Terminalia arjuna (Arjun Tree):

A Sacred plant with high Medicinal and Therapeutic Potential

 

Sheetal Yadav¹, Sulochana Kaushik², Sunil Kumar Chhikara³, Sandeep Singh⁴,

Jaya Parkash Yadav², Samander Kaushik¹*

¹Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India.

²Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India.

³University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), MDU, Rohtak, India.

⁴Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Hr), India.

 

ABSTRACT:

It is believed from ancient times that more than 80-85% of drugs used to treat harmful diseases are obtained from plants. Synthetic medicines are increasing presently, but they have a lot of side effects and are costly. Therefore, people are looking towards medicinal plants. The present review is on Terminalia arjuna, popularly known as the Arjun tree or 'God of Heart' due to its high utility in treating the heart. The morphology, phytochemicals, and biogenic properties of the T. arjuna are explained. It contains tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids secondary metabolites, which show therapeutic potential. T. arjuna has antimutagenic, cardioprotective, hyper-cholesterolaemic, hypolipidemic, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antiviral, antimalarial, antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial properties.

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION:

Plants are one of the important sources of medicines to treat various ailments¹. Herbal drugs have very few or negligible side effects and are cost-effective compared to synthetic drugs. The medicinal plant can be helpful as antibacterial^2-6, antiviral^7-14, antifungal^15-17, and antiprotozoal¹⁸. T. arjuna belongs to the family Combretaceae or Terminalia, commonly called Arjuna¹⁹. Terminalia name derived from the word terminus means leaves are on the top of the tip. About 70% of medicinal plants are found in tropical Indian forests²⁰. According to one World Health Organization report, it was concluded that more than 60% of the rural population depends on herbal medicines²¹. We have inherited the production of medicines from plants from our ancestors and T. arjuna²² is one prominent example.

 

Ethnobotany simplifies the production of herbal medicines and also increases its demand. The plants are beneficial for food, clothes, shelter, and medicines²³. Medicines from plants have advantages like rare side effects, low cost, more efficiency. T. arjuna contains many secondary metabolites used to treat various diseases²⁴. This plant has many biogenic properties like antioxidant²⁵, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, antimalarial²⁶, antithrombotic, anticoagulant¹ anti-mutagenic^27-30, antherogenic³¹, wound healing^21,32 etc. T. arjuna can prevent the oxidation of substrate molecules due to its antioxidant property. This oxidation of biomolecules in human cells generates free radicals harmful to the heart and cause cardiovascular disease. So, plant molecules such as ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and tannins are used as antioxidants in different food products. Luteolin has a high anti-cancerogenic activity that is highly inhibiting cancer cell lines³³. The plant bark constitutes phytochemicals like tannins, arjunic acid, arjunetin etc, while leaves contain flavonoids. T. arjuna is known for treating cardiovascular diseases. Drugs from this plant also help overcome the problem of drug resistance in disease-causing microbes. It is also effective against SARS-COV-2³⁴ mediated effects on the cardiovascular system. It binds to the protease of SARS-COV-2 and has a high energy level. It can also inhibit viral replication by catalase inhibition. T. arjuna also inhibits the attachment and penetration of Herpes Virus and its late infection³⁵. T. arjuna is also known to result in delaying skin ageing³⁶. The effect of four drying techniques on the bark of T. arjuna named sim drying, oven drying, microwave drying, and freeze-drying showed the highest amount of alkaloid, protein content, flavonoid, and phenolics in freeze-dried extract, then in microwave and lowest in sun-drying³⁷. T. arjuna is known through various names discussed elsewhere in literature^38-40.

 

2. Morphology of Arjuna Tree:

Arjuna tree (T. arjuna) is about 80-90 feet or 20-25 m tall and has a buttressed trunk. T. arjuna distributed over Australia, Asia and Africa²⁶. Leaves of the T. arjuna are conical, oblong and green coloured at the top while brown near the bottom. The bark of the T. arjuna is the leading herbal, sweet and acrid part of the tree used for medicinal purposes. It is internally red and externally pinkish-grey coloured. The major constituents of bark are triterpenoids, glycosides and tannins. Flowers of the T. arjuna are whitish and yellowish and appear in summer. The fruits of the T. arjuna are 2.5 -5 cm and woody, occurring between September to November⁴¹. T. arjuna tree is deciduous and usually found in deciduous forests and semi-dry areas. It is distributed across India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, usually found growing on river banks in M.P Maharashtra, West Bengal, U.P, Odisha and Central of India²⁵. The medicinal uses of T. arjuna tree bark^42-45 are summarized in Table 1.

