INTRODUCTION:

Dyslipidemia as a general term is defined as abnormal concentrations of lipids in the blood. It is considered one of the risk factors for coronary artery diseases and stroke. Prevention and good management of dyslipidemia can markedly decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.¹

Hyperlipidemia is a critical issue needs to be highlighted, as it is associated with many cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in society. This CVD may lead to many morbidities and mortalities due to increasing the incidence of atherosclerosis, asymptomatic coronary and aortic atherosclerosis.² Diet rich in fats and calories and physical inactivity would be a leading cause for dyslipidemia. Eating saturated fats and overcooked food may lead to the destruction of nutrients like folate and trans- fatty acid formation, which may contribute to increasing of dyslipidemia in the population.³The prevalence of dyslipidemia is high in young - age, especially in the past few years. Data from the examination survey was conducted between 2003 - 2006 on participants aged between 20 to 34 years showed that 13% of adults have high Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, 22% of adults have high non– high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and 8% of adults have a combination of high LDL-C, low HDL-C, and high triglycerides.⁴ National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) conducted another survey between 2003- 2004, concluded that, 64% of adults with age between 20 and 29 years and 57 % of adults with age between 30 and 39 years have high lipid levels.⁵ Lipid disorders are usually asymptomatic diseases which necessitate screening for their detection. Screening for lipid abnormalities in young – age population will permit early management and prevention of negative cardiovascular outcomes and future events, especially in high-risk patients. Dyslipidemia detection may be very beneficial in young adults in case of unrecognized familial hyperlipidemia. The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) report, recommends that, male aged (20 to 35 years) and female aged (20 to 45 years) should be screened for hyperlipidemia if they have other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) like smoking, diabetes mellitus, family history of heart disease or hypertension.⁶ Therefore, monitoring total cholesterol and HDL should be done every 5 years by the age of 20. Besides, The World Health Report (2002) shows that almost 18% of global stroke events (mostly nonfatal events) and about 56% of global heart disease are attributable to higher cholesterol levels. These events were responsible for about 7.9% of the total deaths (4.4 million) and 2.8% of the global disease burden.⁷ One of the main key aspects in dealing with a crucial crisis like dyslipidemia in young age is raising awareness among that age group. An awareness campaign is a method of raising awareness among a specific group or population aiming to induce some behavioral changes.⁸ Low awareness, detection, and control of dyslipidemia worsen prevention measures and procedures. The importance of diagnosis among young adults should be enhanced more.⁹ Role of the dyslipidemia clinic is seen from different aspects as a source for education and advice. It provides services for the management of hyperlipidemia, specifies its diagnosis, and used a base for research. A dyslipidemia clinic gathers the health care professionals from clinical, nutrition and laboratory experiences to provide the multidisciplinary approach needed for this service. Education is the most important role in the clinic. The clinic is providing their patients with information about the advantages and disadvantages of screening for dyslipidemia and that present of different diets and drug therapies along with whether any kind of treatment is beneficial. The clinic staff should be positioned to translate any messages that are confusing to the general public. If there is no education, there is a great risk that the drugs used and the screenings made are inappropriate. Part of the clinic's educational role is to be a resource center suitable for drug data and dietary information. Dyslipidemia clinic should help patients with possible risks and other severe forms of hyperlipidemia.¹⁰ Pharmacists are perfectly positioned in the dyslipidemia clinic to enhance patient care by changing barriers to deliver successful treatment such as medication non-adherence, drug interactions, and monitor side effects. Many pieces of evidence have shown that pharmacists improve the delivery of dyslipidemia care because of great reductions in LDL-C, help more patients reach their lipid levels goal, increase adherence to treatment, and increase the use of formulary medications which result in a reduction in the cost of treatment. The key factors for the success of the pharmacist-managed dyslipidemia clinics are correct and effective patient education and intensive lipid-lowering therapy with medication titration and monitoring.¹¹Many studies concluded that elderly patients and patients with chronic systemic dysmetabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia may have attenuation in the immune response and decreased tolerability to Covid- 19 infections. In addition, elevated metabolic needs due to virally induced acute inflammation may lead to lowered myocardial. The conventional cardiac risk factors can strongly influence complications and mortality after Covid – 19 infections.¹²No studies determined the association between Covid – 19 vaccination adverse reactions and the presence of dyslipidemia so the primary aims of this study was assessing the background information about dyslipidemia, its risk factors and complications in young age population, detect the prevalence of dyslipidemia in young age population, conduct awareness campaigns to educate the young age population about dyslipidemia, its risk factors and complications and measure the clinical outcomes of initiating dyslipidemia clinic for patient’s follow up in the campus of BUE. The secondary aims were determining the association between dyslipidemia and Covid- 19 infection severity as well as the association between dyslipidemia and Covid- 19 vaccine adverse reactions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the campus of The British University in Egypt.

