Mouth Dissolving Tablets: An Insight into Challenges and Future Prospects of Technologies in Pharmaceutical Industries

 

Jitendra Gupta

Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Chaumuha, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Despite advancements in science and technology and newer innovations in drug delivery, the oral route is still the most popular route for administering the drugs. The tremendous measures are adopted to make it as cost-effective, non-invasive, and self-administrative process for improving patient compliance. It has found acceptance from people of all ages, especially children and old age, as there is difficulty in swallowing the tablet. The longing efforts have made to improve the flavor and taste of orally managed tablets that prompted the advancement of numerous medicines with improved acceptance and palatability. Mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) have become progressively prominent in recent decades, and this field has turned into a quickly developing territory in the pharmaceutical industries. One of the promising characteristics of MDTs is the quick disintegration in the mouth when mixed with saliva and provides a pleasant and sweet taste for disagreeable medicines. This article surveys the past utilizations and newer techniques adopted by descriptors for taste concealing. It projects the most recent improvements and strategies taken for diminishing the sharpness for oral pharmaceuticals. It further highlights the problems faced by paediatrics and geriatrics patients in the swallowing of tablets and also adopted for the disintegration of the tablet in the mouth to enhance patient compliance and acceptability through ease of administration at an affordable cost. The incorporation of superdisintegrants employed for the development of the MDTs and other formulation aspects promotes the use of MDTs in pharmaceutical industries from a research point of view.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The Mouth dissolving tablets are innovative smart drug delivery systems that dissolve, disperse, and disintegrate in the buccal mucosa. It is a highly acceptable and potential candidate for drug delivery for geriatric, paediatric, and critically ill patients facing difficulty in swallowing ordinary tablets, thus promotes better patient compliance. The orodispersible tablets are suitable for drug candidates showing high first-pass metabolism to provide a rapid onset of action. The active ingredient disperses in the presence of saliva after swelling of Mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) and gets absorbed in the systemic circulation¹.

 

For overcoming these primary threads, scientists and analysts have built newer creative medication for patients that are popularly known as orodispersible tablets or (MDTs). These are altogether newer medications that found its acceptance in the patient's household due to the benefits of disintegrations in the mouth and dissolving in saliva without the use of water. The advantages of using the MDTs have provided better patient acceptability. As indicated by the European Pharmacopoeia, MDTs disintegrates within 30s or less in the presence of saliva. These strategies frequently utilized to make successful MDTs candidates for bedridden, old, child, and patients who have difficulty swallowing of tablets. The advancement of MDT helps in the improvement of patient behavior through speedy recovery, enhanced bioavailability, and spacious steadiness, thus making MDTs popular candidate for providing promising results of pharmaceutical importance^2-5.

MDTs marketed as orodispersible tablets, fast-dissolving tablets, and fast-disintegrating tablets. Nevertheless, most of the characteristics of MDTs are beneficial and highly acceptable by severely ill patients. According to United State Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), the orodispersible tablets characterized as a strong measurement structure containing restorative substances or dynamic fixings which deteriorates quickly inside mouth within a couple of moments when placed on the tongue^6,7.

 

Ideal Properties of MDTs

MDTs should^8-11.

·       Quickly disintegrates within a fraction of seconds in mouth.

·       Ease of self-administration.

·       Do not require water for swallowing tablets.

·       Better patient compliance and acceptability.

·       Pleasant mouth feels.

·       Harder and less fragile.

·       Ease of fabrication with minimum cost and efforts.

·       Versatile and simple to transport.

·       Compatible with moisture, temperature, and pH.

·       Ease of availability enhancing stocking of tablets in the large amount.

 

Rationale of MDTs:

·       Simplicity in administration for those individuals who can't ingest the conventional tablets like the paediatrics, geriatrics and psychiatric patients, depressive patients, heart patients and patients confined to bed^12,13.

·       The quicker effect of medication by ingestion of the pre-gastric region, such as mouth area, pharynx, and esophagus, provides fast onset of action^13,14.

·       Devoid of usage with water while using MDTs¹⁵.