 

Table 1. Medicinal uses of bark extract of T. arjuna

Plant part	Medicinal uses	References
Bark	Snakebite, antidote, scorpion sting, dyspepsia, arthritis, joint pain, fracture, back pain, indigestion, wound healing	42 43 44,45

 

3. Phytoconstituents:

T. arjuna contains various constituents in its bark, leaves, flowers, fruit. The analysis of phytochemicals is done by standard protocols as mentioned by Harbone⁴⁶. The major constituents are tannins, triterpenoids which have the highest medicinal value, are present in the bark. Their structures can be confirmed by HPLC, UPLC, or other biochemistry techniques. The bark of T. arjuna contains 34% ash content, and its major component is calcium carbonate. 23% calcium salts and 16% tannins are present in aqueous bark extract. Organic extracts of various T. arjuna parts have been prepared from organic solvents like benzene, chloroform, ethane, acetone, and ethyl acetate to identify a large variety of secondary metabolites^{27,43,47,48,49,50,51} (Table 2).

 

Table 2. Chemical constituents present in different parts of T. arjuna with their biological uses

Parts	Phytochemicals	Biological uses	Ref
Bark	Triterpenoids- Arjugenin, Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid, Arjunolic acid Glycosides- Arjunetin, Arjunoside I& II, Arjunolone, Arjunolitin, Terminoside A, Terminic acid Flavonoids and phenolics- Arjunone, luteolin, Baicalein, ethyl gallate, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, Tannin- punicallin, Castalagin, casuarinin, punicalagin, terflavin C	Cardioprotective Anti-inflammatory Antigenotoxic Anticoagulant Antihypertensive Anticancer Antioxidant & Antiviral	47     27     48
Leaves	Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids	Antimicrobial Antihyperglycemic Antioxidant Analgesic and anti-inflammatory Cytotoxic activity Anticancer	49 50   50 43 48
Roots	Arjunoside , Arjunolic acid, Terminic acid, Arjunic acid	Antidiabetic	51

Fruits contain Arjunic acid, Hentriacontane, cerasidin, while Bark has tannins (Punicalagin, casuarinin, punicallin, terflavin C), flavonoids, glycosides⁵². Luteolin in leaves and roots contained Triterpenoids (Arjunic acid, Arjunolic acid, oleanolic acid) and Glycosides.

 

3.1 Terpenes, Triterpenoids:

Triterpenoids named arjugenin and arjunetin (Fig. 1) are isolated from benzene and alcoholic extracts of its bark respectively. Arjuna barks also constitute Arjunic acid and arjungenin and also glucosides named arjunglucoside I and arjunglucoside II⁴. Triterpene carboxylic acid, terminic acid, arjunoside III, and arjunoside IV were isolated from ethyl extracts of its root. In Human liver microsomes, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9 were inhibited by Arjunic acid, arjungenin and arjunetin (reversible non-competitive inhibition)⁵³. Anti-carcinogenic and antimutagenic properties were investigated elsewhere⁵⁴. Human lymphocyte culture and bone marrow cells were used and different parameters were observed and studied. They included sister chromatid exchange chromosomal aberrations like different syndromes. It was reported that T. arjuna caused a reduction of aberrations because of the presence of Aflatoxin B1. The reduction differs at different periods from 23.49% to 12.32% at 24 hrs, 42.47%to 28% at 48 hrs, 59.60 to 36.88% at 72 hrs. Arjungenin inhibits Hypochlorous acid production from Human neutrophils. It also has antioxidant activity.

 

Figure 1. Chemical structures of the terpenes (a) Arjugenin (b) Arjunetin

 

3.2 Flavonoids:

Flavonoids are secondary phytometabolites having variable structures. They are found in stem bark, fruits, flowers, roots. Arjuna tree contains flavonoids in large amounts. They are known for their protective role in harmful diseases. They exhibit properties like anti-carcinogenic, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory. In plants, flavonoids impart the colour and aroma of flowers and are also responsible for seedlings growth and development. Flavones are a major subclass of flavonoids of T. arjuna. Flavanones have a role in the scavenging of free radicals. Flavanones named Naringenin (5,7,4'- trihydroxyflavonone) and Eriodictyol (3'4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavon-4-one) are potential inhibitors of S. aureus (Fig. 2).

