INTRODUCTION:

Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is a medicinal plant that can be used as feed additive for livestock. Parts of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) such as leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, and roots can be used and generally called as meniran herbs¹. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) contains bioactive compounds includingflavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, saponin, and tannin². Due to of these compounds, meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is useful for improving animal’s health and production.

This plant is efficacious as a natural antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulator that will increase the components of the immune system and improve the function of the impaired immune system³. Flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins exhibit immunomodulatory activitythat effects immune response. Immune response is related to lymphoid organs, including the spleen. The administration of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract is expected to have a good effect on the spleen and immune system^4,5.

The constraint in the application of plant extracts is that they have low solubility in the intestinal system so the absorption in the blood plasma is low⁶. Particle size reduction into smaller pieces causes bioactive compounds to be absorbed easily and directly by cells⁷. Efforts to optimizing the utilization of plant extracts’s contents, it is necessary to create and use new formulation to improve solubility, stability, bioavailability, and focuses on effectiveness of plant extract in simple applications. Nanotechnology usually used to examine the effectiveness of these simple applications⁸. Nanotechnology has been developed as anew carrier system of herbal medicinal ingredients, so they can help to increaseabsorption and penetration of herbal bioactive compounds through biological membranes⁹. If the content of bioactive compounds present in meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is quickly absorbed by the body, this can affect the intake level of feed consumption and increase body weight of livestock that eventually lead to the efficiency of feed use for livestock growth, the spleen is an organ that has vital function on immune system due to its participation in immune regulation and eventually will reflects the immune status of the poultry that immune enhancement due to immunomodulators.

Understanding the roles of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) as immunomodulator and utilization of nanotechnology for making new formulation of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract may help to improve the productivity of livestock. Therefore, this study’s aim was to investigate the effect of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal as phytogenic feed additive for natural growth supporter on performance of broiler chickens.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

Ethics:

This entire series of this study was carried out properly in accordance with ethics in using experimental animals and was approved by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University (Ethical No.: 2.KE.142.08.2018).

Preparation of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal:

Simplicia of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is macerated with 96% methanol and soaked and stirred once a day forthree days.Then, the liquid was filtered using flannel cloth. The filtrate obtained from the maceration process is thickened using rotary evaporator at 50℃ temperatures to obtain thick extract. After that, the obtained extract then was diluted into 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations with 0.5% CMC-Na⁷. Each dose of meniran extract was taken 15ml and added to 300grams of minerals that contained amino acids and multivitamins. Furthermore, the synthesis of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal that was used in this studywas carried out using a top-down milling method. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal for each treatment: 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations, mixed in feed with a ratio of 1kg of meniran extract nano herbal in 1 ton of feed.

Characterization of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal:

The characterization used PSA, SEM and TEM. The characterization by PSA was starting by dissolving the specimen in 3ml of acetic acid. Then the solution is put into a tube with a maximum height of 15mm. Then the diameter distribution of the specimen was measured using the VASCO Nano Particle Analyzer. This examination was carried out based on the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method using the Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments). The characterization by PSA was starting by placing specimen on the butt using a double-sided tape. The powders were conditioned to be electrically conductive with a thin layer of platinum beam from the coating for 30 seconds at pressure below 2 Pa and current strength of 30mA. Photographs were taken at electron voltage of 10kV at the desired magnification. The characterization by TEM was starting by placing the sample on a very thin gold grid, then in a vacuum tube the electrons will go to the sample which will analyse the sample size at a magnification of 500-10000x^2,7.

Application of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal in treatment groups of broiler chickens:

Feed adaptation was carried out from chickens aged 14 days to 21 days by giving meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal to the treatment groups in stages as much as 250g, 500g to 1kg in 1 ton of feed.The treatment groups were given meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal in concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20% through feed with a ratio of 1kg of meniran extract nano herbal: 1 ton of feed starting from chickens at 22 days to 35 days old.

The treatments given to groups of broiler chickens are as follows:

T0: group of broiler chickenswhose feed was given 0.5% CMC-Na^.

