Effect of Administration of Sea Cucumber (Phyllophorus sp.) extract on the pain response of Mice (Mus musculus) Induced by Acetic Acid
I Gusti Made Baskara Teragnya Mahaputra1, Lestari Dewi1, Sihning E. J. T.1,
Dora Dayu Rahma Turista2, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori3
1Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
2Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia.
3Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: lestari.dewi@hangtuah.ac.id
ABSTRACT:
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensation experienced by an individual. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are drugs that are often used to relieve pain. Sea cucumbers are fisheries commodities that have high economic value and are very popular in the international market, one type of the sea cucumbers in Indonesia, especially found on the East coast of Surabaya, sea cucumber (Phyllophorus). In several studies, it has been proven that sea cucumber flavonoids have anti-inflammatory effects. This study uses a post-test only control group design. This study used 25 mice, which were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 was given aquades 10mL/kg BW, group 2 was given acetosal 150mg/kg BW, group 3 was given sea cucumber extract dose 20mg/kg BW, group 4 was given sea cucumber extract 40mg/kg BW, and group 5 was given sea cucumber extract 80mg/kg BW. Each group was induced with pain with acetic acid intraperitoneum 0.7% dose of 10ml/kg BW. Wait 5 minutes. Then do observation and calculation the mice stretching every 10 minutes. The data are taken observation and calculation 3×. Descriptive analysis results showed a decrease in the average stretching of mice in the acetosal therapy group 150mg/kg BW and better than another groups. The results of statistical analysis with Mann-Whitney U showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the positive control group and the treatment group dose of 20mg/kg BW (p<0.05); positive control group and the treatment group dose 80mg/kg BW (p<0.05); the treatment group dose 20mg/kg BW and the treatment group dose 40mg/kg BW (p<0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that the sea cucumber extract (Phyllophorus sp.) Dose 40 mg/kg BW has better analgesic effect compared to the treatment group with doses of 20mg/kg BW and 80mg/kg BW but not better than the positive control group.
KEYWORDS: Pain, Analgesics, Sea cucumbers, Phyllophorus sp.
INTRODUCTION:
Sea cucumbers are generally available in processed forms, such as dried gonads (konoko), dried intestines (konowata) or crackers. One of the sea cucumbers in Indonesia, especially on the East coast of Surabaya, namely (Phyllophorus sp.) known as sea cucumber1,2,3,4.
The reason why sea cucumbers have a high economic value and are very popular is because sea cucumbers have many other benefits other than for consumption. This marine life has been used for a long time by the Chinese as natural medicines because it is believed to enrich the blood, treat kidney disease and reproductive organs. It is also believed that sea cucumbers can treat paralysis, impotence, constipation and frequent urination. In addition to being consumed, sea cucumbers are also used in the field of pharmacology because they contain various useful active ingredients. Sea cucumbers contain antioxidant compounds that function to reduce cell damage to body tissues. In several studies it has been proven that sea cucumbers contain flavonoids. Several groups of flavonoids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase enzymes that can catalyze the metabolism of 6 arachidonic acid5,6,7,8.
Inflammation is a tissue response that is protective against injury or tissue damage, which serves to destroy, dilute, or confine the causative agent of injury or the tissue affected by the injury. The classic signs of inflammation are pain (dolor), heat (calor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), loss of function (function laesa). Inflammation can be local and systemic and can also occur acutely or chronically which can cause pathological abnormalities. Inflammation treatment includes two aspects, first is to relieve pain which is often a symptom and second is to stop the process of tissue damage. Reduction of inflammation or the inflammatory response using steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can actually relieve the inflammatory reaction well, but using of these drugs for a long period of time can give some side effects, such as decreased synthesis of endogenous glucocorticoids, lowering the body's immune response to infection, osteoporosis, moonface and hypertension9,10,11,12,13.
Based on that, a study was conducted using sea cucumbers extract as a pain reliever and has fewer side effects compared to steroid and non-steroidal drugs. Analgesic effects can be expected because the pain that occurs in mice is visceral pain where pain delivery is slower and occurs continuously14,15,16,17,18, so the method used in this study is the writhing test method, namely by looking at the protective effect against pain due to administration of acetic acid in mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This research is a laboratory experimental study that examines the analgesic effect of sea cucumbers (Phyllophorus sp.) extract on male mice (Mus musculus L.) strain DDW using the Stretching/Writhing test method and compared between the treatment group and the positive and negative control groups. 25 experimental animals were divided into 5 experimental groups randomly: Negative Control, namely the group of male mice (Mus musculus L.) strain DDW which was induced by pain with 0.7% acetic acid intraperitoneally; Positive Control, namely the group of male mice (Mus musculus L.) DDW strain which was given acetosal at a dose of 150mg/kg BW, then induced pain with 0.7% acetic acid intraperitoneally; Treatment group I was a group of male mice (Mus musculus L.) strain DDW which were given sea cucumber extract (Phyllophorus sp.) with a dose of 20mg/kg BW orally which was dissolved in 96% ethanol, then induced pain with 0.7% acetic acid intraperitoneally; Treatment group II, namely the group of male mice (Mus musculus L.) of the DDW strain given sea cucumber extract (Phyllophorus sp.) with a dose of 40mg/kgBW orally which was dissolved in 96% ethanol, then induced pain with 0.7% acetic acid intraperitoneally; Treatment group III is a group of male mice (Mus musculus L.) strain DDW which were given sea cucumber extract (Phyllophorus sp.) with a dose of 80mg/kg BW orally which was dissolved in 96% ethanol, then induced pain with 0.7% acetic acid intraperitoneally.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
This research was conducted at the Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, using a sample of 25 mice (Mus musculus L.) DDW strain males aged 7-9 weeks and had an average weight of 30grams, the amount of stretching was measured 3 times, namely at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after being induced by 0.7% acetic acid and allowed to stand for 5 minutes before counting, while the treatment group was divided into 5 groups.
