INTRODUCTION:

The ‘Orchid’ word derived from the Greek word ‘Orchis’, which meaning testicles. The Romans and Greeks thought that if a part of plant similar a part of human anatomy, then it could be used to treat that part of the body^1,2,3. The inception of orchids is probably way back 120 million years. The reported data suggests that Orchids have been used as a herbal remedies in China since 2800 B.C.⁴. According to the WHO, 80 percent of world population are prefers herbal drug medicine. Orchidaceae family plants also play an important role in the treatment of different diseases like pulmonary tuberculosis, chest pain, abdominal pain, burn, rheumatism, anti-inflammatory, cut and wound healing tuberculosis, aphrodisiac etc due to the presence of certain specific phytoconstituents.

Orchid family:

Orchidaceae are one of the largest families among the flowering plants, and are perhaps second only to Asteraceae⁵. Orchidaceae is a family of monocotyledonous, angiospermic plants. The family Orchidaceae is a largest, highly developed and most diverse group of plant kingdom, with almost 29,199 species have been identified and accepted with more than 800 genera^6,7. India has one of the largest orchid floras with around 1100 species and 163 genera occurring in different geographical regions of India⁸. This family covers approximately 8% of all vascular plants. The distributions of orchids also depend upon the temperature, humidity, rainfall and other climatic conditions. Orchid plants may be lithophytes, epiphytes, terrestrials or saprophytes in nature but some species of orchid plants are endemism in nature⁹. Majority of orchid plant are epiphytic in nature, which cover almost 70% of the world orchids in which 25% are terrestrial and others are the world orchids grow in mixed substrates (lithophytic, epiphytic and terrestrial) of the family^10,11.

The family is divided into six subfamilies: Orchidoideae, Epidendroideae, Cypripediodeae, Vanilloideae, and Apostasiodeae. Orchids are widely distributed in tropics and sub-tropics regions of asia, Africa, Oceania, many part of Americas, and temperate regions of Asia and Europeat altitudes ranging from sea level up to 5000m. The tropics of South America support the highest number of species approx 6400 followed by Asia 4000 species and Africa 1500 species approx^12,13,14. Orchid family exhibits with diversity nature like size, color, and shape of the flower. Orchids are mostly long-lived, evergreen herbs. Some individual plant can live 30-100 years¹⁵. The orchid also known for their commercially uses like ornamental purpose, medicinal products and food. Many orchids like cymbidium possess long up to one month after cutting due to the presence lots waxy¹⁶.

Traditional uses of Orchids:

Many species of orchid plants are widely used for traditionally and different studies was reported that orchid extracts show different pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity¹⁷. The different type of tribes in India also used orchid for different treatments like scorpion bites, snake bites, leucoderma, eczema, tumor, diahorrhea, earache, sexually transmitted diseases, dysentery, paralysis, acidity, cholera, wounds, chest pains, arthritis, syphilis, pregnancy, bone fractures, spermatorrhea, muscular pains, asthma, menstrual disorder etc.¹⁸.

Geographical Distribution:

Orchidaceae family is the best documented of all angiosperm families, which means that the understanding of the evolution of this huge family is complete¹⁹. Taiwan is the only country which has the both cultivation and hybridization centers in the world, and the excellent quality of Taiwan orchid hybrids has concerned consumers globally. Orchids are one of the key species in the forest ecosystem. The ecosystem is maintained by a good relationship between forest flora and fauna, which depends on several processes such as pollination, fungal interference, microclimate, dispersal of seeds²⁰.

Species under threat:

A Global warming is directly affects the structure and composition; growth behavior, phenology, pollination of orchids²¹. Some species of orchids are under threatened (Table 1) due to some factors i.e. weather conditions, climate, altitudes, Temperature etc. It is estimated that approximately 250 species of various categories of orchids are under threats²².