T1: group of broiler chickens whose feed was given 5% concentration of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal.

T2: group of broiler chickens whose feed was given 10% concentration of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal.

T3: group of broiler chickens whose feed was given 20% concentration of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal.

Data collection:

Measurement of germinal center of spleenic white pulp

Histopathological examination of the spleen was carried out 5 fields of view each.Histopathological changes observed in the form of the diameter of germinal center of spleenic white pulp with a magnification of 100X using a Nikon Eclipse microscope. The results obtained were later on average. The diameter of germinal center of spleenic white pulp is calculated by the formula¹⁰:

Max tranverse diameter + Max perpendicular diameter

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Feed Consumption:

Calculation of feed consumption was by reducing the amount of feed given to the remaining feed. Data on feed consumption during the treatment was carried out by sum up the feed consumption from the beginning of the treatment (chicken aged 22 days) to the end of the treatment (chicken aged 35 days). The formula for calculating feed consumption is:

Feed condumption_(g)=

Feed given_(g)- Remaining feed_(g)

Body Weight Gain

Data on body weight gain during treatment was obtained from the chickens’ body weight at the end of the treatment (35 days old chickens) minus chickens’ body weight at the beginning of the treatment (22 days old chickens). The formula for calculating body weight gain is:

Body weight gain(g) =

Final body weight(g) – Initial body weight (g)

Feed Conversion Ratio

Feed conversion ratio is the ratio between feed consumption and body weight gain. Calculation of feed conversion ratio was carried out when data on feed consumption and body weight gain had been obtained. The formula for calculating feed conversion ratio is:

Cumulative amount of feed consumption (g)

Feed conversion= -----------------------------------------------------

ratio Body weight gain(g)

Performance Index

Performance index is a number that shows the success rate of broiler chickens production in one period. Performance index is influenced by, among others, FCR, mortality, and especially weight and age of harvest. The smaller the age of harvest with high weight then the performance index will be better.

Statistical analysis:

The data was statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test and then continued with the Duncan’s test using SPSS 26 for windows.

RESULT:

Characterization of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal:

Based on the obtained result from the characterization of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal, the PSA showed that the size of nano herbal was 402 nm. The SEM and TEM showed that the morphology of the nano herbal was amorf. The result of PSA, SEM and TEM can be seen on Figure 1.

Germinal center diameter of spleenic white pulp:

The average germinal center diameter of splenic white pulp of broiler chickens given meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) extract nano herbal can be seen in Table 1 and Figure 2. The results can be seen in Figure 2 which shows that the highest average white pulp diameter was in the T1 compared to the T2 and T3 groups.

Table 1: Average germinal centre diameter of spleenic white pulp given meniran extract nanoparticles (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) dosage range

Group	Average (μm)±SD
T0	155,34^a± 8,25
T1	207,49^b±16,27
T2	207,31^b±8,65
T3	177,12^a±13,48

*Different superscripts in the same column show significant differences (p<0,05).

SD = Standard deviation

Figure 2: Histopathological overview of germinal centre diameter of spleenic white pulp given a meniran extract nanoparticles (Phyllanthus niruri linn.) H&E staining 100x image magnification using a nikon eclipse microscope.

Feed Consumption:

The feed consumption of the three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) until chicken aged 35 days old showed an increase. Observation from time to time, the amount of feed consumption of T2 was the lowest compared to T1 and T3(p<0.05). On the other hand, T3 has the highest amount of feed consumption compared to the other two treatments (p<0.05). Table 2 and Figure 3 show that the administration of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal at 5% concentration resulted in the best feed consumption rate among other treatments.

