INTRODUCTION:

The role of medical plants and conventional health services in addressing the world's health-care issues is becoming highly centered. For their simple requirements as the sources of medicines, shelters, foodstuffs, fragrances, clothing, flavours, fertilizers and means of transportation throughout the ages, human beings have depended upon nature. For the large proportion of the world’s population of medicinal plants, a dominant role continues to be played in the healthcare system, and this is mainly true in developing countries where herbal medicine has a long history of use. The development and recognition of these plants' medicinal and financial aids is on the rise in both industrialized and developing countries¹.

Use of plants as a source of medicine has come to new developing world from ancient practices. Despite major advances in modern scientific medicine, traditional medicine remains the primary form of treating diseases of the majority of people in developing countries, including India; even among those to whom Western medicine is available, the number of people using one type or another of alternative medicine complements is increasing rapidly around the world. Increasing knowledge of the metabolic process and the effect of plants on human physiology has broadened the scope of medicinal plants' application². Even today, plants are not only indispensable in health care; they also form the best source hope for safe future medicinal products³. Despite the fact that we now have a number of modern medicines at our command, discovering and developing new therapeutic agents is still truly urgent. It was estimated that acceptable therapy is only available for one-third of known human diseases. The fight against diseases must therefore be continued without relent. Due to the minor side effects as well as the synergistic action of the combination of compounds, traditional plant medicinal products still enjoy a significant position in modern drug industries. Traditional medicinal products are an important part of health care. Population in developing countries relies primarily on traditional indigenous medicine for their primary health-care needs. Nevertheless, conventional drugs have not been adopted into most national health programs, and the capacity of the conventional practitioners' facilities is far from being completely exploited. Herbal medicines are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities but it is necessary to develop their quality assurance. The use of herbal medicine has increased over the past decade. As a result, traditional tread has increased in herbal medicines and other types of traditional medicines. Therefore the effective application of these various forms of drugs has become a problem. In recent years the worldwide use of herbal remedies has presented India with an excellent opportunity to search for medicinal lead compounds from an ancient therapy method, i.e. Ayurveda, which can be utilized for development of new drug. About 50% of all prescription medications are of natural product origin and they play an significant part in drug discovery initiatives of the pharmaceutical industry⁴. One of the plants that received a medicinal plant status recently, i.e. Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers (family, Bignoniaceae) is a neotropic evergreen vine that makes a beautiful ornamental plant with cascades of orange flowers. It is commonly grown in tropical, subtropical, and mild Mediterranean climates. The plants form dense masses, growing up trees, on walls or over rocks, and are covered with flowers in the cool, dry season. Native Brazilians use decoction of aerial parts of P. venusta for the treatment of cough and flu. The general tonic control diarrhoea, vitiligo, and jaundice. Tonics made from this plant's stems are useful for treating diarrhoea, while flower preparations have been shown to attenuate vomiting. After careful review of the literature, phytochemical and pharmacological properties were screened for the methanol extracts of this plant's flowers and roots. A significant body of research in this field is capable of providing the pharmacological basis for the development of new treatments based on the unique ability to selectively eliminate free radicals. If such medicinal potential was correctly assessed, then the use of this plant could justify the treatment of diseases such as arthritis and provide a novel pathway. Pyrostegia venusta is found in tropical and subtropical areas and is native to southern Brazil, northern Argentina and Paraguay. Flame vine tolerates alkaline soils with acidic effect. This is the famous ornamental vine found to be covering fences and walls in Bangalore, Karnataka (India). The aerial parts of P. venusta are used by Native Brazilians to treat cough and flu. Decoction of this plant was orally administered as a general tonic for diarrhoea, vitiligo and jaundice treatment^5-7.

Common names:

As shown in Table 1. English common name include flame creeper, flame tree, flame tree plant, flame rose, flame vine, burning trumpet, burning trumpet plant, golden shower, golden shower rose, golden vine, orange creeper, orange creeper vine, orange trumpet creeper, orange trumpet vine.