·       Disintegration and dissolution at a faster rate, promote better patient compliance.

·       Accurate dosing when contrasted with fluids¹⁶.

·       The risk of asphyxiation during oral medication is far away, improving the patient's wellness.

·       The advantageous technique for traveling, poor and occupied, is individuals, where drinking water facilities are not available.

·       It also masked the disagreeable, bitter, and nauseous effect of medicines by imparting sweeteners, flavors, and sugars to enhance palatability and acceptability for paediatric patients.

·       Ease of self-dosing for isolated patients^17,18.

 

Challenges to Develop MDTs^5,6,8

·       Effectively taste concealing of nauseous and bitter drugs.

·       Formulate with insignificant exertion.

·       No undesirable side effects.

·       Provide acceptable compact structure and moisture shield.

·       Avoid an increase in tablet size.

·       Sensitivity to biological condition.

 

Salient Features of MDTs^9,10

·       Do not require water to ingest tablets, which is a significantly favorable element for persons who are on road trips and forget to carry drinking water.

·       Elicit the quick onset of action due to the rapid penetration of saliva.

·       Excellent oral acceptability of MDTs is important for ingesting an unpleasant pill, particularly in geriatric patients.

·       The convenience of association and accurate dosing when compared with liquids due to the ease of transportation.

·       Less prone to spoil and break.

 

Limitations for MDTs^11,12

·       Patients on anticholinergic prescriptions are not ideal candidates for orodispersible tablets. Individuals like Sjogren's who have issues in less saliva production are poor candidates for oral delivery of MDTs.

·       Difficulty to formulate a tablet of ciprofloxacin weighing 500mg with excess friability.

 

Mechanisms of Superdisintegrants:

Four significant mechanisms are explained of MDTs for disintegration in the mouth (Figure 1)^11,12,19-22.

 

By Molecular Breaking Down Technique (Particle Repulsive Force)

This technique developed an "un-swellable" MDTs. The scientist Guyot-Hermann proposed the speculation of molecule repugnance determined by the perception stating that the non-expanding particles cause the crumbling of tablets with the help of detestable electric controls. This process requires water for crumbing tablets into smaller fragments, shown in (Figure 1a).

 

Permeability and Capillary Behavior (Wicking)

This method stages and based on the principle of falling apart of tablets through capillary action. The tablets placed with a reasonable amount of fluid, cause penetration into the drug substance, and replace the adsorbed air present in it. Due to intermolecular interactions, the drug substances destroyed depending on excipient hydrophilicity and tablet conditions. This process demands to keep the permeable structure and low interface tension towards the watery liquid, which separates simply by shaping a hydrophilic portion of medicated substances in pieces, showed in (Figure 1b).

 

Figure 1.  Various mechanisms of superdisintegants of MDT

 

 

Bloating (Swelling)

Extensively used bloating causes deterioration of tablets due to the swelling process. The breaking of tablets into fragments depends upon the property of swelling and porosity of coated polymer, depicted in (Figure 1c).

 

Structural Deformation

At the time of tablets' compaction, the undissolved substances get distorted, and change to a particular structure comes in contact with the water. From time to time, starch swellability improved the granulation and governed through the structural deformation process. This process causes isolation of the tablet into smaller fragments, shown in (Figure 1d).

 

TECHNOLOGIES EMPLOYED FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF MDTs :

The technologies employed for the production of MDT classified into two categories. The first is patented, and the other non-patented technologies. Further, the technology utilized for the creation of MDT are broadly grouped in two classes, firstly licensed, and the second non-licensed technologies (21,22).

 

(I) Non-Patented Technology

The non-patented technologies are shown in (Figure 2).

 

(A) Mass Extrusion

This technique utilizes an aqueous mix of solvents like methanol and polyethylene glycol. After that, it removes the unexpected amount by employing an extruder or a syringe to circle that holds the chamber into proportionate pieces by warming to form tablets²³.

 

(B) Cotton Candy Process:

(a) Floss Processing

The string framing machine utilizes the moment's warmth and quick stream procedures to create a framework from the transported material. This machine uses the arrangement of "cotton sweets," which comprises a turning head and warming components. During the procedure, heat initiates the barrier material's interior stream condition that helps in producing floss material.