Study Duration: From February 2019 to April 2022.

Setting: Faculty of Pharmacy, the British University in Egypt

Participants: a total of 100 volunteers of BUE students, aged from 17- 25 years old were enrolled in the study after signing a consent form. These students participated with their colleagues in their graduation project.

METHODOLOGY:

Lipid profiles analysis and dyslipidemia detection was done in the biochemistry laboratories of the Faculty of pharmacy. Blood samples were collected from all participants after an overnight fasting on plain tubes for serum preparation as follows:

1. Whole blood was left at room temperature for 20-30 min. until complete clotting occurs.

2. The serum was separated by centrifugation of the clotted blood at 4000 r. p. m for 15 min. Samples that showed hemolysis or lipemia inspected by naked eye was discarded.

3. The obtained serum was used for the assay of the lipid profile.

4. All serum samples were kept in aliquots at -20ºC for subsequent use.

5. Determination of serum Triglycerides (TG):TG was measured by the GPO-PAP enzymatic colorimetric method using commercially available kits supplied from Spectrum Diagnostics® (GmbH, Schiffgraben, Hannover, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. TG more than150 mg/dL was considered high

6. Determination of serum total cholesterol level (TC): TC was measured by CHOD-PAP enzymatic colorimetric method using commercially available kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. TC more than 200 mg/dL was considered high

7. Determination of serum HDL-cholesterol level (HDL-C):HDL-C was measured by precipitation method followed by CHOD-PAP enzymatic colorimetric method using commercially available kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. HDL-C less than 40 mg/dL was considered low

8. Determination of serum LDL-cholesterol level (LDL-C):LDL-C was measured by precipitation method using commercially available kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. LDL-C more than130 mg/dL was considered high

Awareness Campaigns:

Two campaigns were organizedinside and outside the BUE Campus to raise the awareness among young age population about dyslipidemia causes, risk factors and complications. The campaigns were focused on patient’s education, advices alongside with lifestyle modifications. The Campaigns’ materials (Flyers, posters, invitations, life- style modification cards and T shirts) are shown in the Supplementary materials section

Facebook page:

To reach out to the maximum number of teens and youththrough social media,a Facebook page was created to communicate with the young age populations and educate the community about dyslipidemia causes, risk factors and complications.

Link:https://m.facebook.com/Dyslipidemia-in-young-age-population-353139618624729. The following link include a summarized Video for all activities shared on the page: https://drive.google.com/file/d/15xbyaDoeJYxmhAhivg9A3KWAAKeFZYzK/view?usp=sharing

Dyslipidemia Questionnaire:

A questionnaire https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2199857770104662&id=100002413804976containing 25 questions was distributed among different participants, students during the Campaigns to assess the populations ‘knowledge about dyslipidemia, its risk factors and complications.

The Dyslipidemia clinic and the clinical pharmacist’s role in dyslipidemia management:

Location and Timing: a venue was reserved in the Faculty of pharmacy and equipped with a computer and an internet access and the clinic was conducted once weekly from 9-4pm during the study period.

Patients’ visits and follow up: during patients’ visits, advices about the lifestyle, healthy food and healthy habits were provided to the patients. Assessing the Framingham 10- years Risk Score for each patient and calculating the recommended daily dietary fibers to start life style modification strategies was performed for patients with elevated lipid profiles’ parameters. Some patients also referred to the physician’s clinic to start medical treatment. Life style modification cards were distributed to each patient which included reminder about smoking and alcohol cessation, increasing the physical activity and consumption of healthy food and decreasing the consumption of Junk food. Life- style modification cards are shown in the Supplementary materials section.

