INTRODUCTION:

One of the most common diseases in the world is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)¹. OCD refers to a series of disturbing thoughts or images (obsessions) that cause severe discomfort and anxiety in the affected person. In general, the set of obsessions and compulsions disrupts daily activities and causes significant discomfort in people¹.

The cause of this disease is not known definitively, but the existence of disorders in the normal functioning of the brain, genetics and learning forced behaviors through family members are among the reasons¹. Obsessive compulsive disorder often begins between the ages of 7 and 12. In fact, more than half of adults with this disorder report that their symptoms began in childhood. This disorder is more common in boys than girls in childhood, but in youth, the rate of its occurrence in women is slightly higher than in men². In fact, there is no definitive treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder, but its symptoms can be controlled using medication, psychotherapy, and a combination of treatments^1,2. Co-word analysis of scientometrics is one of the most commonly and widely used methods for analyzing the structure of knowledge in various fields such as drugs and medicine, identifying various aspects of a disease, analyzing the overlap of symptoms of various diseases, and drawing conceptual maps¹. In this method, the literature in a particular field is studied, and connections are made among different subjects^2-4. Scientometrics analysis of depressive disorders helped detect the most productive country, institute, category, journal, the most cited journal, reference, and keywords. Furthermore, keyword analysis showed induction factors, comorbidity, pathogenesis, therapy, and animal models of depression were the most frequent keywords ⁵. The current co-word analysis study focused on detecting the status and intellectual structure of OCD.

This study aims to draw a science map, provide structural analysis, explore the evolution, and determine new trends in research articles published in the field of OCD.

METHODS:

Data collection:

In this study, consecutive steps were followed to complete the research, including counting the frequency of keyword, selecting high-frequency keywords, developing of co-occurrence matrix, clustering keywords, and interpreting the intellectual structure of topics. The articles published from 1981 to August 2021 were retrieved by searching the related keywords in multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS), according to their thematic coverage and scope. The data required for post-normalization bibliographic analysis, including author, year of publication, journal, affiliation, country of origin, organization, financing organization, keywords, etc. were extracted from the database as a plain text file. The data did not require any ethical validation.

Data analysis:

SciMAT application:

To ensure the clarity of data in the present study, the SciMAT science mapping application was applied. Accordingly, a strategic diagram was presented using SciMAT with a focus on centrality and density ⁶. A strategic diagram is mainly utilized to delineate the internal relations in a cluster and describe the interactions among various clusters. Hence, according to these internal and external links, a strategic diagram is comprised of four sections. These four parts are as follows: Upper-right quadrant, Upper-left quadrant, Lower-left quadrant and Lower-right quadrant ⁶.

R tool:

The bibliometric analysis was conducted using Bibliometrix R-Tool ⁷. The bibliometric data were analyzed using the Bibliometrix Biblioshiny R-package software (https://bibliometrix. org/Biblioshiny.html). R tool is an open-source tool to facilitate the analysis and mapping of scientific maps ⁷.

RESULTS:

In this descriptive analysis, 4191 keywords plus (ID) and 3242 author keywords (DE) were reported in journals. Besides, 7482 authors contributed to conducting the studies. A total of 111 articles were written by single authors. Thus, the collaborative coefficient (CC) was 4.36, indicating a relatively high level of collaboration. Documents per author were reported to be 0.2, indicating that almost all five authors were involved in writing an article. From 1981 to 2021, the growth trend of articles is upward. In 1996 and 2015, there is a sharp peak that indicates an increase in the course of OCD as well as the identification of some disorders associated with this disease which is consistent with other studies ^8,9.

Table 1 shows a triple analysis of OCD publications in terms of keyword plus, country, and affiliation.

Table 1: The important journals in OCD based on Bradford’s law

Journal	Rank	Freq	Cumfreq	Zone
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology	1	150	150	Zone 1
International Clinical Psychopharmacology	2	130	280	Zone 1
Neuropsychopharmacology	3	118	398	Zone 1
Psychopharmacology	4	116	514	Zone 1
European Neuropsychopharmacology	5	97	611	Zone 1
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B-Neuropsychiatric Genetics	6	77	688	Zone 2
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology	7	77	765	Zone 2
Progress In Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry	8	59	824	Zone 2
Journal of Psychopharmacology	9	52	876	Zone 2
International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology	10	49	925	Zone 2
Human Psychopharmacology-Clinical and Experimental	11	47	972	Zone 2
Psychopharmacology Bulletin	12	45	1017	Zone 2
International Journal of Psychophysiology	13	44	1061	Zone 2
Psychophysiology	14	38	1099	Zone 2
American Journal of Medical Genetics	15	34	1133	Zone 2
Pharmacopsychiatry	16	30	1163	Zone 2
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior	17	29	1192	Zone 2
Behavioral Pharmacology	18	28	1220	Zone 2
Neuropharmacology	19	26	1246	Zone 3
Psychiatric Genetics	20	26	1272	Zone 3