 

(b) Floss Blend

FLASHDOSE® is a mouth dissolving drug delivery system (MDDDS), delivered applying Shearform™ development met up with Ceform TI™ advancement to conceal the flavor of the prescribed tablets. The cross-section called "dental floss" contains a blend of excipients, both its self by having medicine and is ready for employing shear forming development. Irrespective of various polysaccharides, polydextrose, and polymaltose (dextrins) showed a temperature of 30-40% less than sucrose. With this switch, artificially unreliable drugs combined using this technique. Incredibly porous nature of the material gives a beguiling tendency in the mouth because of the quick crumbling of sugar with salivation.

 

The dental floss mix contained eighty percent sucrose in blend in with a dextrose/mannitol and one percent surfactant. The surfactant provides dental floss the crystallization booster needed. This methodology maintains the dissipation of medicine inside the structure, thus restricting the advancement from the mix²⁴.

(C) Fast Dissolving Films:

Another manufacturing method of MDTs through a non-watery arrangement that contains water-miscible film former such as carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl and sodium alginate. In this process the medication and other dissolvable flavors are covered with a structural layer, which dissipates and forms gum adsorbate or covered medication microparticles that incorporated into the film²⁵. On placing the tablet in the mouth, the film melts or breaks up rapidly, discharging the medication in the form of suspension²⁶.

 

(D) Direct Compression:

Immediate pressure is the least bothersome and most useful technique for producing tablets. MDT readily developed using this methodology on account of the openness of better ingredients, specifically sugar-based components and other superdisintegrants.

 

(E) Superdisintegrants:

The pace of separating a tablet is usually affected by the development of superdisintegrant and therefore breaking down. Various fixings, such as water-dissolvable ingredients are essential administrators that enhance the disintegration process^27,28.

 

(F) Sugar-based Ingredients:

Starch hydrolysate, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, maltose, fructose, sorbitol, dextrose, xylitol, and polydextrose are sugar-based excipients used for taste concealing. These excipients show large water dissolvability and sweet taste, and possess a good flavor, covering properties and provide an excellent long-lasting oral experience. The sugar-based ingredients into two sorts subject one is the speed of improvement, and the other is falling apart. The Type 1 saccharides (lactose and mannitol) show low adaptability due to increased wear and tear rate. Type 2 saccharides (maltose and maltitol) show high vulnerability and low breaking down cost.

 

(G) Spray Drying

This method involved both non-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed gelatin as a lattice reinforcement. It also contains sodium starch glycolate, cross carmellose (as a superdisintegrant) mannitol as filler. The citrus concentration and sodium bicarbonate stimulated the disintegration and broke down of MDTs. A penetrable powder was gained by spray-drying the above suspension and added into drug substances. The drug substances made through this procedure disintegrates within 20 seconds in the presence of water.

 

(H) Freeze-drying/Lyophilization:

This process involved solidifying the watery substance into ice mass, thereby showing improved disintegration properties because of the presence of a gleaming formless structure formed during the breaking of medication. This method depends on the relative insolubility of drug substances in water and fluid solidness in suspensions. The fundamental issues related to water-dissolvable medications are the development of a eutectic blend due to the decreased solidification point and the arrangement of a vitreous substantial after solidify, which may fall during sublimation. The expansion of mannitol or precious stone framing materials actuates crystallinity and offers an unbending nature of the undefined material. The benefit of utilizing the stop drying procedure is that pharmaceutical substances prepared in a non-raised temperature along these lines dispensing with antagonistic agents done efficiently. The use of hardware and costly handling methods limits the utilization of this procedure^29,30.

 

(I) Melt Granulation:

MDTs made using hydrophilic waxy material of PEG-6-stearate at 91.4-98.6°F. It is not just going about as lamina and manufactures the physical obstacle of tablets; however, it also disintegrates tablets because it melts in the mouth and sets apart quickly, leaving no residue. Superpolystate is considered as a binder and provides physical resistance for MDT and helps in disintegration in mouth³¹.