 

Flavonoids react with radicals due to the high reactivity of the OH group and make them inactive. T. arjuna bark contains high amount of flavonoids such as arjunolone, luteolin, flavones, baicalein, pelargonidin & kempferol²¹. Luteolin is one of the flavonoids extracted from the T. arjuna butanolic fraction. It has antimutagenic, anticancer, antimicrobial and neuroprotective properties. Luteolin is a tetrahydroxyflavone having 4 hydroxyl groups at 3,4,5,7 positions. Its chemical formula is C₁₅H₁₀O₆. Quercetin has antioxidant properties and an important role in osteoporosis, lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Kaempferol has a role in pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-osteoporotic. Baicalein prevents formation of biofilm in S.aureus. Gallic acid is a colourless or slightly yellow crystalline compound called 3,4,5–trihydroxybenzoic acid. It is used to prevent oxidative damage that has antioxidant activity. It is the main constituent of arjuna tea. Medicinal properties are antimicrobial, gastro-protective, cardio-protective, anticancer, neuroprotective. It also has antiviral properties, e.g., inhibiting HIV-integrase and transcriptase and preventing attachment and penetration of HSV-1 and HSV-2.

 

3.3.1 Tannins:

They are many polyphenols and non-crystallize secondary metabolites in T. arjuna. They have an essential role in treating a broad spectrum of diseases. Tannins are soluble in water and increase NO₂ synthesis. Tannins are hydrolyzable and condensed. Hydrolyzable tannins include castalagin, causarin, punicalagin, pyrocatechols, punicallin, terchebulin, terflavin C²¹. Tannins are also called acidum tannicum because of their role in medicines. Both types of tannins, hydrolyzable and condensed, have their roles in therapeutic purposes. Tannin content was measured and found to be highest in the bark⁵⁵.

 

3.3.1 Role of tannins:

Tannins precipitate heavy metals, glycosides, and proteins. It is used in burn treatment exhibits anti-diarrheal and antidote properties. Tannic acid (Fig. 3a) is used for treating bleeding, chronic diarrhoea, inflamed tonsils, sore throat. Punicalagin – it is hydrolyzable tannin. Ellagic acid released by Punicalagin (Fig. 3b) induces apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells by mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Tannins are anticancer promoters⁴⁷. Casuarinin is antiviral hydrolyzable tannin present in the bark. The antiviral activity is found even 12 hr after infection and is known to prevent the attachment of HSV-2 to cells.

 

Figure 2. Chemical structures of the tannins (a) Tannic acid, (b) Punicalagin

 

4.1 Antioxidant Properties:

Tannins and flavonoids of T. arjuna act as good antioxidant agents to prevent the formation of free radicals. Free radicals consist of unpaired electrons, making them unstable and highly reactive. They cause oxidation and peroxidation of lipids and proteins⁵⁶. They can behave as oxidizing agents and reduce agents by receiving or donating an electron. Excess of oxygen can form Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), leading to cellular damage and dis-functioning metabolic processes. Free radicals are formed from normal metabolic processes of the body and can also come from external sources, including X-ray exposure, ozone, smoking, and chemicals. They can be generated can be externally or from internal sources. Internal sources mainly include mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Proper functioning of the body requires a balance between free radicals and antioxidants, while imbalance causes oxidative stress culminating in damage of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This oxidative stress results in many diseases like arthritis, stroke, intestinal ischemia, hypertension, gastric ulcers, etc. The injured tissues result in the generation of more free radicals. The free radicals can lead to cancer and aging. Removal of these free radicals by antioxidants results in the delay of aging apart from damages due to free radicals. T. arjuna bark contains many antioxidative flavonoids that react with free radicals to reduce their effects. The reaction is possible because of the high reactivity of the hydroxyl group of flavonoids. E.g., Arjunolic acid prevents the decrease of enzymic and non-enzymic anti-oxidants⁵⁷. Radical scavenging is required for proper metabolism and good cell health by removing free radicals. It was shown that free radicals involved in DEN (N-nitrosodiethylamine) induced liver cancer^25, which is confirmed by the formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in the liver of DEN-administered rats. Ethanol extract of T. arjuna was used to study, the antioxidant activity in DEN-induced liver cancer cells of rats and further promotion by phenobarbital. It was found that there was a decrease in liver non-enzymic (Vit C & E) and enzymic (SOD, catalase, GuX) antioxidants by DEN but amelioration by antioxidant action of T. arjuna extract. In comparing antioxidant activities of T. arjuna barks and core wood, extracts of bark were made in hexane, ethyl acetate, water and methanol. Out of four, methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity due to the presence of a large amount of phenolics and flavonoids. According to this investigation, core woods consist of many phenolics and flavonoids with high antioxidant properties⁵⁸.