Argentina and Paraguay in South merica. It is widely used as ornamental beauty. This is excellent for landscapin and to cover and decorate garden fences. This species is invasive in some regio s (e.g. Peru and Australia). Around December to March, Pyrostegia venusta flowers for around 14-16 weeks, with peak flowering in Agra, India from January to February. At Agra it remains fruitless despite its normal flowering⁸.

Etymology:

"Pyrostegia" is Greek derived: pyro meaning 'fire' and stege meaning 'covering.' names: Species name venusta means 'pleasing.'

Botany:

Flame is a climbing shrub with 6 to 8 ribbed branchlets. The leaves are compound, with two or three leaflets bearing three-part terminal tendrils. Leaflets are ovate, accuminate, length up to five centimetres. The flowers are reddish orange with reflexed corolla lobes, panicled in terminal cymes, up to 5 centimeters long. Fruit is a capsule lengthing up to 30 centimetres.

Taxonomy:

Class: Equisetopsida

Subclass: Magnoliidae

Family: Bignoniaceae Genus: Pyrostegia

Macroscopic description:

Pyrostegia venusta is a fast-growing, evergreen woody vine that flourishes magnificent reddish-orange flowers. The compound leaves have 5.1-7.6cm and are arranged in pairs opposite each other on the stem. Often, the center leaflet is modified into a coiled three-parted tendril. Flame vine branches profusely and climbs by clinging with its tendrils. The tubular flowers are about 7.6cm with the corolla in five lobes. Fruits are slender dry capsules⁹.

P. venusta Foliage:

The palmate-compound P venusta leaves found on stem are opposite/subopposite. The margins of the leaves are entire, ovate, and evergreen, with pinnate venation. Leaf blade length extends from 2 to 4 inches.

P. venusta Flower:

The orange color, tubular flowers of P venusta showed dichasial cymes Inflorescence, winter flowering and fall flowering. The long orange stamens and style extends beyond the tube.

P. venusta Fruit:

Found in elongated shape of length 6 to 12 inches with dry or hard cover, inconspicuous and not showy.

Figure-1: Pyrostegia venusta Plant

Phytochemistry and Phytoconstituent of Pyrostegia venusta:

The Pyrostegia venusta is a known phytochemical source. Extracts of the flowers and roots showed terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. The literature records the phytochemical analysis of the flowers of P. venusta, from which the compounds β-sitosterol, n-hentriacontane, acacetin-7-O- β-glucopyranoside and meso-inositol have been isolated. Other studies have indicated the presence of carotenoids in the flowers and rutin in the leaves^10-11. GCMS analysis of flower extract has showed the presence of Acetophenone; alpha.-l-Mannopyranoside, methyl 6-deoxy-2,3,4- tris-O-(trimethylsilyl)-;3H-3a,7-Methanoazulene, 2,4,5,6,7,8- hexahydro-1,4,9,9-tetramethyl-, (3aR (3a.alpha., 4.beta.,7.alpha.))- (Synonym Cyperene); trans-3-Hexenedioic acid, bis (trime thylsilyl) ester; beta.-DL-Arabinopyranose,1,2,3,4-tetrakis-O- (trimethylsilyl)- (Synonym- B Arabipyranos); Ethylmalonate, ethyltrimethylsilyl ester; Propionic acid, pentamethyldidilanyl ester; Glycoside, .alpha.-methyl-trtrakis-O-(trimethylsilyl)-;Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (Synonym-Palmitic Acid; D-Xylose, tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-;Glycoside,.alpha.-methyl-trtrakis-O- (trimethylsilyl)-;Gluconic acid, 2-methoxime, tetra(trimethylsilyl)-, trimethylsilyl ester; 12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (Synonym Linoleic acid); 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (Synonym OleicAcid); Myo-Inositol, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexakis-O- (trimethylsilyl)-; Docosanoic acid, methyl ester (Synonym Hysterene); 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (Synonym Pthalic Acid); Methyl 10-methyl-undecanoate; (1,2,4)Triazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid, 4, 7-dihydro-7- imino-, ethylester; Dotriacontane; Silicic acid, diethyl bis(trimethylsilyl) ester; Tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester; Di-n-decylsulfone; Dodecahydropyrido(1,2-b)isoquinolin-6-one; Heptacosane; Tetrasiloxane, decamethyl-; Tetradecanoic acid, 12- methyl-, methyl ester; Stigmasteryltosylate; 2-p-Nitrophenyl- oxadiazol-1,3,4-one-5; 2-Methyl-6-(5-methyl-2-thiazolin-2- ylamino)pyridine; Diazoprogesterone; 1, 6-Dibromo-2- cyclohexylpentane; Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-; cis-2-Hexen-1- ol, trimethylsilyl ether¹².

The compounds acacetin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside and β-sitosterol have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity^13-14. Some of these compounds have been mentioned in the phytochemical and ethnobotanical database as being useful for various medicinal complications¹⁵. Database has mentioned that Acetophenone are useful Antibacterial, fungicide, pesticide, hypnotic, perfumery, soporific; 3H-3a,7-Methanoazulene, 2, 4, 5, 6,7, 8-hexahydro-1, 4, 9, 9-tetramethyl-, (3aR-(3a.alpha.,4.beta., 7.alpha.))-(Cyperene) is a Anti-malarial and Anti-plasmodial; Hexa- decanoic acid, methyl ester (Synonym-Palmitic Acid) is an Antioxidant, hypo-cholesterolemic-nematicide, pesticide, anti- androgenic flavor, hemolytic, 5- Alpha reductase inhibitor; 9, 12- Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (Synonym - Linoleic acid) is an Anti-inflammatory, hypo-cholesterolemic cancer preventive, hepatoprotective, nematicide, insectifuge, anti-histaminic anti- eczemic, anti-acne, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor, anti-androgenic, anti-arthritic, anti-coronary, insectifuge; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester (Synonym - Pthalic acid) is useful in preparation of perfumes and cosmetics, and as plasticized vinyl seatson furniture and in cars, and clothing including jackets, raincoats and boots, as well as in textiles, as dye stuffs, cosmetics and glass making; Myo-Inositol, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexakis-O- (trimethylsilyl)- is useful in anti-depression, liver problems, panic disorders and diabetes; 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester is a 5-alpha-reductase-inhibitor, allergenic, alpha-reductase-inhibitor, anemiagenic, anti-alopecic, anti-androgenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-leukotriene-D4 (anti-platelet activating factor), dermatitigenic, insectifuge, perfumery, propecic cancer-preventive, choleretic, flavor, hypocholesterolemic, irritant, percutaneostimulant; Stigmasteryltosylate is used as anti-hepatotoxic, anti- inflammmatory, anti-ophidic, anti-oxidant, artemecide, extrogenic, sedative. Qualitative chemical tests of the methanol extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides and carbohydrates.

Pharmacological Activities of Pyrostegia venusta:

The Pharmacological activity of different extracts of Pyrostegia venusta represented in Table 2.

Table 2: Pharmacological activity of different extracts of Pyrostegia venusta¹⁶

Extract

Model

Main pharmacological activities

Flowers and roots extract

In vitro

(–)DPPH

(–)ABTS

(–)FRAP

Antioxidant

Hydroethanolic flowers extract

Mice

(–)Depressive-like behaviors

(–)Exploratory behaviors

(–)Sickness behavior, as flu and cold

Tea

In vivo

(–)Menopausal symptoms

Different extracts

Mice

(–)MNPCE

(n)Genotoxic activity

Hydroethanolic extract

Swiss male mice

Anti-inflammatory Analgesic

(–)Paw edema

(–)Leukocyte recruitment

Antinociceptive

Methanol extracts of flowers

Wistar rats

Wound healing

(+)Cytokines production (+)Wound contraction (+)Tensile strength

(+)Hydroxyproline content

(+)Hexosamine expression (+)TNF-α level

(+)IL-6 level

Methanol extract

Agar-well diffusion method

Antibacterial

Flower extract

In vitro

Antibacterial Antifungal

Hydroalcoholic leaves and

flowers extracts

Murine B16F10 melanoma cells

(+)Melanin content in concentration dependent manner No cell death in MTT assay

Hydroalcoholic leaves and

flowers extracts

In vitro

(n)Mushroom tyrosinase activity

(–), decrease, inhibit, reduce, down-regulate. (+), increase, activate, up-regulate. (n), no change, no activity.

DPPH: 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS: 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power; BHT: Butylated hydroxyl toluene; MNPCE: Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6: Interleukin-6; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide

Antioxidant:

P venusta phytochemical screening showed the presence of carotenoids, steroids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones in the methanolic extracts in pet ether extract and flavonoids and tannins. Because of flavonoids and b-carotene, the results showed antioxidant activity and a potential source of natural antioxidation¹⁷. The research used DPPH, ABTS, and FRAPS assay to determine P. venusta antioxidant ability. Results showed that P. venusta is a natural antioxidant source. The flowers and roots extracts contained large quantities of antioxidant phytochemicals to serve as free radicals inhibitors or scavengers¹⁸.

ACE Inhibition:

The plant extracts studied for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition¹⁹.

Attenuation of Behavior Changes Induced by Lipopolysaccharide:

Extract of P. venusta attenuated the depressive-live and exploratory behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide. Results support the usefulness of the plant in traditional therapies for disorders like flu and cold, that induce sickness behaviors.

Genotoxicity Evaluation:

Study evaluated the genotoxic effect of extracts of P. venusta in mice using micronucleus (MN) and chromosone aberration (CA) tests. Pyrostegia venusta did not show genotoxicity activity²⁰.

Hyperpigmentant Activity for Vitiligo/Melanogenic/ Flowers and Leaves:

The study assessed the melanogenic activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from P. venusta leaves and flowers on melanoma cells B16F10. Results showed that both extracts at very low concentrations had stimulated melanogenesis of B16F10. Findings support the use of P. venusta in folk medicine for treating hypopigmentation diseases, such as vitiligo²¹.

Vitiligo Treatment:

In Swiss mice model of vitiligo caused by croton oil and monobenzone, the study examined the anti-inflammatory and hyperpigmented behaviors of the hydroethanol extract of plants. Only tropical therapy with P. venusta HE extract altered unique marker of melanin in hair follicles. Topical and oral administration of P. venusta showed significant anti-inflammatory and hyperpigmented effects demonstrated topical and systemic effects in two animal models²².

Prevention of Dental Biofilm/Dental Caries:

The research measured P. venusta antibacterial and biological role in the treatment of dental caries and periodontal disease. Fractions of crude extracts, ethyl actetate, and n-butanol have shown antibacterial activity. The EA fraction showed the highest inhibition against adherence of S. mutans and C. albicans. Results suggest a potential for the prophylaxis and treatment of caries or periodontal disease²³.

Anthelmintic:

Analysis of chloroform and methanol extracts of P. venusta demonstrated anthelmintic action against Pheretima posthuma. It was used as standard reference for piperazine citrate. Helminth infections are commonly present in developed world villages and are recognised as causing both acute and chronic disease among humans and cattle. Hence, the treatment for helmintic infection is of utmost need. The high cost of modern anthelmintics has limited the effective control of these parasites. However, increasing problems of development of resistance in helminthes against anthelmintics have led to the proposal of screening medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity. Literature survey reported that few records of phytochemical and pharmacological studies of this plant are accessible. In this investigation we have made a sincere attempt to assess the anthelmintic properties of Pyrostegia venusta chloroform and methanol extracts using Pheretima posthuma as an experimental helminth model. Five specific doses of chloroform and methanol extracts (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5mg/ml) were used to assess their effect as time taken for paralysis and time needed to cause death in worms, of the different chloroform extract concentrations tested, 12.5mg/ml showed significant anthelmintic activity with paralysis time (23min) and death time (44min). Among all the concentrations of methanolic extract tested, 12.5 mg/ml showed significant results with paralysis time (34 min) and death time (78min) respectively. The chloroform extract showed more effective anthelmintic action compared to the methanol extract²⁴.

Antitumor Activity/Apoptosis Induction:

The research investigated P. venusta extracts' antitumor activity against melanoma. In in-vivo and in-vitro models the cytotoxic activity and tumor mediated heptane extract death from P. venusta flowers are tested against murine melanoma B16F10-Nex2 cells. Results showed components of the heptane extract, mainly octasane and triacontane, showed cytotoxic activity against murine melanoma cells in vitro and promising antitumor protection against subcutaneous melanoma in vivo²⁵.

Anti-candidal:

Study of flower extracts for in vitro anticandidal and antioxidant activities yielded one flavonoid (quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside) and two phenylpropanoid glycosides (verbascoside and isoverbascoside). The extracts were evaluated against five Candida strains viz., C. albicans, C. krusei ATCC 6258, and clinical isolates strains of Candida sp: C albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. guilhermondii. Semi-purified fraction and verbascoside showed similar activity to amphotericin B²⁶.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects:

The P. venusta hydroethanol extract (PvHE) was used to determine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of carrageen-induced paw edema, lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis, acetic acid-induced writhing, and formalin-induced paw-licking experiments in Swiss male mice. PvHE in 30-300mg/kg p.o. doses Anti-inflammatory activity seen. PvHE reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan and inhibited leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. The extracts showed antinociceptive activity in acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin tests. Our results showed that the PvHE demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive action in mice. All the anti-inflammatory actions obtained are also suggested to due the presence of acacetin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside²⁷.

Antinflamatory activity:

β-sitosterol, n-hentriacontane, acacetin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside and meso-inositol having anti-inflammatory activities. Others studies have demonstrated that acacetin inhibits the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in macrophages that are activated with LPS by inhibiting the transcriptional activation²⁸. LPS produces pro- inflammatory cytokines which provokes a number of neuropsychological symptoms collectively referred to sickness behavior^29,30. The specific processes involved in processing the Pyrostegia venusta extract's anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory responses are not well known. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds have been correlated with possible degrees of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity³¹.

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic:

The methanolic and the pet ether extract were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of paw edema induced by carrageenan and the anti-analgesic effect of hot plate method. Pyrostegia venusta stem extracts demonstrated analgesic activity at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight. At the end of one hour percent analgesia induced by extract from petroleum ether is 26.34 percent and 40.69 percent of total methanol extract. The total extract of petroleum ether developed paw edema inhibition of 43.10 percent, methanolic extract demonstrated paw edema inhibition of 54.31 per cent. Both excerpts had similar activity. Extracts of the stem Pyrostegia venusta had potent anti-inflammatory activity³².

Antitussive:

Flavonoid, cyanogenic glycoside, tannin and phenol exhibit significant antitussive activity. These phytochemicals are present in Pyrostegia venusta but there is a lack of research studies in support³³.

Hepatoprotective:

It may possess hepato-protective activity. Study based on presence of potential antioxidant and hepato-protective molecules has indicated and need to be proved on a study on induced hepatitis in rats.

Antifungal/antiviral:

Presence of various phytochemicals in plant extracts deserves bio-guided studies for the isolation of antiviral compounds and studies on mechanism of action³⁴.

Antibacterial and Wound healing:

In developing countries wound infections are difficult to manage due to poor hygienic conditions. Any significant wound-infection bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumonia. Wound Healing Potential of P venusta on infected Wistar Rat Model: flower extract treated rats showed better wound closure and improved tissue regeneration. Study provides scientific rationale for the traditional use in wound treatments³⁵. The anti-bacterial property against these pathogens is suggested but exact mechanism (s) and the active principles remain to be investigated.

CONCLUSION:

The review shows that use of Pyrostegia venusta for different pharmacological activity on the basis of its phytochemical constituents. Pyrostegia venusta products or metabolites need evaluation on modern scientific lines based on various pharmacological activities. Pyrostegia venusta is a natural source of antioxidants and has been widely used in the traditional Brazilian medicine. Pyrostegia venusta could be exploited as a potential source of pharmaceutical plant-based products. The current review could provide a sound basis for further research into the potential discovery of new natural bioactive compounds, and could provide preliminary information for future research.

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Received on 04.07.2020 Modified on 10.03.2021

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2022; 15(5):2339-2345.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00389