Patients follow up during Covid – 19 pandemics:After Covid – 19 pandemics, patients were contacted to advise them regarding their clinical conditions and requested to check their lipid profiles after Covid-19 infection.

Covid – 19 infection and vaccination assessment:

After Covid- 19 pandemics, many patients cough Covid – 19 infections. Another questionnaire (https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdtEQDyyXch-EY5f16Ac4xi7QgFxg1RdzqW2jG1Ws7uJmuV7g/viewform?usp=sf_link) was designed to determine the association between Covid – 19 infections and the presence of dyslipidemia. The questionnaire also determined the association between the presence of Dyslipidemia and Covid – 19 vaccine adverse reactions.

Statistical analysis:

Chi – Square test and Fisher’s exact testwere used to calculate the P – values and compare the results of lipid abnormalities between males and females, different risk factors and Covid – 19 infections and vaccination adverse reactions.

Ethical approval:

The initial research protocol entitled “Dyslipidemia in young age population” was approved by the Ethics committee of Faculty of Pharmacy at the British University in Egypt on 4/12/2019 with approval number: CL-1908. After Covid-19 pandemics, the final protocol entitled “The association between Covid-19 infections, severity, complications and vaccinations and dyslipidemia in young age population _ Clinical pharmacy approach”was approved by the Ethics committee of Faculty of Pharmacy at theEgyptian Russian University on 1/9/2021 with reference number: ECH-021.

RESULTS:

A total of 100 Students (36 males and 64 females) aged from 18 to 25 years old with mean ageof 22.04 were enrolled in the study, 80% of students were from Faculty of Pharmacy. Their weight ranged from 46 to 125Kg with mean of 71.6, height ranged from 155 to 192cm with mean of 168.44 and body mass index (BMI) ranged from 15.7 to 38.5kg/m² with mean of 25.12. Overweight and obese students were represented by 25% and 20%. (overweight was defined as a BMI ≥ 25.0kg/m² and < 30.0kg/m², and obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 30kg/m²). About 25% of the participants have family history for dyslipidemia, 16% of the participants were smokers, 16% of the participants were receiving medications associated with dyslipidemia, 7% of the participants had diseases associated with dyslipidemia and 12% of the participants had risk for CAD in a first degree relative. Table (1) shows the prevalence of different abnormalities in the lipid profiles parameters of all participants and the factors associated with lipid. About 60% of participants showed at least one abnormal value in his lipid profile.

Table (1): The prevalence of different abnormalities in the lipid profiles’ parameters and the associated risk factors

The prevalence of different abnormalities in the lipid profiles’ parameters
Parameter	N (%)
Hypercholesteremia	28 (28%)
Hypertriglyceridemia	3 (3%)
High LDL	37 (37%)
Low HDL	46 (46%)
Mixed three parameters	15 (15%)
Mixed four parameters with TG	2 (2%)
The prevalence of different abnormalities in the lipid profiles’ parameters in the presence of different risk factors
Risk Factors	Percent
Family history	60 %
Obesity	47%
Smoking	56.25%
Drugs causing Dyslipidemia	27.27%
Diseases causing Dyslipidemia	71.4%
Participants with Coronary artery disease (CAD) in first degree relatives	41.6%

No: number

The prevalence of different abnormalities in the lipid profiles’ parameters was affected by the participant’s sex as shown in table (2), while the P values were statistically significant in TG and HDL between males and females and the means of LDL, HDL and TC in females were higher than in male. While the mean of TG in males was higher than in females.

Table 2: Effect of participant’s sex on lipid profile parameters

Lipid profile’s parameter	Male (n=36) Mean ±*^SD**	Female (n=64) Mean ±*^SD**	P- value
TC	171.06 ± 48.57	177.86 ±38.14	0.441
TG	74.04± 43.0	45.07 ± 26.36	0.0001^#
HDL-C	39.58 +/- 12.83	45.15 +/- 14.62	0.0492^#
LDL-C	116.67± 42.41	120.09±39.16	0.685

* Standard deviation

# Statistically significant

The prevalence of different abnormalities in the lipid profiles’ parameters in the presence of different risk factors and the correlations (P- values, Relative risks and confidence limits) between the lipid abnormalities and the different risk factors associated with dyslipidemia are shown in Table (3).