 

4.2 Antimicrobial Properties:

T. arjuna has good antibacterial and antifungal activities⁵⁹. For the last few decades, antibiotics have been used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. Too much use of antibiotics has also resulted in developing multidrug resistance. T. arjuna contains phytochemicals like tannins, flavonoids, and glycosides with antimicrobial activities⁶⁰. Tannins are responsible for wound healing, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activity. The efficacy of T. arjuna was evaluated⁶¹ by studying the Ear infection-causing bacteria. Four bacteria that cause ear infection are Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus pneumoniae, while fungal pathogens include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus falvus and Candida albicans. Due to overuse and use of outdated antibiotics, bacteria have become resistant to them by developing multidrug resistance and formed superbugs. In one study, five extracts were prepared from leaves of T. arjuna named acetone, methanol, and ethanol, hot and cold aqueous. All five extracts showed activities against S. aureus. T. arjuna bark, shoot, root, and fruit extracts have antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria⁶². M. luteus was found sensitive to aqueous extract. According to this study, the antimicrobial activity of extracts depended on the concentration of extract used. Arjuneitin from T. arjuna had higher action against S. epidemidis. The effects of an aquatic extract of bark of T. arjuna were shown against E. coli, Proteus, vulguris, pseudomonas aerogenes and klebsiella aerogenes⁶³. The result proved the effectiveness of bark extract against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The leaf extract effect was organism-dependent. The inhibition zones were formed and the largest inhibition zone was found by leaf extract in E. coli, while fruits did not show activity against gram-positive bacteria. T. arjuna contains large amounts of phytosterol, lactones, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and glycosides. Triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and proteins are small amounts in T. arjuna . Antimicrobial properties of its methanolic bark extract against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria^64,65. The better results were found against gram-negative bacteria as compared to gram-positive bacteria. Another study reported antimicrobial activity of dead material from the bark of T. arjuna against fungus and bacteria. The results were comparable to nystatin and chloramphenicol, respectively.

 

4.3 Antimutagenic Properties:

Cancer cases are increasing rapidly, mainly due to changes in lifestyle and pollution⁵⁴. Cancer is caused by carcinogenic compounds or mutagens leading to DNA mutations, especially frameshift and nucleotide base pair mutations.As a result, antimutagenic chemicals or substances are needed to counteract the effects of carcinogenic or mutagens; tannins and flavonoids have been demonstrated to do so¹. On Salmonella typhimurium, the antimutagenic activity of benzene, acetone, methanol, and chloroform fractions of T. arjuna bark were investigated²⁹. The group tested fractions against acid black dye, 2AF (2-amino-fluorene) and NPD in S. typhimurium frameshift mutagenesis. The results showed high anti-mutagenicity of acetone and methanol fractions, with the latter showing the strongest anti-mutagenicity. The oligomeric hydrolyzable tannins showed more anti-mutagenicity as compared to monomeric hydrolyzable tannins. The anti-mutagenicity of methanol and acetone fraction was because anti-mutagens present in methanol and acetone fraction interacted with cytochrome P-448 and P-450 enzymes required for mutagen activation, e.g.P-450 enzyme required for 2AF activation⁶⁶. Maximum zones of inhibition were exhibited by acetone and methanol fractions, 99.49% and 99.80%, respectively. A fraction called PB was prepared by drying acetone extract and then with diethyl ether and ethyl acetate after extraction. Anti-mutagenicity of PB faction was tested in T-98 and TA-100 strains of S. typhimurium⁶⁷. PB fraction was identified as ellagitannin and characterized by IR, UV and H-NMR. Co-inhibition and pre-inhibition setups were designed for further studies and results showed that 2AF mutagenicity was completely inhibited in T-98 while > 90% inhibition was seen in T-100. PB fraction was highly effective against indirect-acting mutagens while showing moderate effect against direct-acting mutagens. T. arjuna metabolites was also found to inhibit HepG2 (Human hepatoma cell lines) proliferation⁵⁴, which prevented the conversion of Aflatoxin B1 to its genotoxic metabolites and decreased aberrations. Aflatoxin B1 is produced by Aspergillus falvus and Aspergillus parasiticum.