Figure 3: Average of feed consumption of broiler chicken given meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal

Table 2: Average of feed consumption of broiler chickens given meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal

Chicken’s age (days old)	Feed consumption
	T0		T1		T2		T3
	`X ±SD		`X ±SD		`X ±SD		`X ±SD
22	105.00	± 0.94^c	103.30	± 1.49^b	80.20	± 1.14^a	105.20	± 0.79^c
23	205.80	± 2.25^c	190.90	± 1.52^b	157.00	± 1.63^a	206.40	± 2.27^c
24	314.20	± 3.05^c	296.20	± 1.62^b	252.50	± 2.22^a	314.20	± 2.86^c
25	445.80	± 2.82^c	409.90	± 2.23^b	359.70	± 2.83^a	446.10	± 2.81^c
26	580.30	± 2.83^c	531.10	± 2.23^b	467.50	± 3.21^a	580.20	± 3.26^c
27	840.00	± 3.86^c	771.00	± 2.75^b	697.10	± 2.88^a	839.90	± 3.60^c
28	973.20	± 3.88^c	898.90	± 2.51^b	832.00	± 2.98^a	974.00	± 3.74^c
29	1103.40	± 3.66^c	1041.30	± 2.95^b	969.80	± 3.08^a	1105.50	± 4.09^c
30	1276.40	± 2.72^c	1200.10	± 2.92^b	1107.50	± 2.72^a	1275.40	± 3.86^c
31	1452.00	± 3.37^c	1350.40	± 3.75^b	1254.40	± 2.80^a	1451.80	± 3.79^c
32	1600.60	± 3.41^c	1492.00	± 3.46^b	1398.70	± 3.86^a	1601.80	± 3.55^c
33	1778.00	± 2.87^c	1646.30	± 3.40^b	1544.50	± 3.75^a	1778.70	± 3.56^c
34	1940.50	± 3.27^c	1794.70	± 3.83^b	1720.20	± 3.49^a	1938.80	± 3.55^c
35	2110.80	± 3.62^c	1943.90	± 4.46^b	1933.10	± 4.01^a	2113.90	± 4.20^c

*Different superscripts in the same column show significant differences (p<0,05).

SD =Standard deviation

Body weight gain:

Bodyweight gain, in general, until the end of the study showed an increase in three treatments. Unlike the number of feed consumption, body weight gain that was observed from time to time varies in the sense that bodyweight gain of one treatment is not always the highest compared to other treatments. The body weight gain of broiler chickens aged 22 days to 35 days oldfrom T3 relativelywas bigger than the other two treatments (p < 0.05), except when chickensaged 32 days and 33 days old. When broiler chickens aged 32 days old, the bodyweight gain of T3 was not significantly different from the other two treatments (p>0.05), but when broiler chickens aged 33 days old, it was lower compared to T1 but still higher than T2(p<0.05).

When broiler chickens aged 22 days to 27 days old, body weight gain of T2 was the lowest compared to the other two treatments (p<0.05), but until chickens aged 28 days oldthe body weight gain of T2 exceeded T1. When broiler chickens aged 32 days old, the bodyweight gain ofT2 was not significantly different from the other two treatments (p>0.05), but when broiler chickens aged 33 to 35 days old, T2 was the lowest compared to other two treatments (p<0.05).

Bodyweight gain value on T1, from chickens aged 22 days to 27 days old, lies between body weight gain ofT1 and T3, it is higher than T2 but lower than T3(p < 0.05). Furthermore, body weight gain onT1 from chickens aged 28 days until 31 days old was the lowest compared to other two treatments (p<0.05), but on the following day, chickens aged 32 days old, it was not significantly different from the other two treatments (p>0.05). T1 gain highest body weight gain compared other two treatments (p<0.05), but the following day the body weight gain value of T1 chickens aged 34 days and 25 days old lies between body weight gain of T1 and T3, it is higher than T2 but lower than T3(p< 0.05). Table 3 and Figure 4 show the outcome of administration of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbalon average body weight gain of broiler chickens.