Table 3: the associations between the lipid abnormalities and the different dyslipidemia associated risk factors

Risk factor	Lipid abnormality High TC	Lipid abnormality Low HDL-C	Lipid abnormality High LDL-C
Smoking
Fisher’s exact P- Value	0.0392^*	0.3096	0.0573
RR^@	2.158	0.7	1.82
Confidence limits	1.176 – 3.961	0.35 – 1.4	1.07 – 3.08
Family history
Fisher’s exact P- Value	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0001
RR^@	25.7	31.7	25.7
Confidence limits	3.3 -195.1	4.27 - 235	3.38 – 145.1
Disease associated with dyslipidemia
Fisher’s exact P- Value	0.372	1.0	0.686
RR^@	1.733	0.971	1.286
Confidence limits	0.686-4.375	0.4-2.36	0.52-3.7
Drugs associated with dyslipidemia
Fisher’s exact P- Value	1.00	1.00	0.4017
RR^@	0.875	0.967	0.656
Confidence limits	0.0.35-2.18	0.53-1.77	0.27-1.6
Obese BMI more than 30
Fisher’s exact P- Value	0.116	0.5744	0.5637
RR^@	1.889	1.24	1.368
Confidence limits	0.98-3.64	0.68-2.27	0.74-2.53
Overweight BMI 25-30
Fisher’s exact P- Value	0.786	1.00	1.00
RR^@	0.833	1.029	0.965
Confidence limits	0.36-1.91	0.559-1.7	0.49-1.87
Risk for coronary artery disease in first degree relatives
Fisher’s exact P- Value	1	0.219	0.528
RR^@	0.88	0.5336	0.667
Confidence limits	0.31-0.24	0.19-1.46	0.24-1.8
Sedentary life style
Fisher’s exact P- Value	0.646	0.302	0.524
RR^@	0.81	0.755	0.81
Confidence limits	0.48-1.59	0.46-1.24	0.465-1.433

* Statistically significant ^@Relative Risk

One of the main objectives of this study was to determine the population’s background information about dyslipidemia and its associated risk factors and complications. A total of 209 individuals participated in filling the questionnaire which included a total of 25 questions. Questions from 1-3 were related to fat consumptions, questions from 4- 6 were related to sugar consumptions, questions from 7 - 9 were related to salt intake, questions from 10 - 12 were related to unhealthy food, questions from 13-18 were related to Physical activity, questions from 19-21 were related to obesity and questions from 23-24 were related to smoking. About 91% of participants were aware that fats contribute to dyslipidemia, while only 45% were aware that smoking may contribute to dyslipidemia as shown in figure (1).

Figure 1: The participant’s knowledge about Dyslipidemia associated factors

Table (4) shows the associations between the lipid abnormalities and Covid – 19 infections, there was no statistically significant association between the presence of dyslipidemia by any mean (elevated TC, decreased HDL-C or elevated LDL) and Covid – 19 infections, severity or complications in young age population.

Table 4: the associations between the lipid abnormalities and Covid – 19 infections and/or Covid – 19 severity and complications

The association between dyslipidemia and Covid 19 infection
Fisher’s exact P- Value = 0.349	Relative Risk (RR)= 0.744	CI = 0.13-1.65
The association between elevated total cholesterol and Covid 19 infection
P- Value = 0.745	Relative Risk = 0.889	CI= 0.21-2.94
The association between decreased HDL-C and Covid 19 infection
P- Value = 0.770	Relative Risk = 1.11	CI= 0.37-4.02
The association between elevated LDL – C and Covid 19 infection
P- Value = 0.352	Relative Risk = 0.647	CI= 0.14-1.75
The association between dyslipidemia and Covid 19 severe symptoms and complicated course of disease
Fisher’s exact P- Value = 0.173	Relative Risk (RR)= 0.490	CI =0.09-1.34
The association between elevated total cholesterol and Covid 19 severe symptoms and complicated course of disease
Fisher’s exact P- Value = 0.459	Relative Risk (RR)= 0.485	CI =0.07-2.06
The association between decreased HDL-C and Covid 19 severe symptoms and complicated course of disease
Fisher’s exact P- Value = 0.180	Relative Risk (RR)= 0.444	CI =0.08-1.26
The association between elevated LDL – C and Covid 19 severe symptoms and complicated course of disease
Fisher’s exact P- Value = 0.313	Relative Risk (RR)= 0.526	CI =0.1-1.81

Table (5) shows the associations between the lipid abnormalities and Covid – 19 vaccine adverse reactions. There was a statistically significant association between dyslipidemia and Covid – 19 vaccine adverse reactions in young age population.

