1. INTRODUCTION:

Diabetes mellitus is a major health disease across the world. Development of drug for diabetes from plant extract is important to eliminate the complications related to prevailing drugs¹. Plant extract possess bioactive compounds which has developed as a therapeutic potential. Musa balbisiana colla is a potent source of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids^2,3. Previous literature also has showed Musa balbisiana colla ethanolic extract of flower and inflorescence, acetone extract of seeds, root extract possess antidiabetic effect^4,5,6.

2. METHODS

2.1. Collection of samples:

Bulk number of samples was procured from local sellers of Guwahati. Different parts like fruit, peel, seed,edible flower, and inedible part of banana were collected for the further studies.

2.2. Drying and extraction of different parts of banana:

Drying of the samples was done in hot air oven at the temperature of 40ºC. After drying, the samples were ground to homogeneous powder. Continuous hot extraction was performed using a Soxhlet apparatus and allowed to stand at room temperature for a period of 3 days with frequent agitation until the soluble matter of the samples has dissolved. The solvents like Petroleum ether, Methanol were used in the extraction process.

2.3. Antidiabetic activity study:

Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i/p) injection of STZ (50mg/kg) on wistar rat. Blood glucose levels were regularly monitored. After 3 days, rats with diabetes having hyperglycemia [i.e., with fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 250–400mg/dl] were taken for the experiment. Banana pulp 200mg/kg was used for the animal experiment. Rats were divided into four groups of six rats each as follows:

Group A: Received only normal pellet diet and 0.5% CMC ad libitum.

Group B: STZ (50mg/kg) treated hyperglycemic group.

Group C: Balbisiana banana pulp (200mg/kg) group.

Group D: Metformin (100mg/kg) treated group.

At the end of the stipulated period (18days), the animals were sacrificed after overnight fasting and blood were collected from retro-orbital route.

3. RESULTS:

3.1. Amylase inhibition assay of samples:

The inhibitory activity of seed,peel,floweron α -amylase and α - glucosidase is presented in Table 1. The study showed that the seed methanolic extract exhibited maximum inhibition of α -amylase and α -glucosidase with IC₅₀ values of 101±0.53 and 121±0.40 respectively.The α -amylase inhibitory activity of seed was better when compare to commercially available α- glucosidase inhibitor acarbose as standard valueof 53±1.1 followed by flower and peel methanolic extract with IC₅₀ values of 214±0.51 and 171±0.53. The α -glucosidase inhibitory activity of seed methanolic extract with IC₅₀ value 101±0.53 showed the highest inhibition. The peel and flower methanolic extract showed moderate inhibition on α - glucosidase compared to flower with IC₅₀ values of 142±.62 and 187±0.71 respectively. Seed, peel and flower methanolic extracts of Musa babisianacolla showed potential ∝- amylase and ∝- glucosidase activity which could be a key mechanism of antidiabetic activity of the extracts (Table-1).

Table no 1: ∝- Amylase and ∝- Glucosidase activity of selected samples

Extract standard	*In vitro* model
Extract standard	∝- Amylase	∝- Glucosidase
Seed Methanolic extract	121 ± 0.40	101 ± 0.53
Peel Methanolic extract	171 ± 0.53	142±0.62
Flower Methanolic extract	214 ± 0.51	187± 0.71
Acarbose	53 ± 1.1	49 ±0.59

Inhibitory activity of methanolic extract of Musa balbisiana on α- amylase and α- Glucosidase activity. Values are represent as the mean ±SD of triplicates experiments . Data are expressed in IC₅₀.

3. 2. Antidiabetic activity study:

Fig 1: Effect of methanolic extract on body weight.Figure shows changes in body weight following treatments of VC,DC ,methanolic extract of Musa balbisiana seed and flower in STZ induced diabetic rat. VC=Vehicle control, DC=Diabetic Control, Std= Diabetic standard.

The effect of methanolic extract of Musa balbisiana flower and seed on body weight in diabetic rat is presented in Fig 1. There was a significant reduction in body weight of diabetic control compared to normal control on the day 12. STZ induced diabetic rat treated with flower and seed and also diabetic standard showed slight increase in body weight in comparison to diabetic control.

Figure 2: Effect of methanolic extract of pulp on blood glucose level. Pulp extracts reduced blood glucose level when compared with disease control. Represents the blood glucose levels in vehicle treated, diabetic, metformin and banana pulp treated diabetic animals. All data are expressed as mean± SEM (n=6). ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 when compared with normal group, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.001when compare with Diabetic control group.

Fig 3: Effect of methanolic extract on fasting blood glucose level.The figure represents recovery in blood glucose level after treatment with methanolic extract of Musa balbisiana flower and seed to STZ treated diabetic rat. Fig representsthe blood glucose levels in vehicle treated, diabetic control, metformin and banana seed and flower treated diabetic animals. All data are expressed as mean± SEM (n=6). ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 when compared with normal group, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.001when compare with Diabetic control group.