 

4.4 Cardioprotective Activity:

The majority of the population suffers from cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction, coronary artery diseases (CAD), hypertension, and chronic heart failure (CHF). T. arjuna bark constitutes a high amount of triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, Gallic acid and phytosterol^68. The glycosides present in the bark of T. arjuna are responsible for a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disorders. T. arjuna bark has specific molecules like arjunolic acid for treating hypertension and ischaemic diseases^68-70. T. arjuna strengthens heart contractions so the heart can pump blood with fewer heartbeats that are positively ionotropic⁷¹. The bark extract of T. arjuna contains ISO (Isoproterenol), reducing the chance of Chronic Heart Failure⁷². CHF is a disorder in which the heart cannot supply enough blood for body demand and may further lead to CAD, diabetes mellitus, obesity, myocardial infarction, hypertension and valvular heart diseases. The bark extracts result in myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction attenuation and the treatment of CAD, and the effect was shown in caffeine Induced CAD⁷³. Statins were also found to reduce CHF and mortality, but with several side effects, so there has been a need to use safe and cost-effective herbal products. Bark powder also protects against heart diseases. T. arjuna also preserved left ventricular function & its effect was comparable to fluvastatin. If taken appropriately, T. arjuna bark extract reduced the Left Ventricular weight to body weight ratio, if taken in less amount, then no such prevention. Lipids also have an important role in cardiovascular disease. Due to alternation in lipid metabolism, cardiac function is also altered. The bark of T. arjuna is responsible for decreasing total cholesterol levels and triglycerides and increasing HDL levels⁵¹. Cyclosporin A is generally used to prevent the rejection of kidney, heart, liver transplants and has side effects like cardiotoxicity, hypertension, etc. It was investigated that Arjunolic acid of triterpenoids show effect against Cyclosporin A-induced cytotoxicity and also against myocardial fibrosis⁷⁴. T. arjuna increases the number of antioxidants that prevent oxidation injury and myocardial oxidative stress.

 

4.5 Gastroprotective Activity:

Gastric ulcer is the condition when acid damages the digestive tract lining and is caused mainly by NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)⁷⁴ and Helicobacter pylori⁷⁵. NSAIDs are mainly used to relieve pain from Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and affect the stomach lining and gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). NSAIDs cause arachidonic acid accumulation by inhibiting the activity of prostaglandins synthase, which leads to a halt in prostaglandins formation and accumulation of arachidonic acid. Diclofenac sodium, monosodium, is an NSAID that inhibits arachidonic acid to prostaglandins conversion. A drug used to avoid ulcers is antacids, anticholinergics but having side effects. So there was a need to develop herbal medicine with no or fewer side effects. In an experiment, the rat was treated with Diclofenac and another with methanolic extract of bark of T. arjuna. The result was a decrease in lesion index in T. arjuna treated rats compared to diclofenac rats⁷⁶.

 

4.6 Antidiabetic Activity:

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose metabolism. Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia are related to diabetes mellitus^42,43. Diabetes mellitus is a hyperglycemia condition due to reducing insulin secretion or activity. Modern medicines result in side effects and also have the high-cost factor. So, to lessen the cost and side effects, traditional medicines can be used and were used before the discovery of insulin⁷⁷. The ethanolic bark extract of T. arjuna has high hypoglycemic activity⁷⁸ and is antidiabetic in diabetic rats. The enzymes hexokinase, aldolase and phosphoglucoisomerase, were also studied in non-diabetic and diabetic rats. For diabetes induction in rats, alloxan monohydrate was used. It was found that the activities of Hexokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase decreased while aldolase increased. T. arjuna bark extract, thus, decreased glucose level by secreting insulin and activating hexokinase enzyme, which catalyzes the first step of glycolysis⁷⁹. The protective compounds for this purpose in stem bark extract of T. arjuna include alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, and phytosterols⁸⁰.