Table 5: the associations between the lipid abnormalities and Covid – 19 vaccine adverse reactions

The association between dyslipidemia and Covid 19 vaccine adverse reactions
Fisher’s exact P- Value = 0.007*	Relative Risk (RR)= 0.334	CI =0.04-0.58
The association between elevated total cholesterol and Covid 19 vaccine adverse reactions
Fisher’s exact P- Value = 0.160	Relative Risk (RR)=0.382	CI= 0.05-1.37
The association between decreased HDL-C and Covid 19 vaccine adverse reactions
Fisher’s exact P- Value = 0.354	Relative Risk (RR)= 0.633	CI =0.13-1.61
The association between elevated LDL – C and Covid 19 vaccine adverse reactions
Fisher’s exact P- Value =0.333	Relative Risk (RR)=0.584	CI =0.11-1.73

*Very statistically significant

DISCUSSION:

This study represented a graduation project for pharmacy students, this project is considered a qualitative leap in changing the traditional patterns of education in Egypt, as the participation of students themselves and their colleagues as volunteers in the study led to the creation of a spirit of enthusiasm and encouragement and led to the development of their creative and competitive abilities. Using the students as volunteers, as well as the use of the capabilities of the biochemistry laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy, in addition to activating a dyslipidemia clinic by pharmacy students had a great impact of the learning outcomes because the students were trained practically on the tasks of clinical pharmacists in outpatient clinics.Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus^13-15, atherosclerosis¹⁶ and the associated cardiovascular diseasecardiovascular diseases (CVD) which makes lipid profile to be one of the major risk factors and predictors of CVD¹⁷. Obesity is associated with dyslipidemia which is mainly due to the influence of insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory adipokines¹⁸. Dyslipidemia is a type of degenerative disease characterized by the increase of TC, TG levels and the decrease of HDL levels in the blood.¹⁹while chronic liver diseases are associated with decrease inTC, TG, HDL and LDL.²⁰The study detected an overall dyslipidemia prevalence of 61 %. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C and low HDL-Cprevalence were 28%, 3%, 37% and 46% respectively as shown in table (1). Our figures seem to be high specially by comparing our results to similar studies conducted on this age group. In Kuwait, prevalence of dyslipidemia among colleague students was 10.6%.²¹In Oman, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among group of university students was 15.6%.²²In Sudan the prevalence was 7.8%.²³Another study in Egypt,reported prevalence of high TC, TG, LDL-C and low HDL-C to be 6%, 7.5%, 8.2% and 9.4% respectively.²⁴ Our figures are higher, this may be due to the older age group of our study participants.Another study conducted on Iraqi young adults aged 20-40 years, reported a higher prevalence rate of any lipid abnormality of 75%.The prevalence rates of elevated serum total cholesterol, low serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated serum triglyceride and elevated serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol were (32.5%, 38.5%, 29.5%, 30%), respectively.²⁵This increased prevalence may be due to increase in the population’s age compared to this current study. An interesting finding in the present study is the increased level of dyslipidemia in the form of low HDL as shown in table (1). This was consistent with the findings of another study conducted by AlMajedand his colleaguesand confirmed this association.²¹Increased prevalence of low HDL has been reported earlier by Enasand her colleagues, who found that only 4% of Asian Indian men and 5% Asian Indian women had optimal HDL levels. [3] Table (2) shows that the means of LDL, HDL and TC in females were higher than in male. While the mean of TG in males was higher than in females. Similar results were obtained from another study.²⁶This study showed that, the means of LDL, HDL and TC in their study in males were 109, 45 and 184 respectively versus 113, 55 and 185 in females. While the mean of TG in males was higher than in females 136 versus 125.

