INTRODUCTION:

The first ever case of Corona Virus Pneumonia was reported on 8^th December 2019 in Hubei Province of Wuhan China. The virus was believed to be transferred from seafood market and subsequently the causative agent was identified as SARS-COV-2^1,2,3,4,5.

This was soon followed by further cases and has currently affected all countries round the globe. SARS-COV-2 pandemic has numerous psychological consequences and is associated with increase in negative mental states, anxiety, fear, emptiness and depression which severely compromise the mental health of individuals⁶. The worries about their health and the health of relatives as a result of possible infection cause severe mental consequences. Difficulties in understanding the situation arising from the SARS-COV-2 pandemic determine the lack of real knowledge and uncertainty about the nature of the infection, their inconsistency, inaccuracy, many options for the development of events and inability to control them. Beside this, prediction of their perception as a situation of uncertainty that launches specific psychological mechanisms of meaning formation and semantic regulation mental states and experiences are real challenges⁷.

At the same time, there is a risk of developing mental illness arising during a pandemic, due to psychosocial factors including frequency and degree of interactions with virus infected individuals, fear about spread of infection to family, insufficient availability of testing and medical care tools, social distancing, home confinement, quarantine and loneliness⁸. Beside, increased work load, violation of personal freedoms, media reports and the uncertainty surrounding are among the key factors for development psychological issues. Further, during the pandemic, psychiatric symptoms may appear that do not necessarily reach the level of mental illness, which can manifest itself as full-blown anxiety, depressive disorders, insomnia and post-traumatic stress disorder^9,10.

Working with such mechanisms is necessary to develop effective ways to provide effective psychological assistance to the population in a situation of uncertainty caused by pandemics of various etiologies. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in China, research has become popular on the problems that humanity first faced. In a very short period of time, articles were published in the International Systems containing the results of the first studies of the problems associated with the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, or SARS-CoV-2. At the end of March 2020, a search for publications using the keywords "COVID-19" on the Google Scholar platform found more than 10,000 publications on the medical, psychological and economic problems caused by the pandemic. Sciencedirect.com has identified more than 16,000 such publications, and more than 18,000 planned publications on the international preprint site^11,12.

Most of the works found on the network are devoted to the mental health of various categories of citizens: medical workers, infected patients, children and adolescents, the disabled, the elderly, people with various chronic diseases. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the mental state of citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic¹³.

Several authors published on the psychological aspects of SARS-COV-2 pandemic. For instance, some studies on the potential psychological problems among the population of Wuhan and throughout China. Authors concluded that the announcement of strict quarantine measures at the epicenter of the disease in China led to an increase in panic among the population, stress, anxiety, and obsessive-phobic disorders. Likewise, some studies on a random sample of 922 participants found that about 18,3% had problems with mental health^14,15,16. According to F. Glowacz and E. Schmits, more than half of the adult population suffer from depression and anxiety^17,18. In a review on SARS-COV-2, the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among the population of the Afro-Asian region¹⁹. Likewise, several researchers reported the effect of SARS-COV-2 on negative mental states, negative correlation with personality characteristics such as tolerance to uncertainty, anxiety and depression^20,21,22,23.

In modern psychology, the issues of understanding, and understanding of situations, have been studied very little and psychological knowledge about the patterns of understanding, mechanisms and facts of the emergence and formation of semantic formations in relation to specific situations is extremely limited^24,25. Usually, understanding is associated with the ability of a person to comprehend something and is interpreted in its most general form as a cognitive process of comprehension. Perception of the situation, its interpretation, understanding, endowed with a certain meaning, are the sources of its cognitive assessment. According to the theories of semantic regulation of mental states, mental states are the result of subjective semantic perception of the situation^{26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33}. In connection with the above, we conducted a study aimed at identifying the nature and characteristics of the influence of the cognitive assessment of the situation associated with the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, its semantic perception on the mental states of people of working age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Objective of the study:

The current study was aimed to analyze the nature and characteristics of the SARS-COV-2 impact on the cognitive performance, pandemic associated mental states among different age working populations. Main objectives of the study were to characterize the features of the mental states, to appraise the impact of SARS-COV-2 pandemic on the emotional sphere of the participants, while taking into account the profiles of neurotic states at different ages. Correlation analysis were used to assess the mental state and situational semantic attitudes of the individual regarding the essence and nature of the current pandemic.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria:

The criteria for inclusion in the research project were the absence of infected people, the presence of a family, average and above average indicators of express diagnostics of a subjective assessment of life well-being. A total of 384 respondents completed the online survey.

Study design and protocol:

The study was conducted online. For its organization, research samples were formed, the respondents differed in age (the first group included persons aged 30 to 45; the second - from 46 to 61), their gender and working conditions (remote form of work, work as usual and the unemployed). We observed the mental states of the respondents and their situational semantic attitudes, as a result of the semantic perception of the situation caused by the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. The study was carried out using the questionnaire of neuropsychic stress and the clinical questionnaire to identify and assess neurotic states. The free association method was used to identify situational semantic attitudes, when respondents were asked to name an unlimited number of associations with the phrases " SARS-COV-2 ", "Pandemic restrictions", "I am in a COVID-19 pandemic situation", "I am after a pandemic".

