biomolecules contained in the GC-MS profile of methanolic fruit extract of Tinospora cordifolia support the ethnobotanical claims of the plant's therapeutic usefulness.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

Regarding this research, there are no financial conflicts for the writers.

REFERENCES:

1. Saha S. Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Ancient Science of Life. 2012;31(4):151. 10.4103/0257-7941.107344.

2. Sharma P. Dwivedee BP. Bisht D. Dash AK. Kumar D. The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinospora cordifolia. Heliyon. 2019; 5(9): 2405- 8440. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02437

3. Yogeshwar M. Gufran U. Chawhaan PH. Mandal AK. Propagation of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. and Thoms. through mature vine cuttings and their field performance. Indian Forester. 2010;136(1):88-94.

4. Nasreen S. Radha R. Jayashree N. Selvaraj B. Rajendran A. Assessment of quality of Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) Mier.(Menispermacea): Pharacognostical and phytophysicolochemical profile. International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy. 2010;5(3):1-4.

5. Said Rushikesh, Jadhav S. L, Kamble S. C.. Tinospora cordifolia a Medicinal plant with many roles: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2023; 15(1):87-0. doi: 10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00013

6. Priyanka K. Shinde, Dattaprasad N. Vikhe, Ravindra S. Jadhav, Ganesh S. Shinde. Pharmacological Potential of Natural Herbs against Covid-19: A Review. Research Journal of Science and Technology. 2021; 13(4):269-4. doi: 10.52711/2349-2988.2021.00043

7. Rajanikanta Sahu, Tapas Kumar Mohapatra, Bharat Bhusan Subudhi. Drug Interaction Potential of Tinospora cordifolia: A Review. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2018; 11(11): 5179-5183. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00946.0

8. Sable Akash, Jadhav S.L., Kamble S.C. Tinospora cordifolia, a reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: A Review. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022; 12(3):195-8. doi: 10.52711/2231-5659.2022.00034

9. Pankaj B. Satpute, Dattaprasad N. Vikhe. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry of Tinospora cordifolia. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2022; 14(3):195-3. doi: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00035

10. Prativa Biswasroy, Sthitapragnya Panda, Chandan Das, Debajyoti Das, Durga Madhab Kar, Goutam Ghosh. Tinospora cordifolia– A plant with Spectacular natural immunobooster. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(2):1035-1038. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00190.0

11. Mitesh D Phale, Dipti Korgaonkar. Current Advance Analytical Techniques: A Review. Asian J. Research Chem. 2(3): July-Sept. 2009 page 235-238.

12. Komal Pawar, Poournima Sankpal, Sachin Patil, Pranali Patil, Ashwini Pawar, Prathamesh Shinde. Applications of GC-MS used in Herbal plants. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2022; 12(1):53-5. doi: 10.52711/2231-5675.2022.00010

13. D Kilimozhi, V Parthasarathy, R Manavalan. Active Principles Determination by GC/MS in Delonix Elata and Clerodendrum Phlomidis. Asian J. Research Chem. 2009; 2(3): 344-348.

14. Rajabudeen E., Saravana Ganthi A., M. Padma Sorna Subramanian. GC-MS Analysis of the Methanol Extract of Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Asian J. Research Chem. 2012; 5(11): 1331-1334.

15. Kanagala P. Gaddam SA. Gunji P. Kotakadi VS. Kalla C. Vijaya T. Divi V. Ramana S. Gopal DV. Synthesis of Bio-Inspired Silver Nanoparticles by Ripe and Unripe Fruit Extract of Tinospora cordifolia and Its Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Catalytic Studies Citation. Nano Biomed. Eng. 2020; 12(3): 214-226.

16. Anjiv Kumar Biradar, Chandra Kishore Tyagi. Immunomodulatory activity of Alcoholic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia Stem. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2021; 13(2): 73-7. doi: 10.52711/0975-4385.2021.00012

17. Warrier RR. Singh BG. Sivalingam R. Anandalakshmi R. Sivakumar V. Fruit chromaticity: A maturity index in Tinospora cordifolia. International Journal of Integrative Biology. 2008; 3(2): 118.

18. Imtiyaj Khan M. Sri Harsha PS. Giridhar P. Ravishankar GA. Pigment identification, antioxidant activity, and nutrient composition of Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) Miers ex Hook. f and Thoms fruit. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2011; 62(3): 239-249. doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2010.529069

19. More GK. Vervoort J. Steenkamp PA. Prinsloo G. Metabolomic profile of medicinal plants with anti-RVFV activity. Heliyon. 2022; 8(2): e08936. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08936.

20. Aja PM. Nwachukwu N. Ibiam UA. Igwenyi IO. Offor CE. Orji UO. Chemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds from Abakaliki, Nigeria. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics. 2014; 2(3): 310-321.

21. Garba S, Garba I. Anti-diarrhoeal properties of cis-9-octadecenoic acid isolated from Landolphia Owariensis plant. Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2017; 3(4): 103. 10.19080/OMCIJ.2017.03.555619

22. Tamokou JD. Simo Mpetga DJ. Keilah Lunga P. Tene M. Tane P. Kuiate JR. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract, fractions and compounds from stem bark of Albizia adianthifolia (Mimosoideae). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012; 12(1): 1-0. 10.1186/1472-6882-12-99

23. Yarazari SB. Jayaraj M. GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds of flower extracts of Calycopteris floribunda Lam.: A multi potent medicinal plant. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2022; 194(11): 5083-5099. 10.1007/s12010-022-03993-7

24. Aparna V. Dileep KV. Mandal PK. Karthe P. Sadasivan C. Haridas M. Anti‐inflammatory property of n‐hexadecanoic acid: structural evidence and kinetic assessment. Chemical Biology and Drug Design. 2012; 80(3): 434-439. 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01418.x

25. Kulkarni CV. Wachter W. Iglesias-Salto G. Engelskirchen S. Ahualli S. Monoolein: a magic lipid?. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2011; 13(8): 3004-3021. 10.1039/C0CP01539C

26. Kralovec JA. Potvin MA. Wright JH. Watson LV. Ewart HS. Curtis JM. Barrow CJ. Chromium (III)–docosahexaenoic acid complex: Synthesis and characterization. Journal of Functional Foods. 2009; 1(3): 291-297. 10.1016/j.jff.2009.06.001

Received on 17.04.2023 Modified on 10.08.2023

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2024; 17(2):612-618.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00095


(9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid (28.86%)	9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)- (24.77%)	.gamma.-Sitosterol (2.51%)

Octadecanoic acid (8.40%)	n-Hexadecanoic acid (2.09%)	Methyl cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoate (1.25%)

9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1.39%)	2-Hydrazino-2-imidazoline (1.03%)	9-Octadecenoic acid (17.33%)