The current study revealed statistically significant difference between males and females in TG and HDL C. Another study was conducted on a total of 1805 participants in India (1128 males and 677 females) concluded that increased levels of fasting and postprandial blood glucose, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and high levels of LDL-C were elevated in males.²⁷By comparing males and females on age bases,Sawant et al study determined significantly increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, low levels of HDL, and high levels of LDL. Moreover, the contributing factor for hypertriglyceridemia in their population could be their diet rich in carbohydrates. High TG levels have been associated with increased levels of small dense LDL which are considered to be highly atherogenic. It is documented that obesity is a major cause for dyslipidemia, the present study has reported overweight and obesity as a significant risk factors of dyslipidemia as shown in table 1 and 3. This was similar to previous research.^28-30Thus, it is extremely crucial screening adolescents and young adults for dyslipidaemia especially high risk overweight and obese ones. Another study was conducted by Pletcherand colleagues, concluded that this dyslipidemia screening should be performed every 5 years.³¹There are many risk factors associated with dyslipidemia and the prevalence of different abnormalities in the lipid profiles’ parameters in the presence of these risk factors is shown in table (1). One of the important reason which affect the prevalence of dyslipidemia, coronary vascular disease and also increase in the premature morbidity and mortality among young patients is the life style and population’s behavior³². Physical inactivity and lack of exercise are associated with type II diabetes mellitus³³. Wahed and his colleagues conducted a study to detect the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Alfayom government and concluded that Egypt has a high incidence of dyslipidemia as prevalence of smoking and using shisha tobacco reaches 24% among young adult, which contribute in the disease.²¹ Moreover, Egypt is one of the most overweight population in the world, with 32% prevalence of obesity, higher prevalence among females (42%) and almost three quarters of the population not involved in vigorous activity. Low consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported among the majority of population.³⁴The current study showed significant increase in the prevalence of dyslipidemia among BUE students. This may be related to urban lifestyles, sedentary life and lack of physical activity, dietary habits and consumption of saturated fat in junk food and low intake of healthy food such as fruits and vegetables among this population. These observations were consistent with many other studies which concluded that there is a significant increase in the prevalence of dyslipidemia among urban students than among rural counterparts.^21,23,35Figure 1 shows that about 90-70% of participants who answered the questionnaire’s questions were aware about the association between dyslipidemia and eating fats, sugar and unhealthy food, lack of physical activity and obesity. This high awareness level may be associated with the participants’ educational and cultural levels an about 40% of the participants were pharmacy students and all the participants were from urban areas in Egypt. Another study was conducted in Malaysia showed that low awareness of hypercholesterolemia which contributes to dyslipidemia was found more among people younger in age, with low educational level, living in rural areas, female gender, no family history of diseases, not obese, and minority ethnic background.³⁶Several researchers^37-39have shown that dyslipidemia is associated with high rates of complications and mortality after Covid -19 infections, on the contrary, our findings concluded that there is no association between the presence of dyslipidemia by any mean (elevated TC, decreased HDL-C or elevated LDL) and Covid – 19 infections, severity or complications in young age population as shown in Table (4). The difference between the results of this study and other studies may be due to studying the association between dyslipidemia and Covid- 19 infections in different aging groups. This study also showed an association between dyslipidemia and Covid – 19 vaccine adverse reactions in young age population (Table 5) and up to our knowledge, this is the first study prove this association, and due to the small number of patients in the study, it is recommended to conduct more studies on larger numbers of patients to verify the validity of the conclusions.

CONCLUSIONS:

The prevalence of dyslipidemia is high among BUE University students. Important associated factors are obesity, overweight, physical inactivity, smoking and family history. Clinical pharmacists had a great impact in managing dyslipidemia patients. Pharmacy students can participate in facing Covid-19 pandemics that is sweeping the world. More studied are needed to explore the association between dyslipidemia and Covid – 19 vaccine adverse reactions in young age population.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors would like to thank Professor Mohamed Kamal and Mr. Abdelaziz Samy for their valuable help during Lipid profiles analysis in the Biochemistry laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy at the British University in Egypt.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest

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Received on 18.08.2022 Modified on 07.01.2023

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(7):3475-3482.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00574