Table 1: Threatened Species of Orchid in India.7,22,23,24

S. No	Species	Habit	Categories of threats
1	Acampe congesta	Epiphyte	Endangered
2	Achrochaene punctata	Epiphyte	Endangered
3	Acanthephippium sylhetense	Epiphyte	Endangered
4	Anoectochilus clarkei	Terrestrial	Endangered
5	Anoectochilus pantlingli	Terrestrial	Endangered
6	Anoectochilus tetraplerus	Epiphyte	Endangered
7	Bulbophyllum arueum	Epiphyte	Endangered
8	Bulbophyllum fuscopurpureum	Epiphyte	Endangered
9	Bulbophyllum mysorensis	Epiphyte	Endangered
10	Bulbophyllum nodosum	Epiphyte	Endangered
11	Bulbophyllum piluliferum	Epiphyte	Endangered
12	Bulbophyllum protractum	Epiphyte	Rare
13	Bulbophyllum thomsonii	Epiphyte	Critical
14	Bulleya yunnanensis	Epiphyte	Rare
15	Coelogyne glandulosa	Epiphyte	Vulnerable
16	Cymbidium eburneum	Epiphyte	Endangered
17	C. devonianum	Epiphyte	Endangered
18	C. gammieanum	Epiphyte	Endangered
19	C. tigrinum	Epiphyte	Endangered
20	Dendrobium chrysotoxum	Epiphyte	Endangered
21	D. bensoniae	Epiphyte	Endangered
22	D. densiflorum	Epiphyte	Endangered
23	D. draconis	Epiphyte	Endangered
24	D. falconeri	Epiphyte	Endangered
25	D. tenuicaule	Epiphyte	Endangered
26	Epigeneium rotundatum	Epiphyte	Endangered
27	Eria fragrans	Epiphyte	Endangered
28	Eulophia cullenii	Terrestrial	Endangered
29	Goodyera secundifolia	Terrestrial	Endangered
30	Habenaria andamanica	Terrestrial	Rare
31	Habenaria caranjensis	Terrestrial	Critical
32	Habenaria cumminsiana	Terrestrial	Endangered
33	Habenaria flabelliformis	Terrestrial	Endangered
34	Habenaria richardiana	Terrestrial	Vulnerable
35	Malaxis andamanica	Terrestrial	Endangered
36	Malaxis crenulata	Terrestrial	Endangered
37	Malaxis andamanica	Epiphyte	Rare
38	Phalaenopsis speciosa	Epiphyte	Rare
39	Paphiopedilum druryi	Terrestrial	Endangered
40	Phaius lurius	Terrestrial	Vulnerable
41	P. fairreanum	Terrestrial	Endangered
42	P. venustum	Terrestrial	Endangered
43	Paphiopedilum insigne	Terrestrial	Endangered
44	P. villosum	Terrestrial	Endangered
45	Renanthera imschootiana	Epiphyte	Endangered
46	Taeniophyllum andamanicum	Epiphyte	Rare
47	Taeniophyllum scaberulum	Epiphyte	Vulnerable
48	V. coerulea	Epiphyte	Endangered
49	Vanda pumila	Epiphyte	Endangered
50	Vanilla pilifera	Epiphyte	Vulnerable
51	Vanilla wightiana	Epiphyte	Vulnerable
52	Zeuxine andamanica	Terrestrial	Rare

Ethnomedicinal uses of orchids:

The literature review suggests that plant is having many bioactive compounds which can be utilized for disease treatments. The bioactive compounds are alkaloids, carbohydrate, flavonoids, phenanthrenes, terpenoids, bibenzyl derivatives, carbohydrate which are present in leaves, roots, flower, stem, pseudobulb, flowers, fruits, seeds and whole plants the details are available in table: 2.