 

(J) Molding:

There are two sorts of trim systems, for instance, dissolvable procedure and warm methodology. The dissolvable technique involved the wetting of powder mixture using a water-alcohol and then smashing at low weight in molded plates to gain wet mass (pressure shaping). Air drying happens to bare the dissolvable. Thus, tablets conveyed are less small than pressed tablets and also have a porous structure that animates breaking down. In the hot-trim methodology, a suspension of drug, sugar, and agar (e.g., Lactose or Mannitol) is ready. A suspension filled trouble squeezing wells, and after the agar sets at space, temperature to shape a jam and dried in 86°F below vacuum. The essential issue related to the shape of tablets is usually their mechanical quality, which got with confining managers. A sprinkle solidifying the fluid mix of sodium carbonate, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, polyethylene glycol, lecithin, and the sturdy fixing as a lactose-based pass on the tablet used to form particles of the secured flavor of the prescription. Differentiated as well as the quit drying technique, tablets made by frivolity are simpler to scale for current scale creation³².

 

(K) Sublimation:

A closeness of an unusual porous nature in the tablet strategy is a primary aspect of the speedy disintegrating of MDTs. Although ordinary tablets consist of a considerable amount of water dissolvable fixing that is not separated easily due to low porosity. To enhance the porosity of MDTs camphor and mannitol are added and sublimated in a vacuum at 176°F for 30 minutes for setting up the tablets³³.

 

(II) Patented Technology:

The patented technologies showed in (Figure 3).

 

(A) Ceform Technology

This innovation includes the arrangement of dynamic medication microspheres. The medication's components are placed alone or blended with other pharmaceutical substances and ingredients using a quick turning machine. A radial power is enacted, which launches the dry medication blend at rapid speed through warm smaller gaps. Due to warmness, the medication blend consolidates to frame a ball, the microspheres subsequently shaped are packed into tablets. Since both the medication and excipients handled at the same time, this makes a remarkable microenvironment wherein materials joined into the microspheres that can change enhance solvency and security.

 

(B) Nanocrystal Technology:

Elan, Ruler of Prussia, licensed it. Nanocrystal advancement includes lyophilization of colloidal scatterings of the medicinal material and H2O-dissolvable parts packed in annoy packets. This tactic avoids the amassing program, for instance, granulation, mixing, and tableting, i.e., progressively significant for healthy and harmful medicines. Since the creation and occurrences are irrelevant, this system is advantageous for a constrained amount of the prescription³⁴.

 

(C) Shearform Technology:

The "Floss" shear grid placed in this innovation. The primitive material arranged with the sugar's bearer exposed to heat treatment. In this process, sugar exposed to diffusive power and temperature, angle, that makes the mass temperature of sugar increase, consequently causing an interior stream condition empowering it's fragmentary; regional development comparative with the mass. The streaming mass goes out through the pivoting head, which usually tosses the floss. The string created is shapeless. Hence, by different tactics, it is additionally hacked and recrystallized to guarantee a consistent stream for increased mixing. The recrystallized framework, powerful medication, and various excipients combined and compressed into tablets.

 

(D) Flash Dose Technology:

Fuisz realizes this technology. This system uses a mixture of Shear form and Ceform headways to cover the prescription's disagreeable flavor. This system is dependent on sugar, called 'dental floss,' and uses a mixture of excipients (crystalline sugars) or blends within medicines. Meltlet Nurofen, another kind of Ibuprofen, as a dissolving tablet processed and launched by Biovail Corporation.

 

(E) Wowtab Technology:

The Yamanouchi pharmaceutical association offers ensured development by using "Shocking" connotes without water. The dynamic fixings may create two halves of the excess weight of the tablet. In this approach, saccharides with high and low permeability used to build the granules. Due to significantly weak strategies, the substance has large compressibility, and along these lines shows moderate damage. The blend of high and low permeability used to make tablets of considerable hardness. The powerful fixings mixed with saccharides and less flexibly were granulated with saccharides with high malleability, and after that pressed into a tablet³⁵.