Based on the research results obtained using the associative method, the author's questionnaire "Situational semantic attitudes" was developed, which allows to quantify the type of the prevailing situational attitude of the respondent. The first scale of the questionnaire - "Situational semantic attitudes regarding the nature and origin of COVID-19" - consists of 20 questions-statements. The respondent is asked to rate the degree of his agreement with them on a seven-point scale (from 0 to 7 points). Assertion questions reflect five basic semantic attitudes: adequate, conspiracy theories, mystical, religious, skeptical.

0 - 4 the setting is not expressed;

5 - 8 the setting is weak;

9 - 16 there is a tendency towards such an understanding;

17 - 23 the attitude is expressed;

24 - 28 the attitude is pronounced and prevails in the general understanding of the situation.

Data Analysis:

Interpretation of the research results was carried out using cluster analysis (semantic clustering), percentage distribution, calculation of the Spearman correlation coefficient.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Percentage distribution of level of neuropsychic stress:

More than one third of the temporarily unemployed respondents aged 46 to 61 have a high level of neuropsychic stress. In comparison with the group of younger respondents, in this group, a high level of neuropsychic stress is characteristic of a fairly large number of those who during the pandemic continued their work as usual (23.44%) at below the average level and 18.75% for high level. In the other group, on the contrary, among the working respondents the lowest percentage of those people who continued their work during the pandemic as usual were observed. Perhaps this fact indirectly testifies to the relationship between mental states and the meaning given to the pandemic by the respondents (Figure 1 and figure 2).

Figure 1. Percentage distribution of respondents aged 30 to 45 years by the level of neuropsychic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic (%, n = 64).

Results of the subsequent study confirm the conclusion about the presence of certain factors that determine the mental states of the individual in the situation of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. The pandemic has a negative impact on the emotional sphere of both people 46-61 years old and younger people. A suppressed emotional state, anxiety, fear in combination with increased irritability. On the contrary, apathy are the consequences of the negative impact of both anxiety about one's health and the threat of changing the usual way of life (Fig. 3).

Figure 2. Percentage distribution of respondents aged 46-61 by the level of neuropsychiatric stress during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic (%, n = 64).

Results of a comparative analysis of indicators for neuropsychic stress and neurotic states of persons of different ages indicate the presence of a dominant factor that causes a change in the emotional sphere of the individual during the COVID-19 pandemic. We considered the factor of situational semantic attitudes of the individual as the results of the primary response to information about SARS-COV-2 and their interpretation.

Figure 3. Profiles of neurotic states of persons of different ages during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic.

Situational semantic attitudes of the study participants working during pandemic:

Results of the cluster analysis of the associations given by the respondents to the phrase "COVID-19 pandemic" make it possible to distinguish five middle clusters. The first of them included such associations as "health", "health care", "prevention", "personal protective equipment", "Pneumonia", "care", "timeliness", "oxygen", "vaccine". Based on the lexical meanings of semantic units, we can say that such persons have adequate semantic attitudes regarding the essence and nature of COVID-19 as summarized in (Table 1).

The prevalence of adequate situational semantic attitudes regarding the essence and nature of COVID-19 negatively correlates with all scales of the questionnaires we have chosen, but reliable relationships were found only with indicators of neuropsychic stress (r = - 0.173; p< 0.01), anxiety (r = - 0.105; p< 0.05), neurotic depression (r = - 0.110; p< 0.05), asthenia (r = - 0.193; p< 0.001) and obsessive-phobic disorders (r = - 0.107; p< 0.05). Close positive relationships were found between indicators of conspiracy semantic attitudes and neuropsychic personality tension (r = 0.434; p< 0.001), and their neurotic states. The indicators of mystical semantic attitudes and the mental state of the individual are characterized by positive relationships. Conspiracy and mystical semantic attitudes, enhance the signs of uncertainty of the situation that arose in connection with the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, they increase the level of neuropsychic tension of the individual, causing the possibility of neurotic disorders.

The state of anxiety and depression is typical for many respondents during pandemics. This is evidenced by numerous studies conducted in different countries of the world during the current viral pandemic. Most people during a pandemic, being in a situation of uncertainty experiences negative emotions, which include boredom, apathy, anxiety, a sense of loneliness and confusion^34,35,36. A large number of people among them develop these symptoms due pandemic-induced loss of material support. As a result, tension, confusion, resentment are emotions that dominate among these groups. Individuals who were transferred to telecommuting during the pandemic, behave more calmly than those who were left without work or those who continued to work as usual^37,38,39,40.