Table 3: Average body weight gain of broiler chickens given meniran (Phyllanthus niruri linn)extract nano herbal

Chicken’s age (days old)	Body weight gain
	T0		T1		T2		T3
	`X ±SD		`X ±SD		`X ±SD		`X ±SD
22	109.50	± 14.89^c	61.40	± 3.66^b	10.00	± 2.67^a	105.30	± 11.94^c
23	158.40	± 6.62^c	143.20	± 3.15^b	57.60	±10.73^a	156.90	± 6.28^c
24	218.10	± 3.41^c	163.20	± 2.90^b	111.10	± 3.84^a	216.00	±2.98^c
25	281.60	± 4.43^c	256.30	± 2.11^b	172.50	± 2.59^a	280.20	± 4.44^c
26	348.40	± 1.90^c	326.20	± 1.75^b	237.70	± 2.11^a	347.30	± 1.70^c
27	434.80	± 2.25^c	406.30	± 1.49^b	321.10	± 1.97^a	434.10	± 3.21^c
28	521.00	± 1.83^c	487.20	± 1.93^a	492.50	± 3.72^b	521.90	± 2.69^c
29	522.60	± 2.63^c	487.20	± 1.93^a	492.50	± 3.72^b	521.90	± 2.69^c
30	616.90	± 1.66^c	570.20	± 2.25^a	582.50	± 1.18^b	616.50	± 1.65^c
31	714.70	± 3.34^c	666.20	± 2.97^a	680.50	± 1.65^b	713.90	± 3.63^c
32	815.40	± 3.75^a	804.70	± 2.36^a	802.20	± 0.79^a	814.60	± 3.50^a
33	925.30	± 2.08^b	963.80	± 1.87^c	880.80	± 1.75^a	921.40	± 4.35^b
34	1151.50	± 2.63^c	1130.10	± 3.51^b	1079.50	± 3.95^a	1151.20	± 2.25^c
35	1281.00	± 1.33^c	1260.30	± 1.16^b	1216.90	± 5.51^a	1280.80	± 1.93^c

*Different superscripts in the same column show significant differences (p<0,05).

SD =Standard deviation

Table 4: Average feed conversion ratio of broiler chickengivenmeniran extract nanoparticles (Phyllanthus niruri Linn)

Chicken’s age (days old)	Feed conversion ratio
	T0		T1		T2		T3
	`X ±SD		`X ±SD		`X ±SD		`X ±SD
22	0.93	± 0.10^b	1.69	±0.08^a	8.63	± 2.74^a	1.01	± 0.10^b
23	1.31	± 0.05^b	1.40	±0.28^a	2.87	± 0.87^a	1.32	± 0.05^b
24	1.44	± 0.03^b	1.09	±1.41^a	2.27	± 0.07^a	1.45	± 0.03^b
25	1.58	± 0.02^b	1.60	±0.02^a	2.09	± 0.03^c	1.59	± 0.02^b
26	1.67	± 0.02^b	1.63	±0.01^a	1.97	± 0.02^c	1.67	± 0.01^b
27	1.93	± 0.01^b	1.90	±0.01^a	2.17	± 0.01^c	1.93	± 0.01^b
28	1.86	± 0.01^c	1.85	±0.01^b	1.69	± 0.01^a	1.87	± 0.01^c
29	2.11	± 0.02^b	2.14	±0.01^c	1.97	± 0.02^a	2.12	± 0.01^b
30	2.06	± 0.01^c	2.10	±0.01^c	1.90	± 0.01^a	2.07	± 0.01^c
31	2.03	± 0.01^b	2.03	±0.01^b	1.84	± 0.01^a	2.03	± 0.01^b
32	1.97	± 0.01^c	1,85	±0.00^b	1.76	± 0.14^a	1.97	± 0.01^c
33	1.92	± 0.01^c	1.71	±0.01^a	1.75	± 0.01^b	1.93	± 0.01^c
34	1.68	± 0.00^c	1.59	±0.00^a	1.59	± 0.00^b	1.68	± 0.01^c
35	1.65	± 0.00^c	1.54	±0.00^a	1.59	± 0.01^b	1.65	± 0.00^c

* Different superscripts in the same column show significant differences (p<0,05).