 

4.7 Antihelminthic Activity:

The anthelmintic activity was evaluated against earthworms. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of T. arjuna show antihelminthic activity; aqueous extract has higher activity than alcoholic⁸¹. The action was shown by tannins present in the bark. The mechanism involves the presence of free proteins in the larva tubes of earthworms for their nutrition and tannins binding with these free proteins to cause larval death due to the unavailability of nutrition⁸².

 

4.8 Cytotoxic Activity:

Leave extract and tannins and flavonoids also have cytotoxic activity. An investigation reported Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and Dalton's lymphoma (DAL) cell lines treated with 100 micrograms of arjunolic acid, and death percentage between 66-70% was recorded⁸³. Arjunolic acid caused damage to the membrane of cancer cells and resulted in the death of the cell.

 

4.9 Antithrombotic Activity:

The ethanolic bark extract of T. arjuna inhibited platelet aggregation and decreased platelet activation⁸⁴. Platelet activation occurs by the release of free calcium ions and CD62P expression. But, T. arjuna suppressed or attenuated these two factors and resulted in a decrease in platelet activation.

 

4.10 Antiviral Activity:

The antiviral activity was also shown by T. arjuna, which is a potentially great application for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Covid-19 affects the cardiovascular system, whereas arjuna has cardioprotective properties. It binds to the protease of SARS-COV-2 and has high energy levels. It can also inhibit viral replication by catalase inhibition. T. arjuna also inhibits the attachment and penetration of Herpes Virus and late infection events³⁵. The famous drug Remdesivir was used in the first case on Jan 2020 in Washington and was reported to show inhibitory action on the proliferation of viruses. T. arjuna (Arjunetin) was found to have higher activity against SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV2 than lopinavir and ritonavir. Arjunetin has shown higher binding energy against 3CL-protease and RdRp polymerase than lopinavir, while binding energy against 3PL-protease is approx. Similar. T. arjuna showed antiherpes activity.

 

4.11 Larvicidal Activity:

T. arjuna bark extract also possesses larvicidal activity against Aedes ageypti mosquito, which causes dengue fever. For that investigation, bark extracts in hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and chloroform were made⁸⁵. The maximum mortality effect was shown by chloroform extract of T. arjuna bark on larvae of A. ageypti. Lethal concentrations at 50% and 90% (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) were 4.61µg/ml and 24.17 µg /ml respectively.

 

4.12 Wound Healing Activity:

T. arjuna also has wound healing activity, as shown by the hydroalcoholic extract of its bark in treating dermal wounds in rats⁴⁴. It was also observed in 65-years old patients that arjuna showed wound healing activity against non-healing venous ulcers in lower legs. T. arjuna bark powder, in addition to coconut oil, is applied on wounds. It was reported to reduce wound size and relieve pain. The wound healing activity was due to tannins in the bark.

 

5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE:

The present review explains the advantages of using herbal medicine instead of synthetic medicines. The review reveals T. arjuna has a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties to overcome harmful diseases. T. arjuna consists of phytochemicals in enormous amounts, including tannins, triterpenoids and flavonoids. These show cardiotonic properties, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antithrombotic, etc. The bark of T. arjuna contains various phytoconstituents like terpenes named arjugenin, arjunolic acid and terminic acid. They are helpful due to their cardiotonic nature and antioxidant properties. Flavonoids have good antioxidant properties, tannins have good cardiotonic and antiviral properties, and tannins also possess wound healing activity. Out of all parts, barks of Arjuna possess a wide range of medicinal properties. Arjuna has been widely used for medicinal purposes from ancient times and further clinical research is required to refine its therapeutic uses. The study can be used in the future to treat life-threatening situations like even COVID-19.

 

6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

 

7. ORCID:

Samander Kaushik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4835-6383

 

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Accepted on 04.05.2022           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2022; 15(12):5859-5867.