Induction of diabetes by intraperitoneal (i/p) injection on STZ (50mg/kg) resulted in hyperglycaemia.The effect of banana pulp on blood glucose level of STZ induced diabetic rats is presented in Fig 2. On 17^th day it was observed that oral administration of banana pulp extract (200mg/kg) can significantly lower blood glucose level (p<0.01) compared to diabetic control group. Fig 3 shows the effect of banana seed and flower on blood glucose level of STZ induced diabetic rats. The flower and seed extract were administered by oral gavage for a total of 18 days to animals. Blood glucose level and body weights were checked on Day3, Day8, Day12, Day16 and Day20 treatment of diabetic rat with metformin (15mg/kg), banana seed, banana flower (400mg/kg) in a dose dependent showed declination for a period of 20 days when compared to diabetic rat.Glucose level was significantly increased till day 8 and a reduction was seen after that.The blood glucose level reduction on day 12^th onwards of methanolic seed extract may be due to regeneration of β- cells of islets of langherhans which were destroyed on induction of STZ. The flower and seed methanolic extract treated group (400mg/kg) in the first eight days showed significant decreased in blood glucose level and also prevented the weight loss. The decrease in blood glucose level indicated the antidiabetic activity of banana seed and flower extract. The banana flower posses higher antihyperglycaemic activity than the seed and pulp on 8^th day. The antidiabetic property of banana flower and seed could be due to insulin like activity of it. The property of banana seed being antidiabetic is assured by the presence of bioactive compounds⁷. Inferred the presence of gallic acid which possessed inhibitory effect on α-amylase andalso antihyperglycaemic effect by inducing glucose transporter 4(GLUT4) translocation and prevention of related complication. Described by⁸Kalita et al., complex carbohydrate present in root extract can inhibit glucose movement which can be potential role as antidiabetic.Therapeutic approaches of managing diabetes are by inhibiting the absorption of glucose uptake by inhibiting digestive enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase⁹. Borah and Dasalso described the presence of flavonoids in Musa balbisianacolla⁶. Flavonoids found naturally has potential role in inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes. Thus, inhibition of α- glucosidase can be effective in lowering blood glucose level. Musa balbisiana seed also posses’ high antioxidant activity which can reduce oxidative stress in diabetes and related complication associated to it¹⁰.

DISCUSSIONS:

The methanolic extract of Musa balbisiana colla pulp,seed and flower was evaluated for its antidiabetic activity on streptozocin (STZ)induced rat.The findings depicted the STZ+seed, pulp, flower treated group fasting blood glucose level reduced significantly. The decrease in blood glucose level after number of days indicates the inhibition of digestive enzymes α- amylase and α- glucosidase. Findings of this study are in agreement with other reports which has described the flower ethanolic extract possess high antihyperglycaemic activity with significant reduction in blood glucose level on 8^thday⁶. Methanolic extract of Musa balbisiana seed and flower exhibited significant antihyperglycaemic activity on STZ induced diabetic rat with a slight increase in body weight. Thus, extract of seed and flower indicate good antidiabetic activity along with significant effect on fasting blood glucose level. α - amylase and α - glucosidase enzymes hydrolyze α -glucosidase linkage in polysaccharide which results in sudden rise in blood glucose level which can lead to hyperglycaemia¹¹. Therapeutic strategy from plant extract to inhibit the α -amylase and α -glucosidase can be a potential way in treating diabetes mellitus¹². Therefore in this study seed, peel, flower methanolic extract of Musa balbisiana were evaluated for their ability of inhibiting α –amylase, α -glucosidase enzymes. The α -amylase and α -glucosidase inhibition potential of seed extract is an important therapeutic ability for correction of postprandial hyperglycaemia⁵. This inhibition mechanism was studied further by analysis of total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the extracted sample. The total phenolic content of stem, peel, flower, seed is presented in Table 1 where the good amount of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content was expressed by flower methanolic extract 64.5±1.2mg equi./Gallic acid/g dw and 152.42±0.5mg equi./Quer/g dw respectively and seed methanolic extract 33.88 ±0.5mg equi./Gallic acid/g dw and 38.1±1.1mg equi./Quer/g dw respectively. Good phenol content in extract can have significant role in inhibition of α-glucosidase¹³ and α -amylase therefore such inhibitory activity of seed extract can have a potential role in dietary management in controlling postprandial blood glucose level¹⁴. The intestinal digestive enzymes like alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase also plays a vital role in the carbohydrate metabolism¹⁵. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with the highest rates of prevalence and mortality worldwide¹⁶. Many studies have reported that medicinal plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substance of different composition, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of these plants^17-23. Also, it helps in preventing the progression of various metabolic diseases, medicinal plants play very important role²⁴. Musa balbisiana colla is one among the natural food which posses antioxidant activity. The results of the study showed that Musa balbisiana colla seed and flower is a potential antidiabetic which was revealed by the presence of inhibitory activity of it on α- amylase and α-glucosidase which validates its potential.

CONCLUSION:

The study has illustrated the methanolic extract of Musabalbisiana colla seed and flowers possess antidiabetic activity. The Musa balbisiana colla seed and flower has antidiabetic potential resulting in lower blood glucose level after 8^th day which could be due to its inhibitory potential on α-amylase and α- glucosidase enzymes. Thus, further investigations are required to establish its other therapeutic potential of different parts of the plant.

FORMATTING OF FUNDED SOURCES:

Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India

ABBREVIATIONS:

STZ- Streptozotocin; i/p-Intraperitoneal; FBG-Fasting blood glucose; VC-Vehicle control; DC-Diabetic control; Std- Diabetic standard.

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Received on 29.04.2022 Modified on 28.12.2022

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(12):5667-5670.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00916