Table 2. The most important journals in OCD by index

Journals	H-Index	G-Index	M-Index	Tc	Np	PY_Start
Neuropsychopharmacology	52	92	1.575758	8749	113	1989
International Clinical Psychopharmacology	40	59	1.111111	4310	127	1986
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology	39	64	1.054054	4185	76	1985
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology	37	58	1.275862	4299	140	1993
Psychopharmacology	35	59		4150	114
European Neuropsychopharmacology	34	56	1.214286	3666	97	1994
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B-Neuropsychiatric Genetics	33	54	1.736842	3233	77	2003
Psychopharmacology Bulletin	28	45	0.756757	2575	45	1985
American Journal of Medical Genetics	26	34	0.928571	2191	34	1994
International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology	26	46	1.083333	2189	48	1998
Journal of Psychopharmacology	23	39	0.821429	1633	52	1994
Progress In Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry	21	32	0.567568	1208	58	1985
Psychophysiology	21	38	0.75	2228	38	1994
International Journal of Psychophysiology	20	35	0.666667	1283	44	1992
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior	18	29	0.580645	1393	29	1991
Behavioral Pharmacology	16	26	0.571429	697	28	1994
Psychiatric Genetics	16	23	0.592593	646	23	1995
Cns Drugs	15	24	0.535714	849	24	1994
European Journal of Pharmacology	15	22	0.517241	814	22	1993
Neuropharmacology	14	26	0.5	708	26	1994

Table 3. The important authors based on indicators

Authors	H-Index	G-Index	M-Index	TC	NP	PY_Start
Murphy DL	29	41	0.744	3264	41	1983
Pauls DL	26	33	0.722	2350	33	1986
Stein DJ	24	39	0.8	1662	39	1992
Leckman JF	22	24	0.611	1997	24	1986
Zohar J	20	30	0.667	1214	30	1992
Hollander E	19	23	0.633	2192	23	1992
Bellodi L	17	19	0.607	1086	19	1994
Knowles JA	16	20	0.696	970	20	1999
Denys D	15	23	0.75	950	23	2002
Greenberg BD	15	22	0.577	2342	22	1996
Kennedy JL	14	17	0.583	1613	17	1998
Piacentini J	14	18	0.737	1057	18	2003
Rasmussen SA	14	19	0.389	1756	19	1986
Richter MA	14	16	0.583	1618	16	1998
Shugart YY	14	16	0.636	862	16	2000
Stewart SE	14	20	0.737	976	20	2003
Weizman A	14	19	0.519	1075	19	1995
Bienvenu OJ	13	16	0.591	847	16	2000
Fyer AJ	13	14	0.565	586	14	1999
Marazziti D	13	19	0.52	708	19	1997

Table 4. The important authors based on indicators

Authors	H-Index	G-Index	M-Index	TC	NP	PY_Start
Murphy DL	29	41	0.744	3264	41	1983
Pauls DL	26	33	0.722	2350	33	1986
Stein DJ	24	39	0.8	1662	39	1992
Leckman JF	22	24	0.611	1997	24	1986
Zohar J	20	30	0.667	1214	30	1992
Hollander E	19	23	0.633	2192	23	1992
Bellodi L	17	19	0.607	1086	19	1994
Knowles JA	16	20	0.696	970	20	1999
Denys D	15	23	0.75	950	23	2002
Greenberg BD	15	22	0.577	2342	22	1996
Kennedy JL	14	17	0.583	1613	17	1998
Piacentini J	14	18	0.737	1057	18	2003
Rasmussen SA	14	19	0.389	1756	19	1986
Richter MA	14	16	0.583	1618	16	1998
Shugart YY	14	16	0.636	862	16	2000
Stewart SE	14	20	0.737	976	20	2003
Weizman A	14	19	0.519	1075	19	1995
Bienvenu OJ	13	16	0.591	847	16	2000
Fyer AJ	13	14	0.565	586	14	1999
Marazziti D	13	19	0.52	708	19	1997

