Accumulation of heavy metals in fish and their impacts on human health: A Systematic Literature Review

 

Samar Aarabi, Oussama Chauiyakh, Oumaima Ninich, Kamal Kettani, Aziz Et-tahir

Materials, Energy and Acoustics Team, High School of Technology Sale,

Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco Samar.

 

ABSTRACT:

Fish is the most preferred and consumed food by humans because it is a source of protein, vitamins and energy with low fat and calorie content. The risks of chemical contamination of foods for human health are recognized as one of the most important issues related to the consumption of aquatic foods, especially the toxicity associated with contamination by dangerous chemicals. The risk of this toxicity increases their dangers globally and at a remarkable trend. The development projects whose estuaries have been the subject of several studies since the middle of the last century because of their impact on the environment, in addition, the profound modification which has modified not only the geometry of the estuaries, but also natural hydrological and sedimentological processes. The objective of our research work is to study the impact of these development projects in estuaries (Bouregreg estuary as an example) on the accumulation of heavy metals in fish of aquatic origin. These studies were largely carried out within the framework of guaranteeing health safety on the one hand for fish and on the other hand for human beings.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION: 

Metals are present in the aquatic environment due to both natural processes and human activities¹. In the context of anthropogenic activities, metal concentrations could be increased by rapid industrialization and urbanization on the one hand², on the other hand the massive exploitation of agricultural land use which could also be associated to influence on land runoff³.

 

We took as a first example, the environmental problem due to heavy metals that occurred, from 1952⁴, a few kilometers from the Japanese fishing port of Minimata⁵. Untiltime unknown disease (Minimata disease) appeared and quickly became an epidemic and was found to be due to organomercuric compounds⁶.

 

The detection and determination of these heavy metals is therefore of considerable importance not only to establish their potentially negative influence on ecosystems⁷ but also the impact on the human community⁸.

 

From an economic point of view, the estuary represents a traditionally very active fishing area⁹. In oceanic coastal regions¹⁰, heavy metals are generally naturally present in the sea, especially in river estuaries¹¹. Some of them are even essential for the growth and development of any aquatic species¹². Currently additional amounts of metals can be various in the environment¹³. These come from industrial activity linked to high-density urban areas¹⁴.

 

The Bouregreg estuary which receives much polluted wastewater, loaded with metallic elements such as Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu or Fe¹⁵. Studies have been carried out on the waters, sediments and fauna of the Bouregreg estuary⁷, and clearly demonstrated high levels of heavy metals¹⁶.

 

 

 

Valley Bouregreg is the second important valley in Morocco, originates in the Middle Atlas at an altitude of 1627m. This basin is drained by three main hydrological arteries: Valley Bouregreg, Valley Grou and Valley Korifla, plus a large dam (Sidi Med Ben Abdellah) built a few kilometers before the estuary.

 

Valley Bouregreg on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, known for its significant ecological diversity, due to its reception of a large number of fauna species (invertebrates, fish, birds) and a diversified flora (phanerogams, algae), which are of great interest for Moroccan, Maghreb and Atlantic biodiversity¹⁷.

 

The Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah dam was built 24km upstream from the Bouregreg estuary. This completely disrupted the functioning of the ecosystem of the Bouregreg estuary. Since 2006, the Bouregreg estuary has recognized the Bouregreg valley development project, among these works the marina, the large Burj Mohammed VI, the extension of the Rabat-Salé tramway network and the large theater.

 

Figure 1: The map of the Bouregreg estuary and its location in Morocco QGIS

 

REVIEW METHODOLOGY:

In general, the SLR (Systematic Literature Review) is produced on the basis of scientific knowledge of literature in order to select, differentiate and analyze the specific studies published. The necessary measures are described, focusing on the potential prospects in relation to the problems posed¹¹. SLR was designed to summarize the state of the art of a heavy metals issue and the health impact on humans.