Table 2: Ethnomedicinal uses of orchid family

Species	Origin	Habit	Part(s) used	Ethnomedicinal uses	Reference
Acampe cainata (Griff.)Panig	India	Epiphyte	Root	Snake bites, stomach disorder, scorpio and acidity.	18
Acampe praemorsa(Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann	India	Epiphytic	Root, leaves	Rheumatism, sciatica, neuralgia, asthma, bronchitis and eye diseases. As a tonic, syphilis and uterine diseases. Scorpion and snake bites by external application. Stomach disorder caused by hyper acidity.	25, 26, 27
Acampe papillosa Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Root, Leave	Rheumatism, Sciatica, Syphilis and uterine diseases.	18
Aerides multiflora Roxb	India	Epiphyte	Leaves Stem/pseudobulb, flowers/fruits/ seeds	Used as tonic. For treating cuts and wounds. Fruit is used for healing wounds.	28, 29, 30
Aerides odorata Lour.	India	Epiphytic	Root, Leaves	Used for curing joint pain and swelling. Treat wounds and cuts, ear ache. Used to treat control tuberculosis.	31, 32, 33
Anoectochilus formosanus	Taiwan	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Used to treat chest pain, abdominal pain, diabetes, fever, nephritis, hypertension, impotence, liver spleen disorders, anti- inflammatory agent.	34
A. rosea Lodd. ex Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Leaves	In wounds.	29
Anoectochilus roxburghii	China, Japan, Taiwan	Terrestrial	Whole plant	Treatment of pyrexia, snake bike, lung disease and liver disease, hypertension, malnourished children.	35
Anoectochilus setaceus Blume.	India	Epiphyte	Leaves	Used for snake bite and used as ingredient in some medicinal oils.	36
Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr.	India	Terrestrial	Root, stem/ pseudobulb	In diabetes, tumor, hyper-lipids, hepatitis and antibacterial activity.	37, 38
Bletilla Formosana	China	Terrestrial	Tuber	Trearment of lung disease, stomach and liver meridians and has cool properties.	39
Bletilla striata	Nepal, Tibet, China, Taiwan	Terrestrial	Tuber	Treatment of sores, ulcers, chapped skin, growth regulator of tissue and heal wounds, reduce swelling. In pulmonary tuberculosis and act as hemostatic agent.	40, 41
Brachycorythis obcordata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Summerh.	India	Terrestrial	Root	Used as tonic after mixing with milk.	42
Bulbophyllum careyanum	India	Epiphyte	Leaves, stem/ pseudobulb	When mixed with honey, used in abortion in early months. In burns, wounds and recovery in case of child birth	43
Bulbophyllum cariniflorum	India	Epiphyte	Root	Abortion	18
Bulbophyllum neilgherrense	India	Epiphyte	Bulb, leaves	Leucoderma	18
Bulbophyllum kwangtungense	Japan, China	Epiphyte	Tuber	Treatment of pulmonary tuberculsis as hemostatic agent, and reduce fever.	44
B. leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb, whole plant	Used in burns.	28, 45
Bulbophyllm odoratissimum	Thailand, Burma, Bhutan, Nepal, China, India	Epiphyte	Whole plant, stem/ pseudobulb	Treat tuberculosis, fracture and chronic inflammation.	43, 46
B. umbellatum Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Whole Plant	Used in congenital diseases.	47
Calanthe discolor	Korea, Malaysia	Terrestrial	Whole plant	Hair growth.	48
Calanthe liukiuensis	Korea, Malaysia, China	Terrestrial	Whole plant	Hair restoring.	48
Calanthe plantaginea Lindl.	India	Terrestrial	Root	As aphrodisiac.	28
C. triplicata (Willem.) Ames	India	Terrestrial	Whole plant	Used for diarrhea, treat swollen hand and tooth cavities with other ingredients and masticatory for gastrointestinal disorders. Used as a pain killer in caries.	32, 49, 50
Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Flowers/fruits/ seeds	In nasal bleeding.	29
Calanthe tricarinata Lindl.	India	Terrestrial	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used as aphrodisiac	29
Catasetum barbatum	Japan	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Anti-inflammatory.	51
Cephalanceropsis gracilis	Taiwan, China	Terrestrial	Whole plant	Treatment of cancer	52
Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch.	India	Terrestrial	Root	To promote lactation in animals.	53
Coelogyne fimbriata Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Leaves	Used in tonic preparation and aphrodisiac.	54
Coelogyne nervosa,	India	Terrestrial	Leaves	Used as antibacterial activity	100
Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.)	India	Terrestrial	Leaves	Used as an emetic, pyrexia in children.	55
Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used for relief from headache and juice used for burns.	29
Coeloglossum viride	Tibet	Terrestrial	Rhizome	Memory deficits.	56
Conchidium muscicola (Lindl.) Rauschert.	India	Terrestrial	Whole Plant	In cardiac, respiratory and nervous disorder.	50
Cremastra appendiculata	India	Terrestrial	Bulbs	It Is associated with the Spleen, liver, and stomach meridians. Used internally, to fight tumors and cancers of the breast, cervix and uterus. Externally, it treats boils and skin lesions.	57
Cremastra appendiculata (D.Don) Makino	Japan, China	Epiphyte	Root	Used for toothache, abscesses, freckles, scrofula and as an antidote to snake bite and treatment of cancer.	58
Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach	India	Epiphyte	Root	In burns.	28
Cymbidium Goeringii	Japan, Thailand, India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Used as diuretic, and hypotensive, activities.	59
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.	India	Epiphyte	Root	In cancer, nervous diseases. As anti emetic, in vertigo, diarrhea, weakness of eyes and treatment paralysis.	28, 32
Cymbidium hookerianum Reichb.f.	India	Epiphyte	Flowers/fruits/ seeds	In injuries as hemostatic.	55
C. elegans Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Root, leaves	Used as coagulant.	28,29,47
C. elegans Reichb .f.	India	Terrestrial	Root	Terrestrial nervine tonic in hysteria, madness, spasm, epilepsy and rheumatism.	47
C. iridoides D. Don	India	Epiphyte	Root, leaves	Used to enhances coagulation Used as coagulant. As a tonic.	28,29
Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don	India	Terrestrial	Root	As a tonic.	47
Cypripedium macranthos	Mexico	Terrestrial	Rhizome	Used for skin diseases.	60
Cymbidium devonianum Lindl. Paxt.	India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Used to treat cough and cold.	50
Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe ex Hemsl.	India	Terrestrial	Whole plant	As a diuretic, in heart disease, cough and chest problems.	28
D. hatagirea	India	Epiphyte	Root, Flower	Used as anti-Inflammatory activity, antipyretic activity and sedative and hypnotics activity.	96
Dendrobium amoenum	China	Epiphyte	Leaves, stem/ pseudobulb	To cure skin burn, cuts, and skin diseases.	28,95
Dendrobium aurantiacum	China	Epiphyte	Leaves	Diabetes.	61
Dendrobium candidum	China	Epiphyte	Leaves	Diabetes.	62
Dendrobium chrysanthum	China	Epiphyte	Leaves, stem/ pseudobulb	Antipyretic,eyes-benefiting, skin diseases. Used as immune-regulator Used as a tonic to enhance the production of body fluid, and reduce fever.	63,64
D. crepidatum Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	In fractures.	54
Dendrobium densifiorum	China	Epiphyte	Leaves, stem/ pseudobulb	Used to treat boils, pimples and other skin eruption. Promotes the body fluid.	28,65
D.eriiflorum Griff.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	For treating fractured and dislocated bones.	28
D. heterocarpum Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	In dislocated bones.	28
D. moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Sw.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used to treat fractured and dislocated bone.	54
D. nobile Lindl.	China	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used for longevity and aphrodisiac, pectoral, stomachic, antiphlogistic, expectorant, analgesic, antipyretic, antiepileptic. Used to increase appetite, to cure rheumatism.	47
D. jenkinsii Wall. ex Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used in preparation of Chinese drug Shih-hu, Used for dehydration in fever and eyes.	66
D. transparens Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used for bone setting.	28
Dendrobium fimbriatum	Japan, China	Epiphyte	Leaves, whole plant	Used for upset liver and nervous disability. Promotes body fluid and Paste used in fracturated area to set bone.	29,67
D. macraei (Lindl.) Seidenf.	India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Used for snake bite, asthma, bronchitis, throat trouble, and fever. Also used as an aphrodiasic.	47
Dendrobrium loddigesii	China	Terrestrial	Leaves	Used as a tonic to nourish the stomach, replenish body fluid, and reduce fever and anticancer agent.	68
Dendrobium moniliforme	Taiwan, china	Terrestrial	Stems	Used as tonic and antipyretic. Dried stems used as infusion or decoction.	69