 

(F) Flashtab Technology:

This technique is the patented work of Ethypharm France. This development includes granulation of ingredients by damp or dry granulation process and compressed into tablets. The disintegrants used, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylated starch, microcrystalline cellulose, modified starch, and starch. These tablets have acceptable physical restriction having disintegration time, usually less than 1 min³⁴.

 

(G) Durasolv Technology:

It is likewise a licensed CIMA research center innovation that produces second era MDT. Tablets arranged to utilize this innovation contain drugs, fillers, glidants, and organized by ordinary gadgets. Durasolv systems have higher mechanical quality than attributed to the utilization of higher compaction weight. It is one of the proper innovations for an item requiring limited quantities of dynamic fixings³⁶.

 

(H) Orasolv Technology:

CIMA Labs develop this technology by using bubbly disintegrating compacted tablets under low stress to convey MDT. The addition of carbon dioxide from tablets triggers a slant of a bubble, which is a positive organoleptic property. The commonplace centralization of bubbly mix used is usually 20-25% of the tablet excess weight^37,38. Because the tablets set up with low compressive quality have sensitive and delicate character. This kind of technology was Paksolv utilized this technology one of a kind product packaging to shield tablets coming from breakage during limit and shipping³⁹.

 

(I) Zydus Technology:

This advancement includes physical entrapment of the medicine in a mix section made out of polymer and saccharide. The polymers used in this technology are efficiently hydrolyzed gelatin, hydrolyzed dextran, dextrin, alginates, polyvinyl alcoholic beverages, acacia, polyvinyl pyrrolidine. A framework incorporates dissolving or dissipating fixings organized and filled in to annoy cavities that placed in a circumstance of liquefied nitrogen. The set dissolvable is emptied or sublimated to outline porous wafers^40-42.

The perfect drug contender for Zydus would be misleading, unfaltering, and insoluble in water and should have a tiny particle size (under 50 microns). Water-dissolvable drugs can shape into eutectic mixes and don't set correctly, so they converted to 60mg mass⁴³.

 

International and National Products of MDTs :

The various national and international products of MDTs with drug available in the market, are shown in (Figure 4)^7,10,48,49.

 

 

Figure 2. Non-patented techniques of MDTs.                                         Figure 3. Patented techniques of MDTs.

 

 

Figure 4. National and International products of MDTs with active pharmaceutical ingredient.

 

Regulatory Aspects of MDTS:

FDA and ICH Guidelines:

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) covers three major points subjected to the guidelines of MDT.

·       The in-vitro disintegration time of MDT is approximately 30s or less.

·       The weight of the tablet should not more than 500mg.

·       The tablet should disintegrate within seconds after swallowing.

·       The other factors are also very crucial for MDTs.

 

Besides the size of the tablet and disintegration rate, the patient acceptability and palatability for taste, texture and mouthfeel, dosing frequency, and patient motivation are notable⁴⁵.

 

The ICH Guidelines for accelerated stability studies are as follows and performed at 40±1ºC, 50±1ºC, and 37±1ºC with a relative humidity of 75±5%. After 15 days of analysis, withdraw the tablets and subjected to various quality control parameters. The hardness, friability, water permeation, visual inspection, average weight, dissolution, and disintegration tests should comply with the standard and followed the first-order kinetics^1,46,47.

 

PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF MDTs :

The pre-formulation study relates to the drove pharmaceutical and analytic assessments and supporting the undertakings to develop portions of MDTs as health professional prescribed substance. Preformulation gives the fundamental data that is essential to create an appropriate status for toxicological profiles. It provides the information with expected to show the possibility of the drug material and gives structure work to promote mixing with pharmaceutical excipients as an evaluation^48,49.

 

Angle of Repose (θ)

The fixed funnel method employed for determining the flow behavior of sieve powder. The funnel height adjusted so that the powder sample after passing through the funnel forms a heap. The cone diameter is measured, and the angle of repose was determined using the following formula and results were interpreted on the basis of (Table 1)^46,48-50.