 

This study deals with a literature review on "The accumulation of heavy metals in fish and the health impact on humans" from journals indexed in several databases such as Scopus(figure 2).

 

Figure 2: Paper selection process

 

The selected articles were collected in the Zotero tool in order to recover their metadata. Then the article summaries with their metadata were exported from Zotero to Microsoft Excel software for analysis (Figure 3).

 

Figure 3: Methodological steps of the systematic literature review

 

MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUE:

a) Technical:

The fish are immediately kept in a cooler containing dry ice cubes to prevent the deterioration of its nature¹⁸. After preserving the samples, they must be classified and identified and then classified according to their sex¹⁹, species and size²⁰. In the laboratory, the samples were dissected using dissection aimed at then separating the muscle and liver tissues²¹. Liver tissue has been used to represent heavy metal storage in fish bodies, while muscle tissue is the edible part that serves as the main route of heavy metal exposure in humans⁸.

 

Fish samples (whole body or fish fillets) are thoroughly washed with purified distilled water²². The fish organisms were dissected and quickly removed and washed again with purified distilled water²³. A fillet of dorsal muscle, as well as the liver and the gonads are then taken from each individual, dried in the oven at 80° C. for about 24 hours. To constant weight²⁴, each sample is then packaged in a heat-sealed, numbered plastic bag, and then stored in the freezer at -18°C for subsequent analysis²⁵.

 

The determinations were all made within a period that did not exceed eighteen months of storage²⁶. The dried samples were homogenized by grinding before lyophilization in a porcelain mortar, wrapped with weighing paper and then stored in a desiccator for future analysis²⁷. Lyophilization of the tissues is done for 48–72 hours²⁸. After this process, samples were powdered using liquid nitrogen and a mortar and pestle²⁹. And finally the acid digestion procedure for the liquefaction of the samples consisted in digesting 100 mg of sample treated with 2ml of HNO3:H mixture. ClO3 for 3 hours in a Teflon reactor at 110°C³⁰.

 

b) Equipment:

To perform heavy metal analyzes in fish organisms, researchers use inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry³¹, others prefer to analyze samples using an atomic absorption spectrometry³⁰.

 

Data Analysis:

Bibliometric Analysis And Content Analyzed

                                                              
a) Articles at the international level:

The table below represents classification and comparative study between different articles at the international level.

 