Dienia cylindrostycha Lindl.	India	Terrestrial	Root, stem/ pseudobulb	Used as tonic. Decoction of tuber used to strengthen kidneys.	28, 70
D. monticola P.F. Hunt & Summerh.	India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Used in skin eruptions.	29,71
Echioglossum williamsoni (Rchb.f.) Szlach.	India	Terrestrial	Leaves	Leaf juice applied to cure swellings of legs, hands, and for bone fractures.	36
Eria bamboosifolia Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	In combination with Aegle mermaelos, to treat acid peptic disease.	33
Eria muscicola Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Used in disease of heart, lungs, eye, ears and nervous system.	18
Eria pannea Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Root	Used as analgesic.	26
Eulophia camprestris Wall.	India	Terrestrial	Rhizome	Used as tonic, Cough, Stomach problem, Paralysis, and as aphrodisiac.	18
Eulophia dabia (D.Don)Hoch.	India	Terrestrial	Tubers	Used in the treatment of cough and cold.	18
Eulophia epidendraea (Koen.) Schlt.	India	Terrestrial	Rhizome	Used in the treatment of boils and Breath feeding problems.	18
Eulophia herbaceae Lindl.	India	Terrestrial	Tubers	Salep	18
Eulophia ochreata Lindl	India	Terrestrial	Tubers and rhizomes	As an antioxidant, aphrodisiac and antirheumatic properties.	99
Eulophia nuda Lindl.	India	Terrestrial	Root	In cancer, blood related diseases, bronchitis, .	72
Eria spicata (D.Don) Hand. Maza	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used as an analgesic.	72
Flickingeria fugax (Reichb. f.) Hawkes	India	Terrestrial	Whole plant	Used as tonic.	28
Flickingeria macraei (Lindl.) Seidenf.	India	Terrestrial	Root	Used for treat skin allergy, eczema.	18
Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr.	India	Terrestrial	Root	Used for treating for wounds and insect bites.	73
Geodorum recurvum (Roxb)Alston	India	Epiphyte	Stem	Suppress tumors	18
Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br.	India	Terrestrial	Root, leaves	Used as blood purifier, female disorders, bladder diseases and reptile bite.	54
G. schlechtendaliana Rchb.f.	India	Terrestrial	Leaves	Tincture of the plant in rice wine is used for internal injuries and to improve circulation.	74
Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl.	India	Terrestrial	Root, stem/ pseudobulb	Used to treat cuts, wounds, liver and gastric problems. Used as aphrodisiac, tonic and for treating urinary disorders.	29,47
Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wall. Exlindl.	India	Terrestrial	Root	To cure spermatorrhea	18,97
Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br.	India	Epiphyte	Root	As a tonic.	54
Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	As salep for combination with other orchids.	47
Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vujik	India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	As an anti diuretic.	54
Habenaria pectinata	India, Nepal	Epiphyte	Tuberous powder	As antimicrobial.	101
Luisa tenuifolia Bl.	India	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Used boils and tumours.	18
Luisa trichorrhiza (W.J. Hook.) Bl.	India	Epiphyte	Leaves, whole plant	Leaves are applied to relieve muscular pain. In Jaundice.	29,33
Luisia zeylanica Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Leaves	Used in wounds boils and burns.	47,75, 76
Liparis odorata (Willd.) Lindl.	India	Terrestrial	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used to treatment of cancerous ulcers and gangrene.	80
Malaxis acuminata D. Don	India	Terrestrial	Stem/ pseudobulb	As a coagulant, diathesis, burning sensation in stomach, pyrexia, arthritis.	26
Malaxis muscifera	India	Terrestrial	Rhizome	Used as tonic , In fever, and in treatment of burning sensation	18,98
Mycaranthes pannea (Lindl.)	India	Epiphyte	Leaves	Used in cases of ague.	77
Nervilia aragoana Gaud.	India	Terrestrial	Leaves	Leave decoction is used as protective medicine after childbirth.	78
Nervilia aragoana Gaudich.	India	Terrestrial	Whole plant	Used in urinary tract diseases, asthma, vomiting, diarrhoea & mental disease.	29
Otochilus albus Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb, whole plant	Used as a tonic.	28,70
Pholidota chinensis	India, China	Epiphyte	Bulbs, stem/ pseudobulb	Used for toothache. As a Tincture to treat internal bleeding, tuberculosis, asthama, rheumatism and dysentery. It is also used as bronchitis, and duodenal ulcer.	29,79