SD = Standard deviation

Figure 5: Average feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens given meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal

Table 5: Average Performance Index (IP) of Broilers Given Meniran Extract Nanoparticles (Phyllanthus niruri Linn)

Chicken’s age (days old)	Performance Index
	T0		T1		T2		T3
	`X ±SD		`X ±SD		`X ±SD			`X ±SD
22	434.98	± 52.94^a	224.76	± 11.52^b	44.16	± 11.37^c		399.62	± 48.86^d
23	323.36	± 13.58^b	314.79	± 10.76^b	138.61	± 27.25^a		320.59	± 15.68^b
24	311.07	± 7.72^c	240.95	± 17.84^b	176.43	± 6.46^a		308.24	± 6.78^c
25	302.96	± 5.65^c	291.89	± 3.98^b	205.64	± 3.70^a		300.39	± 5.47^c
26	306,57	± 2.12^b	305.98	± 2.31^b	233.13	± 3.23^a		304.40	± 2.78^b
27	284.22	± 1.52^c	281.95	± 1.20^b	228.67	± 1.86^a		282.95	± 2.11^{b c}
28	316.60	± 2.13^b	310.15	± 1.85^a	339.86	± 3.75^c		314.96	± 2.96^b
29	298.60	± 1.45^b	285.28	± 1.37^a	312.31	± 2.29^c		297.93	± 2.07^b
30	326.02	± 1.34^b	310.20	± 0.99^a	346.71	± 1.38^c		326.38	± 1.34^b
31	354.67	± 2.07^a	353.18	± 1.54^a	388.23	± 19.71^b		354.35	± 2.23^a
32	390.16	± 2.25^a	400.68	± 1.15^a	430.02	± 42.60^b		389.43	± 2.34^a
33	398.97	± 1.88^a	461.68	± 1.51^c	428.31	± 1.49^b		398.39	± 2.76^a
34	520.05	± 1.49^a	544.18	± 2.84^c	528.03	± 3.20^b		518.85	± 2.04^a
35	564.08	± 1.37^a	599.56	± 1.87^c	568.66	± 3.34^b		564.55	± 1.70^a

* Different superscripts in the same column show significant differences (p<0,05).

SD = Standard deviation

Figure 6: Average performance index (PI) of broiler chickensgiven meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano-herbal

DISCUSSION:

Based on the study that has been conducted, meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal was 402 nm. This is in accordance with study that has been conducted by Madureira et al.¹¹, nanoparticles with particle size in the range 300–600 nmexhibiting a moderate stability.Nanotechnology is one of the critical research efforts to manipulate the physical, chemicaland biological properties of particles, thus encouraging the use of nanoparticles as drug delivery agents¹². The application of herbs in form of nano-sized delivery system allows delivery of herbs’ substances on the level that required by the body during the treatment period, improve the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic agents and right at the site of action in organ^13,14.

The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that responds to stress stimulation, antigens and degrades old blood cells. The spleenic white pulp serves as a place for the production of antibodies as well as a place for maturation of lymphoid cells T, B and macrophages. Lymphoid cells that play an active role in immunity proliferate in the germinal center. A decrease in the number of lymphocytes and macrophages in the white pulp results in a decrease in the diameter of the white pulp which results in a decrease in the function of the immune system¹⁵. Stress on poultry that can caused by infection, nutrition, age, environment and temperature can make changes in plasma concentrations of corticosterone and ACTH that affect lymphoid tissue. Oxidative stress makes the amount of free radicals higher than antioxidants, causing a decrease in lymphocyte cell proliferation, leading to a decrease in productivity¹⁷.

Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Lin) contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins that work as immunomodulators. Flavonoids have function as immunomodulators that can improve the immunity. Flavonoids can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages in the spleen to reduce damage toward visceral organs caused by pathogens. The specific immune response of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) can increase T lymphocyte cell proliferation, increase the secretion of TNFα, IFNγ, IL-4, and reduce IL-2 and also IL-10 secretion. For humoral immunity, meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) can increase the production of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG)^17,18.