In the current study, we observed that the deviation from the health border towards anxiety and the severity of obsessive-phobic disorders was due to situation uncertainty, inability to predict their future and losing their jobs. Anxiety for your health and the health of your loved ones, fear of getting sick, infecting others, a sense of danger, threats that are caused by instability and inconsistency reflect the emergence and development of neurotic states, states of depression and anxiety. The lowest values (the most deviating from health standards) on the scale of "Obsessive-phobic disorders" were recorded among people working normally during the pandemic. It should be noted that this research group included workers of the enterprise employed in production. This fact does not give us the right to believe that working conditions during a pandemic are the dominant factor in strengthening favorable mental states of the individual and that maintaining the usual work regime also determines the stability of his emotional sphere. Results of the comparative analysis indicated that the emergence and development of obsessive fears - fears of getting sick, fear of sudden death, fear of contracting an unknown and very dangerous infection is characteristic of people who continue to work as usual, rather than those in isolation.

The main factor determining the emergence of neuropsychic stress and neurotic states of the personality during a pandemic was the content of the situational semantic attitudes of the personality. Results of the study revealed the mechanism of the indirect influence of the semantic structures of the personality on its mental state during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. The mechanism of semantic regulation of mental states of the individual during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Understanding the situation is directly related to the process of making sense, which involves the process of transforming the information received and selectively comprehending them. In the presence of a large number of information sources, analysis mechanisms and the process of non-conscious movement of thought that arose in connection with new information are triggered. Conscious analysis of information is carried out through thinking and its operations -operations of comparison, juxtaposition, generalization, classifications and synthesis. The process of unconscious movement of thought, which arose after information, presupposes the refraction of information objects through the semantic structures of the personality, including concepts, categories and images. The result of conscious and unconscious thought processes is the reflection in the consciousness of the personality of the elements of the situation, from which its understanding is formed. The peculiarities of understanding the situation structure certain semantic attitudes of the personality, which either strengthen or on the contrary weaken the signs of the uncertainty of the situation as a result of which its mental states arise and develop.

The results of our study concludes that conspiracy and mystical semantic attitudes increase the uncertainty of the situation as evidenced in SAS-COV-2 and increase the neuropsychic tension of the personality, determining the possibility of psycho-emotional overload and the development of anxiety, depressive and phobic disorders.

CONCLUSION:

The main semantic education of a person during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic is situational semantic attitudes - the primary ways of responding to signs of situational uncertainty, which carry out actual management of mental states, exerting a stabilizing or conversely destabilizing effect on them. Situational semantic attitudes of the personality play an indirect role in the interaction of the situation and mental states. It is not the situation itself that becomes the source of the emergence and development of certain mental states, but those situational semantic attitudes that, as a result of conscious and unconscious thought processes, enhance or weaken the signs of uncertainty of the situation that has arisen and determines the selective control of the mental activity of the individual. When organizing psychological assistance to the population during periods of pandemics, it is necessary to take into account the results of the study, which may affect the development of targeted programs for the formation of an adequate perception of the situation that has arisen and the development of conscious mechanisms for self-regulation of mental states.

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Received on 14.02.2022 Modified on 09.05.2022

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(1):55-61.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00010

Cluster name	Semantic units and their frequency distribution	%
Adequate semantic attitudes	Prevention (98), Health Care (96), Pneumonia (98), Personal Protective Equipment (71), Timeliness (86), Oxygen (62), Care (59), Complications (79), Vaccine (106), Strain (176 )	34.64
Conspiracy semantic attitudes	Destruction (28), Threat (31), Chemical Weapons (33), War (32), Laboratory (44), Farmed (51), Mass Infestation (33), Enemies (45), Conspiracy (41)	13.02
Mystical semantic attitudes	Leap Year (55), Retribution (23), Pestilence (22), Natural Selection (48), Constellations (32), Symbols (37), Alien (34), Number Series (21), End of the World (51)	13.28
Religious meaning	Humility (18), Punishment (16), Trial (14), God's Punishment (21), Mercy (27), Unhappiness (31), Sin (17), Salvation (14), Experiencing (34)	7.81
Skeptical attitudes	Bluff (87), Myth (82), Fiction (92), Whipping (86), Penalty (98), Deficit (96), Unemployment (67), Non-existent (89), Mass Psychosis (81), Economy (82) , Crisis (77), Bloat (104)	30.47

Scales of methods for identifying mental states of a person / situational semantic attitudes	Adequate	Conspiracyе	Mystical	Religious	Skeptical
Mental stress	- 0.173**	0.434***	0.338***	- 0.213***	- 0.114**
Stress scale	- 0.105*	0.418***	0.481***	- 0.178**	- 0.168**
Neurotic Depression Scale	- 0.110*	0.225***	0.214***	- 0.205***	0.106*
Asthenia scale	- 0.193***	0.104	0.221***	0.107*	0.002
Hysterical response scale	- 0.096	0.097	0.101	0.076	0.108*
Obsessive-phobic disorders scale	- 0.107*	0.441***	0.323***	- 0.103	0.100
Vegetative disorders scale	- 0.032	0.111**	0.109*	- 0.101	- 0.099