Figure 1. Shows a graph of the comparison of the average stretching between groups in 30 minutes.
Based on the results of the normality test that has been carried out, it was found that all groups had a significance > (α = 0.05), except in the 30th minute in K1 the significance value was < (α = 0.05), so H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted, meaning that the data is not normally distributed. Because H1 was accepted, then a non-parametric test was carried out, namely the Kruskal-Wallis test to find out whether there was a difference in the mean stretching between groups at each time of observation.
The results of the Kruskal-Wallis hypothesis test obtained a significance value of p< (α = 0.05) at the 10th minute means that there is a difference in the average stretching between groups in mice (Mus musculus L.) males after pain induction with the Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Test method, while at the 20th and 30th minutes have a significance value of p> (α=0.05). Because p is greater than the value of then H0 is accepted and H1 is rejected. This means that there is no difference in mean stretching between groups in mice males (Mus musculus L.) after pain induction by using the Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Test method. Furthermore, to find out the differences in each research group, a post-hoc Mann-Whitney U test was carried out in the 10th minute treatment.
Based on the results of the Mann-Whitney U test in the 10th minute period, it can be concluded that: In the comparison of K2 to K3, obtained a significance value of 0.009< which means H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted so that there is a difference between the positive control group (K2) and treatment 1(K3). In the comparison of K2 with K5, the significance value is 0.008< which means H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted so that there is a difference between the positive control group (K2) and treatment control 3(K5). In the comparison of K3 with K4, obtained a significance value of 0.047< which means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted so that there is a difference between the control group in treatment 1(K3) and treatment 2(K4).
Mean value of the observed wriggling frequency of rats after being induced by 0.7% acetic acid was different in each observation period. Mean value of treatment group 1 was the highest and treatment group 2 the lowest in the first 10 minutes. Mean value of treatment group 1 was the highest and treatment group 2 the lowest in the second 10 minutes. Mean value of treatment group 3 was the highest and treatment group 1 the lowest in the third 10 minutes. So, from the results of the descriptive analysis, it was found that the extract dose of 40mg/kg BW was the most effective in reducing the frequency of stretching. The treatment group with doses of 20mg/kg BW and 80mg/kg BW had a higher mean stretching, sick conditions during the preparation or adaptation period (weakened body condition, not agile movements, pale eyes, decreased appetite, coarse hair and standing).
In the Kruskal-Wallis test there was a mean difference between groups at the 10th minute, while at the 20th minute and the 30th minute there was no mean difference number of stretches in male rats given the extract. sea cucumber (Phyllophorus sp.) after pain was induced by the Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Test method between groups. Next done Mann-Whitney U test at the 10th minute observation, it can be seen that there is a significant analgesic effect between the positive group and the treatment group at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW, the positive group and the treatment group at a dose of 80mg/kg BW, the treatment group at a dose of 20mg/kg BW and the treatment group with a dose of 40 mg/kg BW. From the Mann-Whitney U test which was carried out in the 10th minute, the results showed that the positive control group had a better analgesic effect than the treatment group at a dose of 20mg/kg BW and the treatment group at a dose of 80mg/kg BW, the treatment group at a dose of 20mg/kg BW. 40 mg/kg BW had a better analgesic effect than the treatment group with a dose of 20mg/kg BW but not significantly different from the positive control group, and the treatment group with a dose of 40mg/kg BW had the same analgesic effect as the control group. So, it can be concluded that the results of the Mann-Whitney U test, which has a good analgesic effect, namely the treatment that has the same results as the positive control group and the results that are not the same as the positive control group may be due to the occurrence of several factors such as different drug absorption between patients. individual, as well as the levels of flavonoids contained in sea cucumber extract are not known so that more detailed and accurate data are needed on the content of sea cucumber extract.
CONCLUSION:
From the results of experimental research on the analgesic extract ofsea cucumber (Phyllophorus sp.) against male (Mus musculus L.) mice after pain was induced by the acetic acid induced writhing test method, it can be concluded that the extract Eggplant sea cucumber (Phyllophorus sp.) has an analgesic effect on male mice (Mus musculus L.) induced pain by the acetic acid induced writhing test method and the administration of extractssea cucumber (Phyllophorus sp.) with a dose of 40mg/kg BW in this study showed a better decrease in the mean of stretching compared to other doses in the first 10 minutes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This study funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.
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Received on 29.09.2021 Modified on 30.10.2021
Accepted on 26.11.2021 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2022; 15(8):3351-3354.
DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00560