Table 1: Articles at the international level

Species studied	study area	country	heavy metal results	Reference
Auxis thazard Brama japonica Coryphaena hippurus Kyphosus cinerascens Kyphosus lembus Scombermorus commersoni Thunnus albacora	Zhongsha (Macclesfield)	China	Cd                   Pb              Cr                 Cu             Zn(ng/g) 9.42±0.29   7.64±0.24   0.79±0.011   0.29±0.006   2.63±0.03   3.70±0.10  10.44±0.23  0.96±0.014  0.45± 0.005  4.59±0.05 0.52±0.02   9.69±0.33   1.03±0.014   0.38±0.005   3.73±0.05 3.56±0.10  23.21±0.72  1.08±0.018   1.13±0.017   6.88±0.08 1.57±0.04  16.43±0.46  0.93±0.021  0.68±0.012   5.23±0.12 1.57±0.05   5.91±0.11    0.82±0.015  0.37±0.007 4.24±0.09 0.67±0.03   13.39±0.29 1.26±0.025  0.21±0.003 5.11±0.07	30
Micropogoniasfurnieri : muscles liver Mugilliza: muscles liver	La Plata River Estuary	Argentina	Cd               Zn               Hg(ug/g)     ND.            20.5             0.11                                       3.13           44.3              0.13                                       0.34           48.8              0.40                                                      9.15           52.0              0.53	32
L. ramada	The Guadalquivir river	Spain	Cd          Cu           Fe             Pb                     Zn                              0.003     0.1-1.0    5.6-15.1     0.03-0.06         4.4-21.5	33
Solea senegalensis	Huel estuary	Spain	Zn             Cd                Pb                    Cu           As(mg/Kg)                 86.6±2.4   19.47±0.6    0.3197±0.05   31.27±1  10.27±0.5	34
Sillago Sihama Liza Parsia Etroplus Suratensis Oreochromis Mossambicus Arius Parkii Gerres Oyena	The Ennore stream	India	Fe             Cr         Cu          Pb          Zn          Cd(ug/g)                  6.69          1.09      6.99       0.97       3.81        0.06   11.318      1.944    7.052     1.116     3.86        0.084                                                  4.351        1.499     6.915    1.45       3.289      0.104                                              5.268        1.716     6.843    1.542     3.148     0.143                                                        7.818        2.037     8.051    1.516     11.353    0.114                                             3.706        1.746    8.113      1.387    4.021       0.126	35
Sea bream: Gills Liver Muscular Sole:          Gills Liver Muscular	Ria of Huelva	spain	Zn       Cd      Pb       Cu         As (mg kg−1) 97.52    0.10   3.68   9.96     11.17               230.45 4.24    1.58    394.26     7.13                                44.86    0.01    0.32      1.87      13.58                               73.70   0.56        4.52    11.90      13.82                  88.20    1.82    1.46   433.45     14.56                23.68    0.01    0.40    1.41      10.61	36
Flounder:  Liver                   Muscular Plaice:       Liver                   Muscular	French coasts between the eastern Channel and the southern bay of the North Sea	France	Cd                Cu           Mn         Pb(ug/g)       0.26±0.13   52.2±25.1   4.0±2.7     0.09±0.01 0.003±0.001 0.78±0.040.52±0.03  0.02±0.02 0.12±0.09    11.1±10.8 11.0±10.5 0.09±0.07 0.007±0.020 1.2±1.0     0.54±0.24   0.07±0.07	37
Platichthys flesus	severn estuary	England	Zn        Cd               Cu        (ppm) 203           5                      118	38
Anodontostoma chacunda                 Bélangerii Cynoglossures arel	Musa estuary (Gabrenakhoda)	Iran	Pb         Cd              Hg             As   (μg/kg) 0.018    0.001        0.065          0.515            0.027   0.005        0.684           0.483             0.012               0.001       0.299           3.348	39
Fundulus	New England	USA	As             Cd                  Hg              Pb(µg g´1) 23.3   114.8   44.2        85.8	40
Catla catla  Oreochromis nilotica  Labeo rohita	tropical wetlands	India	As               Cu            Hg             Zn((µg g-1) 0.82-1.22    2.10-5.20   0.14-0.51   22.88-41.00                                             BDL-1.02   4.95-8.91   0.14-0.70   34.03-71.98                                         BDL-0.73   3.97-7.51   0.15-0.72   31.71-92.70	41
salmonidé		USA	Cd       Cr          Cu         Fe           Pb((µg g-1) 0.391.50 10.54353.9   0.78	42
Tor macrolepis Glyptothorax stocki Cyprinus carpio Cirrhinus mrigala Schizothorax plagiostomus	the swat river	Pakistan	Pb      Cd   As         Cr         Cu(mg kg−1) 0.0282 0.019       0.0091  0.011      0.0035         0.00410.0076 0.0025 0.0031    0.005 0.083 0.097 0.018  0.020      0.0083 0.0150.008 0.0043 0.017      0.0052 0.0340.051 0.0098 0.072     0.0094	43
M.cephalus:                        Gills Liver Muscular	the Ennore estuary	Portugal	Cd                Cu          Pb                Zn   (µg g-1) 2,856 ± 0,25   5,598±0,74   5,253±0,59    8,058±0,96 3,146±0,398 6,068±0,94   4,334±0,4957,467±0,895 0,953±0,12     3,346±0,56   1,15±0,23    4,132±0,46	44
Micropogonias furnieri	Guanabara Bay          Sepetiba Bay  Ilha Grande Bay Conceicao Lagoon	Brazil	Hg(ngg-1) 103.0±58.6 77.3±68.0 89.2±93.1 130.2±69.1	45
P.flesus    S. solea	Scheldt estuary	Belgium	As            Cd          Cr          Cu              Zn(μg/g) 8.83/1.57   -/233    285/190   1996/587     2270/801 10.2/5.37 730/70.5 320/193 2651/1075   3970/2660	46
Gobiidae Percichthyidae	The Tsurumi River Estuary	Japan	Cr               Cu                Mn               Zn(ppm) 0.48±0.07  2.97±1.81  0.95±0.16   14.55±0.69 0.71±0.06    1.36±0.11     0.51±0.072   0.44±1.92	47
H.nehereus                      O. lacepedii	la côte médiane du Zhejiang	China	As        Cd    Cu        Pb      Zn  (μg/g) 0.325  0.007   0.101    0.009    2.628 1.110  0.006  0.234   0.014   3.947	48
Paraneetroplus synspilus                     Theraps heterospilus   Paraneetroplus bifasciatus                astyanax aeneus                        Rocio octofasciata Batrachoides goldmani	a tropical estuarine lagoon	Mexico	Cd          Cr        Pb                  Zn(mg/kg) 0.14±0.34 0.46±0.71    24.29±4.20     0.46±0.79 18.69±3.11   0.33±0.74  0.65±1.46       28.06±7.35 0.41±0.82 0.81±1.63     28.59±8.38     0.18±0.45 0.33±0.80     34.66±20.65  0.55±0.78    0.98±0.38 60.19±11.12  12±0.27    0.24±0.47      0.15± 0.66	49

 

 

Analysis of The Results Obtained:

a) Distribution of articles by country:

Although researchers around the world have focused on the topic of heavy metal accumulation in fish and the impact of fish consumption on human health(figure 4), we can clearly distinguish that this topic is of interest to developed countries as well as developing countries.

 

 

 

Figure 4: represents the most published pay of articles

b) Authors who have published more in this topic:

According to the studies that have been done, the authors that have published the large number of articles in the world are(figure 5), the German author B. Sures, followed by the Indian S. Mahboob and F. Yilmaz his results compatible with the classification countries with the highest scientific output.

 

 

Figure 5: representation of the most cited authors in the articles

c) The contribution of the authors:

To visualize the relationships between the authors of the 1205 articles in Scopus, a network of co-citation of cited authors is presented in (Figure 6), the minimum citation is set at 20.

 

 

Figure 6: The co-citation network of cited authors

 

d) Analysis of the number of publications:

The analysis of the metadata of each article, allowed us to collect the years of publication of the articles and to produce a flowchart below (figure 7), which shows that the number of publications since 1984 follows an increasing function. From 1984 to 2021, the number of publications in our research theme does not exceed 4 articles per year, this number begins to increase annually until it reaches 118 articles in 2020 and 132 articles in 2021.

 

Figure 7: Represents the number of articles published by year

 

CONCLUSION:

In this study, we dealt with the chemical contamination of estuaries by heavy metals, after an analysis of journals, articles and theses within the framework of the global research of trends that threaten living beings, its research results were obtained throughout the period from 1981 to 2021.

 

 

English was the dominant language of estuarine pollution research. Along with the development, estuarine pollution research grew steadily and began to increase significantly in the 1980s. This could predict that the number of scientific publications related to estuarine pollution research would further increase quickly in the future.It has been noticed that several articles published in the field of Eco-toxicology have chosen the journal (Research journal of pharmacy and technology) in their research work, especially in the Scopus database.

 

The first authors and most collaborative articles correspond to researchers from the United States. Meanwhile, China has shown a rapid growth rate and finally ranked 2nd in 2010. In addition, heavy metals in fish are favored as a bio-indicator of pollution degree, especially for fish.

 

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Accepted on 04.10.2022           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(1):209-214.