Most seminal studies in the OCD literature have addressed the potential role of COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase) gene in abnormalities of catecholamine neurotransmission including, mood disorders, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, drug abuse, and hyperactivity disorders^10,11. Moreover, some studies in the field of genetics have addressed the changes in the polymorphism of the 5-HTTLPR (serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region), that alters the risk of disease as well as brain function¹². The studies focusing on treatment have addressed the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) that can significantly increase the metabolism of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), amygdala, and anterior and dorsal cortex of the brain and that of the anterior abdominal frontal cortex ^13,14. In the OCD concept map (MCA) drawn based on the author keywords in the dataset, the conceptual structure of the keywords related to the articles reviewed in this study is presented. The results shows an extensive dataset with multiple variables in a multidimensional space. The keywords approaching the focal point have received a great deal of attention in recent years. Two clusters indicate important subjects in OCD. The first cluster addresses children and related subjects, and the blue cluster contains aripiprazole and quinpirole, which play an influential role in OCD treatment. The thematic evolution map shows the OCDs historical trends and progression. Thematic evolution was performed using Biblioshiny R-package software, and the results were shown in two-time sections. The first section covers the articles published from 1981 to 2008. The articles in this period focused on subjects such as antidepressants, anxiety, serotonin, OCD, orbitofrontal cortex, and schizophrenia. The articles published from 2009 to 2021 have addressed subjects such as OCD, fluoxetine, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Overall, some subjects addressed from 1981 to 2021 have been transformed. The thematic relationship between OCD and related diseases shows anxiety and panic disorders are similar to OCD in terms of the treatment method (Figure 1).

Figure 1: The thematic evolution of OCD

DISCUSSION:

Pharmacotherapy studies comparing the effectiveness of fluoxetine to placebo on OCD in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder have shown the positive effect of fluoxetine in reducing symptoms ¹⁵. Furthermore, recent studies have confirmed this drug as one of the most effective treatments in the acute phase of OCD in children and adolescents. They have shown patients can tolerate this drug well¹⁶. The studies on SSRIs show that fluoxetine and sertraline are more effective than fluvoxamine. Adding CBT to current SSRIs treatment is effective for non-respondents, and partial respondents, but adding SSRIst o ongoing CBT is useless. SSRIs have different effects and their relative efficacy is still under investigation¹⁷. One of the drugs used for treating OCD is mCCP, a piperazine derivative ¹⁸. The mCPP is a metabolite of some antidepressants, such as nefazodone and trazodone¹⁹. It is a non-specific serotonergic agonist that blocks serotonin reuptake and an inhibitor that controls impulses²⁰. The mCPP tends to 5-HT₂C receptors. In people with anxiety disorders, mCPP increases anxiety and panic attacks¹⁵. Nausea and hallucination are the most common side effects of this drug²¹. It causes mild anorexia due to its effect on the 5-HT₂C receptor²². This drug increases the craving for alcohol in those addicted to alcohol²³. Concerning the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, several studies have addressed the effect of mCPP on 5-HT₂C agonist receptors. They have concluded that this drug can be helpful in the treatment of OCD by acting on serotonin agonist receptors²⁴, as shown on the thematic map drawn based on co-word analysis data.

There is an association between OCD and Tourette syndrome. In vitro studies on patients with OCD and Tourette syndrome (TS) indicated serotonin binding increased, especially in caudate and midbrain²⁵. Furthermore, some OCD traits have a genetic overlap with OCD+TS, which adds to our understanding of the genetic risk factors associated with these common disorders²⁶. Besides, the most common disorders associated with ADHD in adulthood were depressive disorder, borderline and antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse, panic disorder, and OCD. ADHD in children may also be associated with higher rates of bipolar disorder (BD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), tic disorder (TD), and episodic OCD, as well as a higher incidence of certain types of obsession^27-31.

Cases of OCD associated with tics are not different from cases without ticks in terms of age, family history, and severity of OCD.The treatments used in both cases have the same outcomes^32,33.

ADHD and OCD are chronic childhood diseases that coexist in about 40 to 50% of cases, and several studies have shown that multiple variants present similarly in both diseases. However, unlike ADHD, the glutaminergic and serotonergic pathways are mostly stimulated in OCD. Thus, SSRI and dopaminergic therapies are recommended^33,34.

Studies have established the association between schizophrenia and OCD in several cases and found several disorders, including deletion. This disorder has been particularly pronounced in children with OCD^35,36. Mental disorder is a group of disorders that affect thinking, behavior, mind, psyche, mood, perception, and awareness, causing discomfort or disability to the affected person^37-40. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may play a role in OCD pathophysiology due to its central role in regulating anxiety and its function as the main inhibitory system in the cortex. Moreover, glutamatergic/gabaergic mechanisms are involved in OCD pathophysiology^42-45.

This study is innovative as it employed a scientometric analysis of OCD using strategic themes. In the current study, attempts were also made to refine the results of scientific and practical analysis using the data from a proprietary document library.

CONCLUSION:

This study provided a vision of the evolution trend of the leading themes in researches on OCD over the past years. Thus, the insights from this study could be used by researchers to conduct further studies in this field. The findings of this study can contribute to developing the OCD Global Research Program and help policymakers promote OCD investment policies.These findings can be useful in the development of the pathology and the effectiveness of the interventions of health care policy makers for OCD disease.

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Received on 21.05.2023 Modified on 01.07.2023

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2024; 17(1):303-308.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00047

Dynamic Tracking to Identify Topics and Thematic Evolution of Obsessive-compulsive disorder as an Emerging Topic

Data collection:

RESULTS:

REFERENCES: