Extraction and Applications of Natural dye from the flower of Tagetes erecta.L in different Fabrics and Focus on Antimicrobial activity

 

Geetha Paramasivam^1,2*, Dhanya Manikandan¹, Sankaralingam Subbiah²,

Sugapriya Menaga Paulraj¹, Vasthi Gnana Rani³, Mahendran Shunmugiah⁴,

Balasundaram Harinathan²,⁵

¹PG Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi.

²PG and Research Department of Botany, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai.

³Department of Chemistry, SRM University, Chennai.

⁴Department of Microbiology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi.

⁵PG and Research Department of Microbiology, V.H.N. Senthikumara Nadar College, Virudhunagar.

 

ABSTRACT:

The main objective of extracting natural dyes from natural sources is to avoid the environmental pollution. The flower of Tagetes erecta is used for the extraction of dye using alkaline extraction method. There are four different mordants (CuSo₄, FeSo_4, NaCl, K₂Cr₂O₇) are used in cotton and polyester fabric by simultaneous mordanting method. The dye fixation is carried out at room temperature and also at 100°C. The result revealed that, different shades of yellow, brown and green were obtained from the dye when subjected to mordant. The dye at 100°C showed dark colours and excellent fastness properties when compared to dye fixed at room temperature. The dye extract of Tagetes erecta had a great antimicrobial activity against pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi and the FT-IR was carried out to identify compounds.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The natural dyes are usually soft, lustrous and soothing to the human eye. Wide ranges of colours are produced by natural dyestuffs. The different mordant is used to produce different colours of dye. The synthetic dyes are not produce different colours and also rare colours. Natural dyes are good and anti-allergens which are safe for skin contact and are mostly non-hazardous to human health. The synthetic dyes fade with time while the natural dyes are enhanced with age. Natural dyes bleed but do not stain with other fabrics, turmeric being an exception. Natural dyes are usually moth proof and it can replace synthetic dyes in kid’s garments. The natural dyes are used in textile dyeing, food colouration, cosmetics, dye sensitized solar cell, histological staining and pH indicator¹.

 

Flowers of Tagetes erecta used traditionally from ancient times. The leaves are used as an antiseptic agent and also used in kidney troubles, muscular pain, piles and applied to boils. The flower are used to cure fever and epileptic fits. On the report of Ayurveda, Tagetes flower juice can be used to cure various diseases like astringent, carminative and stomachic, scabies and liver complaints and is also employed in diseases of the eyes. They are used to purify blood and flower juice is given as a remedy for bleeding piles. It is also used in colds, rheumatism and bronchitis. The Cherokee used it as skin wash and for yellow dye².

 

In India, flowers juice is occasionally used as blood purifier and remedy for piles. Flowers and leaves of Tagetes erecta is used as vermifuge in Brazil. Mexicans are used decoctions of flowers and leaves as diuretics and carminative. In Mexico and Brazil, marigold is used for joint pain and for muscular spasm and other uses in anaemia, irregular menstruation, abdominal pain, muscular and bone pain. Internally Tagetes were used for indigestion, colic, cough and dysentery. Externally used for ulcers, eczema, sore eyes and rheumatism³. The metalic salts as mordant are bind with the fiber and the dyes to form metal complexes. After mordanting, the metal salts anchoring to the fibers and attracts the organic molecules to be anchored to the fibers. Then it creates the bridging link between the dye molecules and the fiber by forming coordinating complexes. Ferrous sulphate or other metallic mordants anchored to any fiber, chemically combine with certain mordant able to functional groups present in the natural dyes and bound by coordinated/covalent bonds or hydrogen bonds and other interactional forces⁴. The methanolic extract of the flowers of Tagetes erecta as an acid-base indicator in acid-base titrations. Indicators used in titration showed well marked changes of colour in certain intervals of pH. Almost all indicators are organic dyes and are of synthetic origin. Today synthetic indicators are selected for the choice of acid-base titrations⁵. The present study can be used to explore the colorant behaviour of this Tagetes erecta flowers and further test is carried out about its applications of natural dye.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of the plant materials:

Tagetes erecta was collected from in and around Sivakasi (9.45°N 77.8167°E), Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected flower samples were tightly packed with polythene bag and then transfer to the laboratory. The flowers were segregated and their petals were separated. Then petals were surface cleaned with running tap water for two to three times to remove soil and dust particles.

 

Chemicals:

All analytical grade chemicals were purchased from Hi-Media (Mumbai, India) were used for synthesis of natural dye from Tagetes erecta.

 

Preparation of Dye extraction:

Alkaline extraction:

1g of sodium hydroxide was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. 10-20g of T.erecta petals were weighed and kept in alkaline solution. Finally it was kept in high temperature at 90°C for 30 minutes. The dye was filtered by using Whatman No 1 filter paper. The obtained dye extract was stored in refrigerator⁶.

 

Mordant preparation:

1g of copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, sodium chloride and potassium dichromate dissolved in 100ml of distilled water separately.

 

Fabric preparation:

The fabrics were kept in distilled water and heated to remove the starch. The size of the fabric was 5cm length and 5cm width⁷.

Process of dyeing in simultaneous method:

In this method, the cotton fabrics were dyed with dye extract as well as different chemical mordant which were kept in room temperature for 12 hrs for fixation. Similarly, fabrics were kept at 100°C for 20 minutes for fixation. The plant dyes were compared with common dye table⁸.

 

Light fastness:

The fabric was exposed to sun light for 24 hrs. The colour fastness was evaluated by comparison of colour change of the exposed portion to the unexposed original material⁹.

 

Washing fastness:

The sample which was dyed has placed between two pieces of non-dyed white samples. The edges of these three pieces were stitched together. The pre-heated soap solution (Tide at 55°C in the ratio of 1:50 i.e., 0.5g/25 ml water) was taken in a vessel and then added the sandwiched fabric for 45 minutes. Then the fabric was removed and rinsed in cold water⁹.

 

Phytochemical analysis:

The components analysed were phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, quinine, cellulose, terpenoids, glycosides, coumarins, leucoanthocyanins, alkaloids, reducing sugars and proteins¹⁰.

 

Thin layer chromatography:

Thin layer chromatography was performed using the mixture of solvents Petroleum ether: Acetone: Distilled water in the ratio of 20: 10: 500µl¹¹.

 

Antimicrobial activity:

The bacterial cultures like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Stephylococcus sp and Pseudomonas sp spread on the agar plate. The wells were filled with 30µl, 50µl, 70 µl and 90µl of dye extract and the distilled water was used as a control. The antibacterial activities were determined after 24 hours at 37°C incubation¹². The individual fungal cultures of Curvularia sp and Aspergillus nidulans were inoculated. A total of 8mm diameter wells were punched into the agar and filled with dye extracts (30µl, 50µl, 70µl and 90µl). The fungal plates were incubated at 30°C for 72 hrs¹³.

 

FT-IR analysis:

FT-IR measurements analysis was done by FT-IR 8400S. The T. erecta dye extract solution was centrifuged at 10000rpm for 30min. The pellet was washed three times with 20ml de-ionized water. The samples were dried and grinded with KBr pellets and analyzed¹⁴.

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Different colours from T. erecta dye extract in cotton and polyester at room temperature and 100°C:

In alkaline, T. erecta dye extract showed the different colours at room temperature. Saddle brown colour yielded from control (without mordant) and dark green colour with the copper sulphate, milk chocolate colour with ferrous sulphate, georgia clay colour with sodium chloride and the potassium dichromate showed peru colour in cotton fabric. In Polyester, light brown in control and copper sulphate showed foliage green colour, the ferrous sulphate mordant yielded dark chocolate colour, the sodium chloride showed pumpkin colour and the potassium dichromate was not easily absorbed by the polyester fabrics. T. erecta dye extract was showed pineapple colour in control, celery colour in copper sulphate, burnt sienna colour with ferrous sulphate, butter colour in sodium chloride and dandelion colour in potassium dichromate using 100°C in cotton fabric. In polyester fabric, burnt sienna colour in control and copper sulphate produced dark khaki colour, ferrous sulphate formed dark chocolate colour, sodium chloride yielded peru colour and formed yellow colour with potassium dichromate at100°C fixation (Fig. 1 and Table 1). The methanolic extract of seven different natural dye yielding plant parts and extracted dye imparted textile fabrics has been analysed for their anti-deterioration property. It is found that the natural dye treated fabrics showed significant levels of anti-deterioration property against five different cellulose degrading microbes¹⁵. Chemical treatment of cotton cellulose to change its properties of the fibers without altering their fibrous form is a common practice nowadays in the textile industry. The fabrics are selected and reacted with sodium hydroxide, morpholine and cellulase enzyme¹⁶. Similarly, extracted dye from mangrove bark and fixed the dye at 90°C for 60 min and pH 3 in silk fabric. They used the mordants like aluminium potassium sulphate, ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate and stannous chloride¹⁷. The silk fabric dyed without mordant had reddish-brown, while those mordanted with stannous chloride, aluminium potassium sulphate and copper sulphate produced a variety of pale to dark reddish-brown colour shades. Different shades of yellow colours were obtained from the flowers of Tecoma stans. These different shades were obtained from a single dye, using different mordants like copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride, potassium dichromate, myrobolon and cow dung¹⁸. From flowers of Landana Camara.L, the highest colour value was obtained with potassium permanganate and lowest colour value with copper sulphate in silk. Natural mordant like myrobolan showed the higher colour value than the cow dung¹⁹.

 

Table 1: Colours from T.erecta dye extract at room temperature and above 100°C

Dye extract	Mordants	Room temperature		Above 100°C
		Cotton	Polyester	Cotton	Polyester
T.erecta	Control	Saddle brown	light brown	Pineapple colour	Burnt sienna
	Copper sulphate	Dark green	Foilage green	Celery colour	Dark khaki colour
	Ferrous sulphate	Milk chocolate	Dark chocolate	Burnt sienna	Dark chocolate
	Sodium chloride	Georgia clay	Pumpkin	Butter colour	Peru colour
	Potassium dichromate	Peru	-	Dandelion colour	Yellow colour

 

Fig. 1.The different colours from T.erecta dye extract and mordants in cotton and polyester fabrics. (1) room temperature (2) 100°C fixation. (A) Control (without mordant), (B) CuSO₄, (C) FeSO₄, (D) NaCl and (E) K₂Cr₂O₇.

Light fastness at room temperature and 100°C fixed cotton and polyester:

Excellent to good light fastness at room temperature and 100°C fixed cotton and polyester. The alkaline dye extract of T. erecta with the mordant CuSO₄, FeSO₄, NaCl, K₂Cr₂O₇ and control showed excellent to good light fastness at room temperature and 100°C fixed cotton and polyester (Fig. 2 and Table 2). Similarly, the sample dyed with marigold extract by using iron and copper sulphate as a mordant to provide good light fastness²⁰. The fiber dyed with bottlebrush flower extract showed good wash fastness, good rub fastness and good light fastness as well²¹. The resistance of a dye attack is an inherent property of the dye chromophore, but at the same time the auxochrome may also substantially alter the fastness.²².

 

Table 2: Light Fastness of T.erecta dye extract at room temperature fixed cotton and polyester

Dye extract	Mordants	Cotton	Polyester
T.erecta dye extract at room temperature	Control	Excellent	Moderate
	Copper sulphate	Excellent	Moderate
	Ferrous sulphate	Excellent	Moderate
	Sodium chloride	Excellent	Good
	Potassium dichromate	Excellent	Moderate
T.erecta dye extract at 100°C	Control	Excellent	Moderate
	Copper sulphate	Excellent	Moderate
	Ferrous sulphate	Excellent	Moderate
	Sodium chloride	Excellent	Good
	Potassium dichromate	Excellent	Moderate

 

Fig. 2.The light fastness of T.erecta dye extract and mordants in cotton and polyester fabrics. (1) room temperature (2) 100°C fixation. (A) Control (without mordant), (B) CuSO₄, (C) FeSO₄, (D) NaCl and (E) K₂Cr₂O₇.

 

Washing fastness of room temperature and 100°C fixed cotton and polyester:

The washing fastness of T. erecta dye extract showed mild to excellent washing fastness at room temperature and 100°C fixed cotton and polyester. At room temperature, mild washing fastness in cotton and excellent washing fastness in polyester with mordant NaCl. At 100°C, cotton and polyester showed excellent washing fastness with mordant FeSO₄ and control (Fig. 3 and Table 3). Similarly, the excellent washing fastness of flower extract of Cordia Sebestena dye can be successfully used for dyeing of silk to obtain a wide range of soft and light colours by using combination of mordants²³. The colour fastness properties of the colourant extracted from the brake of acacia leucophloea on cotton have studied using different temperate (50°C, 60°C and 70°C) and different hours washing fastness (6h, 7h, 8h)of various chemical mordants. So in present investigation, bleached cotton fabrics were dyed with different mordants²⁴.

 

Table 3: Washing Fastness of T.erecta dye extract at room temperature and 100°C in fixed cotton and polyester

Dye extract	Mordants	Cotton	Polyester
T.erecta dye extract at room temperature	Control	Mild	Mild
	Copper sulphate	Mild	Mild
	Ferrous sulphate	Moderate	Good
	Sodium chloride	Mild	Excellent
	Potassium dichromate	Mild	Moderate
T.erecta dye extract at 100°C	Control	Excellent	Excellent
	Copper sulphate	Good	Excellent
	Ferrous sulphate	Excellent	Excellent
	Sodium chloride	Good	Mild
	Potassium dichromate	Moderate	Mild

 

Fig. 3.The washing fastness of T.erecta dye extract and mordants in cotton and polyester fabrics. (1) room temperature (2) 100°C fixation. (A) Control (without mordant), (B) CuSO₄, (C) FeSO₄, (D) NaCl and (E) K₂Cr₂O₇.

 

Phytochemical analysis:

In the preliminary phytochemical analysis cellulose, glycosides, coumarins and proteins were obtained from alkaline dye extract of T. erecta (Table 4). The Cichorium intybus L which contains inulin, esculin, volatile compounds (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), coumarins, flavonoids and vitamins²⁵. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of Allium cepa contained alkaloids, steroid, saponins, tannin, flavonoids, glycoside and anthraquinone²⁶. In the phytochemical analysis, the chemical compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, phlorotannins and terpenoids were tested in aqueous extract and other solvent extracts of S. wightii. Among the three different solvent extracts, methanol extract showed the presence of maximum phytochemical compounds such as steroids, tannin, flavanoids, phenols, glycosides, saponin and terpenoids²⁷. The phytochemical studies were also carried out for ethanolic and chloroform extracts of flowers of Tagetes erecta to evaluate the presence of different phytochemical constituents²⁸.

 

Table 4: Phytochemical analysis of alkaline extract of T.erecta dye extract.

 

Thin Layer Chromatography:

The T. erecta that showed the yellow colour compound was separated. The retention factor (R_f) value of yellow colour compound 0.9 indicating presence of carotenoids which was recorded in solvent system Petroleum ether: Acetone: Distilled water (20:10:500 µl) was observed by the T. erecta extract (Fig. 4). Thin layer chromatography analysis was studied in various extracts of Ficus carica leaves. The solvent system Ethanol: Chloroform (9:1) and Ethanol: Hexane (3:7) was used for separation of compounds. The three Rf value (0.59, 0.78 & 0.94) and six Rf value (0.05, 0.21, 0.34, 0.51, 0.65 & 0.87) were found in TLC plate of chloroform and ethanol extracts, respectively²⁹. Similarly methanolic extract of Beta vulgaris showed yellow to bright orange colour indicating the presence of carotenoids by TLC³⁰. Capsaicinoids were extracted from hot pepper fruit with the petroleum ether: acetone mixture, and then separated using thin layer chromatography on silica gel³¹.

 

Fig. 4. Thin layer chromatography of T.erecta.

 

Antimicrobial activity of Tagetes erecta dye extract:

The T. erecta dye extract showed highest range of antibacterial activity against Stephylococcus sp and formed zone of inhibition 21 mm in diameter for 90 µl showed the antibacterial activity (Table 5). The nylon fabric was dyed with different mordants at several turmeric concentrations. The dyed fabric was evaluated against human pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for bacteriostatic activity. The mordants ferric sulphate, cupric sulphate and potassium aluminium sulphate exhibited good and durable fastness properties³².The antibacterial activity of Tamarandus indica and Tagetes erecta plant was performed by agar well diffusion method. From the zone of inhibition active against all strain, it was concluded that the highest antibacterial activity of flowers Tagetes erecta than the leaves of Tamarindus indica³³.

 

The T. erecta dye extract showed highest range of antifungal activity against Aspergillus nidulans and formed zone of inhibition 30 mm in diameter for 90 µl (Table 5). The antifungal activity of natural dye was carried out from the aerial parts of Barleria prionitis against the fungal strains like Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium canescens by using agar-well diffusion method. The highest growth reduction in all the test fungi was recorded with 500 mg/ml concentration of natural dye³⁴.

 

Table 5: Antibacterial ans antifungal activity of T. erecta dye extract

Dye extract	Organisms	Zone of inhibition in diameter (mm)
		30µl	50 µl	70 µl	90 µl
Antibacterial activity	E.coli	0	0	0	12
	Klebsiella sp	0	12	15	15
	Staphylococcus sp	0	17	20	21
	Pseudomonas sp	0	12	14	15
Antifungal activity	Curvularia sp	0	0	0	0
	A.nidulans	0	21	28	30

 

FT-IR analysis of Tagetes erecta dye extract:

The T. erecta dye extract showed more absorption bands at 3447.52, 2873.74, 2066.58, 1638.42, 1364.54 and 622.00 that were assigned to the alcohol as a functional group (O-H stretching), C-H stretching, N=C=S stretching, N-H bending, C-H rocking and C- Br stretching. The T. erecta alkaline dye extract contain different organic compounds like alcohol, alkane, Isothiocyanate, amine, alkanes and alkyl halides (Fig. 5). In FT-IR analysis, Equisetum arvense and Althaea rosea seeds were showed the presence of alkenes, aliphatic fluoro compounds, alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters, nitro compounds and alkanes³⁵.

 

Fig. 5.FT-IR analysis of acidic extract of T.erecta dye extract.

 

CONCLUSION:

The study was concluded that the alkaline dye extract of T. erecta can be successfully used for dyeing of cotton and polyester by using combination of mordants. The T. erecta dye extract showed highest range of antibacterial activity against Stephylococcus sp and antifungal activity against Aspergillus nidulans.

 

REFERENCE:

1.      Samanta AK, Konar A. Dyeing of Textiles with natural dyes. Natural Dyes. 2011; 4(3): 30-56.

2.      Shetty LJ, Sakr FM, Al-Obaidy K, Patel MJ, Shareef H. A brief review on medicinal plant Tagetes erecta Linn. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2015; 5(3): 091-095.

3.      Shetty LJ, Harikiran H, Fernandes J. Pharmacological evaluation of ethanolic extract of flowers of Tagetes erecta on epilepsy. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2009; 2(6): 1035-1038.

4.      Senthilkumar P, Umashankar P, Sujatha, B. Ultrasonic dyeing of cotton fabrics with neem leaves. Indian Textile Journal. 2002; 112(6):15-18.

5.      Elumalai A, Eswaraiah MC, Kasarla R, Ravi P. An Alternative to Synthetic Acid Base Indicator-Tagetes erecta Linn. 2012; 5(2):218-220.

6.      Patil DB, Patil KN, Gaikwad PV, Patil PJ, Shewale UL, Bhamburdekar SB. Extraction of natural dye from rose flower for dyeing cotton fabrics. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field. 2016; 2(8): 135-137.

7.      Geetha B, Sumathy VJH. Extraction of Natural Dyes from Plants. Int. J. Chem. Pharm Sci. 2013; 1(8): 502-509.

8.      Saravanan P, Chandramohan G, Saivaraj S, Deepa D. Extraction and application of eco-friendly natural dye obtained frombarks of Odinawodier L on cotton fabric. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 2013; 3(2):80-85.

9.      Tripathi G, Yadav MK, Upadhyay P, Mishra S. Natural dyes with future aspects in dyeing of Textiles: A research article. Int. J. Pharma Tech. Res. 2015; 8(1): 96-100.

10.   Ahamed T, Rahman SKM, Shohael AM. 2017.Thin layer chromatographic profiling and phytochemical screening of six medicinal plants in Bangladesh. International Journal of Biosciences. 2017; 11(1)131-140.

11.   Aglawe S, Gayke A, Murade P, Swami P, Game P, Kadam P, Kanawade S, Garud Y. Different methods of extraction for Red Dye from Capsicum annuum. Research J. Science and Tech. 2019; 11(4):281-286.

12.   Nasrullah S, Rahman K, Ikram M, Nisar M, Khan I. Screening of antibacterial activity of medicinal plants. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2012; 14(2): 25-29.

13.   Mathur A, Singh R, Yousuf S, Bhardwaj A, Verma S.K, Babu P, Dua VK. Antifungal activity of some plant extracts against clinical pathogens. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. 2011; 2(2): 260-4.

14.   Paramasivam G, Kannan R, Paulraj SM, Subbiah S, Pandiarajan J. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Boerhaavia diffusa linn. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 2017; 4(11): 323-331.

15.   Ravi D, Lekshmi DRB, Vijayabharathi V, Parthasarathy R. Study on Antideterioration Properties from selected Plant Based Dyes. Asian J. Research Chem. 2015; 8(3): 205-212.

16.   Moses JJ, Venkataraman VK. Study of Dyeing, Absorbency, Mechanical and Surface Properties on Chemical Treated Cotton Fabric. Asian J. Research Chem. 2015; 8(11): 664-674.

17.   Punrattanasin N, Nakpathom M, Somboon B, Narumol N, Rungruangkitkrai N, Mongkholrattanasit R.. Silk fabric dyeing with natural dye from mangrove bark (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) extract. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013; 49: 122-129.

18.   Chandra MS, Thiripura S, Senthil KR, Thiyagarajan A. Dyeing of Cotton with Natural Dye Obtained from Flower of Tecoma stans. Universal Journal of Environmental Research & Technology. 2012; 2(1).

19.   Saravanan P, Chandramohan G, Saivaraj S. A Study on the Eco-Friendly Natural Dye Extracted from Flowers of Landana camara L on Silk and Wool fabrics. Asian J. Research Chem. 2012; 5(3): 418-421.

20.   Bhatti IA, Adeel S, Jamal A, Safdar M, Abbas M. Influence of gamma radiation on the colour strength and fastness properties of fabric using turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) as natural dye. Radiat Phys Chem. 2010; 79(5): 622-625.

21.   Baishya D, Talukdar J, Sandhya S. Cotton Dying with Natural Dye Extracted from Flower of Bottlebrush (Callistemon citrinus). Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. 2012; 2(5): 377-382.

22.   Jothi D. Extraction of Natural Dyes from African Marigold Flower (Tagates erecta) for Textile Coloration. AUTEX Journal. 2008; 8(2): 49-53.

23.   Kumaresan M, Palanisamy PN, Kumar PE. Application of ecofriendly natural dye on silk using combination of mordants. International Journal of Chemistry Research. 2011; 11-14.

24.   Sivajiganesan S. Eco-Friendly Natural Dye from Bark of Acacia leucophloea for Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Different Temperature and Mordant. Asian J. Research Chem. 2017; 10(1):1-5.

25.   Nandagopal S, Kumari BR. Phytochemical and antibacterial studies of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)-A multipurpose medicinal plant. Advances in Biological Research. 2007; 1(1-2): 17-21.

26.   Itodo SE, Oyero SK, Umeh E, Ben A, Etubi MD. Phytochemical Properties and Staining Ability of Red Onion (Allium cepa) extract on histological sections. Journal of Cytology & Histology. 2014; 5(6): pp 1.

27.   Sangeetha J, Gayathri S, Rajeshkumar S. Antimicrobial assessment of marine brown algae Sargassum whitti against UTI pathogens and its phytochemical analysis. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(6): 1905-1910.

28.   Shinde N, Saindane RA, Bhosale SK, Deshpande S. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic and Chloroform Extracts of Tagetes erecta Flowers. Research J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2010; 2(4): 324-326.

29.   Sharma M, Abid R, Sajgotra M. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography of Ficus carica leaves extract. UK J. Pharm Biosci. 2017; 5(1): 18-23.

30.   Veerabhuvaneshwari V, Shalini BM, Sadhasivama B, Nachimuthu S. Extraction of dye from Ixora coccinea and Beta vulgaris for Eco-dyeing. Research J. Engineering and Tech. 2017; 8(4): 378-382.

31.   Aglawe S, Gayke A, Murade P, Swami P, Game P, Kadam P, Kanawade S, Garud Y. Different methods of extraction for Red Dye from Capsicum annuum. Research J. Science and Tech. 2019; 11(4):281-286.

32.   Mirjalili M, Karimi L. Antibacterial dyeing of polyamide using turmeric as a natural dye. Autex Research Journal. 2013; 13(2): 51-56.

33.   Sheela S.T, Gurunath D.S, Swapnali A M., Kumar RR C., Ramling D M. Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Tamarindus indica and Tagetes erecta. Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2019; 11(3):186-188.

34.   Pal A, Kumar R, Upadhyay L, Tripathi Y. Antifungal Activity of Natural Dye from Aerial Biomass of Barleria prionitis L and Dyed Fabrics. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE). 2018; 37(1): 213-221.

35.   Altameme HJ, Hameed IH, Abu-Serag NA. Analysis of bioactive phytochemical compounds of two medicinal plants, Equisetum arvense and Alchemila valgaris seed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Malays. Appl. Biol. 2015; 44(4): 47-58.

 

 

 

Accepted on 21.06.2021           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm.and Tech 2022; 15(3):1287-1292.