Based on this study, T1 group showed the highest result in feed consumption, body weight gain and performance index. This is in line with the largest germinal center in T1 compared the other two treatments.This result showed that the larger the size of germinal center of spleenic white pulp show the immunomodulation activity of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) In addition to the modulation effect, meniran also acts as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant¹⁹. Spleen plays important role in embryonic lymphoiesis, B cell progenitor and become secondary lymphoid organ that provided an indisipensable microenvironment for interactions between lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells as the chicken is hatch. Spleen consists of periarteriolar lymhoid sheats (PALS) and periellipsoid lymphoid sheats (PELS). Germinal centers located at bifurcation of arteries, at the origin of the PALS. Germinal centers consist of T cells, B cells and macrophages²⁰. Present of germinal center indicates spleen role in B cell maturation²¹.

The larger the size of germinal center of the spleenic white pulp signals the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages proliferation. Lymphocyte proliferation stimulates phagocytic cells so that phagocytic activity increases²². Th1 cells stimulated the release of IL-2 which intensified lymphocyte proliferation. Flavonoids also stimulate APC to activate IL-12 and IL-1 so that Th1 activation occurs. Activation of Th1 cells activates the exit of IL-2 and TNF α. TNF α activates Th2 cells. Th2 cells activate the exit of IL-2, IL5, IL-6. IL-13, IL-10. This interleukin production activates B cells and plasma cells. Saponins have the ability to induce protooncogene which plays a role in cell proliferation and production so as to trigger the production of mitogen signals which results in the activation of IL-2/lymphocyte growth factor¹⁹. Flavonoids can increase the number of active macrophages. The increase in lymphokine activity produced by T cells stimulates macrophage cells to carry out a phagocytic response and lymphocyte proliferation. Flavonone content in the form of astragalin in Phyllanthus niruri Linn causes an increase in the number of macrophages^23-37.

There is a decrease in diameter of germinal center of spleenic white pulp in the T3 group,tannins can reduce the diameter of the germinal center of spleenic white pulp of native chickens due to the suppression of lymphoid organs so that the activity of lymphoid organs is decrease. Flavonoids also play role to inhibit the proliferation of lymphocyte cells, reducing the production of NO and CD14 surface makers also reduce the production of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins, leukotrein, nitric oxide (NO) by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2 cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase as well as nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Inhibition in inflammatory factors inhibits the proliferation of macrophages. A decreased on T3 also show the higher dose of flavonoid can caused lack of effectiveness of flavonoid as immumodulator agent itself. This is due to the immunomodulatory activation in meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) that took effect when broiler chicken were first given meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nanoparticles (aged 22 days old) until broiler chicken were 27 days old. After that, the graphic of performance was stagnant as it was not as effective as when broiler chickens were aged under 27 days old.

CONCLUSION:

A highestspleenic germinal centar was found in group of broiler chickens with 5% concentration of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal in their feed. This affected the performance of broiler chickens, as the 5% concentration of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nano herbal showed the best result on broiler chicken performance, with its peak when broiler chickens were 27 days old.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

We are grateful to Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, our research members and all those who participated in this project.

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Received on 16.11.2022 Modified on 11.12.2022

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(11):5198-5206.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00843

Potential of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) Extract Nano Herbal as Immunomodulator and Phytogenic Feed Additive for Natural Growth Supporter on Spleenic Germinal Centre and Performance in Animal Model

Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum¹*, Sri Hidanah¹, Soeharsono², Dahliatul Qosimah³,

Sylvia Anggraini⁴, TasyaAmelia Anantha⁴

¹Animal Husbandry Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.

⁴Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Potential of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) Extract Nano Herbal as Immunomodulator and Phytogenic Feed Additive for Natural Growth Supporter on Spleenic Germinal Centre and Performance in Animal Model

Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum1*, Sri Hidanah1, Soeharsono2, Dahliatul Qosimah3,

Sylvia Anggraini4, TasyaAmelia Anantha4

1Animal Husbandry Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.

4Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum¹*, Sri Hidanah¹, Soeharsono², Dahliatul Qosimah³,

Sylvia Anggraini⁴, TasyaAmelia Anantha⁴

¹Animal Husbandry Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.

⁴Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.