Pholidota imbricata W.J. Hook	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	As an analgesic.	28
Pholidota articulata Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Root	Used for treatment of cancer, eruptions and skin ulcers.	28
Pleione maculata (Lindl.) Lindl	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Used to treat liver and stomach diseases.	29
Pholidota. pallida Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Root, Stem/ pseudobulb	Used to treat abdominal pain, rheumatic pain, reduce fever and sleep.	29,70
Ponerorchis chusua (D.Don) Soo	India	Terrestrial	Root	It is used for treating diarrhoea, chronic fever, and dysentery.	28
Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr.	India	Epiphyte	Leaves, stem/ pseudobulb, whole plant	Used in ear infection, nose bleeding, pyrexia.	80,81
Platanthera edge worthii	India	Terrestrial	Leaves	It is used as blood purifier.	28
Pholidota articulata Lindl.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Dislocation of bones.	81
Phaius tankervilleae (L. Herit.) Bl.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	It is used as anti-inflammatory and analgesics.	66
Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe	India	Epiphyte	Leaves	In skin diseases.	82
Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl.	India	Epiphyte	Root, Whole plant	Rheumatic disease, wounds, asthma, tuberculosis, nervous twitchings, cramps, kidney stone, menstrual disorders.	50,47,81
Satyrium nepalense D.Don	India	Terrestrial	Root	Used as aphrodisiac, dysentery and malaria.	32
Scaphyglottis livida	Maxico	Epiphyte	Whole plant	As anti-inflammatory and analgesics.	75
Smitinandia micrantha (Lindl.) Holtt.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	Antibacterial.	29
Spathoglottis plicata Bl.	India	Epiphyte	Leaves	It is used to treat rheumatic disease.	83
Spiranthes australis	China, Trinidad, Tobago	Terrestrial	Whole plant	In urinary tract diseases, diabetes mellitus and antibacterial, anti- inflammatory,anti-cancer.	84,85
Spiranthes mauritianum	China, Trinidad, Tobago	Epiphyte	Whole plant	Used as antidote for snakebites, scorpion stings.	86
Spiranthes sinensis var amoena	Nepal, China, Taiwan	Terrestrial	Roots	Used as aphrodisiac, blood related disorder, meningitis, epistaxis, analgesics.	87,88
Trudelia cristata (Lindl.) Senghas	India	Epiphyte	Root	In wounds and dislocation of bones.	81,89
Thunia alba (Lindl.) Reichb. f.	India	Epiphyte	Stem/ pseudobulb	In dislocated bones.	47
Vanda coerulea Griff. exLindl.	India	Epiphyte	Flowers/ fruits/ seeds	As a eye drops for in glaucoma, cataract and blindness.	82
Vanda roxburghii	India	Epiphyte	Leaf, roots	Antipyretic, otitis media. The roots are used in rheumatim, acid peptic diseases, sciatica.	90
Vanda tessellate	SriLanka, Burma, India	Epiphyte	Roots, leaves, flowers	Anti-inflammatory, ear infections, Antipyretic The roots are used as laxative and tonic for liver, aphrodisiac.	91, 92, 93
Vanilla planifolia	Maxico	Epiphyte	Sheath, whole plant	Antipyretic, hysteria, impotence, rheumatism, energizer.	94
Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.)Benth.	India	Terrestrial	Whole plant	In cough and cold	18
Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr.	India	Terrestrial	Root	As a tonic.	28

Allopathic drugs treatments are reporting potential side effects and serious adverse effects¹⁰². ethno-botanical and traditional uses of bioactive compounds of plant origin is receiving greatly attention as they are fit and tested for their efficacy and believed to be safe for human use. The species knowledge and conditions can give the appropriate knowledge which can help the growth of orchids as the species is under threat¹⁰³.

CONCLUSION:

From the above review it clear-cut that orchid plants can be explored for future research. The ehtanomedical uses of the family can treat many diseases. The serious threat to the family due to environmental factors is a global concern; many literatures reported that around 250 species of different genes have under threat. We will try to emphasize on bioactive compounds responsible for these activities in our future research work. Orchid also has most important value for economically.

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Received on 28.09.2022 Modified on 22.11.2022

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(9):4469-4478.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00729