[θ = tan^-1 (h) / (r)]

 

Table 1. Nature of flow behavior based on the angle of repose.

 

 

Bulk Density (δ_b)

Determined the apparent bulk density by pouring the powder sample in a graduated cylinder for measuring the weight and volume of the sample. The following formula used for calculation of bulk density^46,48-50.

 

[δ_b = P_M / P_V]         Where, P_M- Mass of powder, P_V- Volume of powder.

 

Tapped Density (δ_t)

The specific amount of drug or powder blend was added in the graduated cylinder and subjected to tapping numerous times. The tapping continued till the powder blend occupies constant volume. The volume occupied by powder was examined and recorded the difference before and after tapping, calculated it using the following formula in (g/ml)^46,48-50.

 

[δ_t = P_M / T_V]         Where, P_M- Mass of powder, P_V- Tapped volume

 

Percent Compressibility/ Carr's index (C.I.)

It demonstrates powder flow characteristics and determined using the following formula and are shown in (Table 2)^46,50.

C.I. = [(δ_t – δ_b) / δ_t x 100]

 

Table 2. Relationship between flowability and percent compressibility index

 

Evaluation of MDTs:

Weight Variation

The twenty tablets randomly selected and weighed separately to check the weight variations according to the I.P. and U.S.P. acceptance criteria^46,50,51.

 

Friability (F) Test:

Roche friabilator used to calculate the weight loss (%). To access tablets, withstand extremes for temperature, pressure, and storage conditions performed the tests. The randomly selected 20 tablets from each batch and subjected to testing at 25rpm in Roche friabilator for 4 min. It calculated using the following formula as per U.S.P. Standards^46,50,52.

 

{F = [(W_i-W_f)/ Wi] x 100} Where, W_i- Initial weight, W_f- Final weight

 

 

 

Hardness:

It used to measure tablet strength. The tablet was pressed with the anvils of the Monsanto tablet hardness tester to determine the force needed to break the tablets into pieces in terms of kg/cm² (U.S.P. Standards)^46,50.

 

Tablet Thickness:

Randomly select the tablets from each batch and measured their thickness by using an automated helical micrometre^46,50,53-55.

 

Crushing Strength:

It is a crucial parameter in the arrangement of tablets for deterioration in the oral cavity. In this assessment, tablet crush quality evaluated using Pfizer hardness analyzer as per U.S.P. Standards^46,50.

 

Mechanical Strength (T):

This test performed to determine the mechanical shocks encountered by tablets during storage, packaging, and transportation. The friability and crushing strength are two essential parameters for mechanical strength determination. The mechanical strength calculated using the following formula (U.S.P. Standards)^46,50.

 

[T = 2F / π d t] Where, F- Crushing load, t- Tablet thickness, d- Tablet diameter.

 

Wetting Time:

The wetting time is related to the tablet's structure and the hydrophilicity in the excipient. The tablets placed on the surface of five wetted tissue papers present in Petri plates containing 3ml (0.2% w/v) solution and note down time required to develop blue color on tissue surface as per U.S.P. standards^50,56-60.

 

Water Absorption Ratio (R):

The small perti-plate containing 6ml water, and placed twice folded tissue paper placed over it. The tablet placed on wetted paper and time required for complete wetting of the tablet was measured and calculated the water absorption ratio using the following formula.

 

[R = (W_a - W_b / W_b) x 100]

Where, W_a- Tablet weight after water absorption, W_b - Tablet weight before water absorption^46,50.

 

Moisture Uptake:

The previously weighed tablets kept in the desiccators have calcium chloride for 2-3 days at 37±1°C1 at 75±5% R.H. After 72hrs, tablets reweighed and determined the moisture uptake by calculating the increase in tablets' weight⁴⁷.

 

 

 

In-vitro Disintegration Time:

The disintegration of tablets into smaller fragments evaluated as per Indian Pharmacopeia. The tablets added in each cylinder that suspended in pH 6.8, 37±2°C temperature to note down the disintegration time^50,61-65.

 

In-vitro Dissolution Test:

The tablet placed in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8, 37±0.5°C using U.S.P. (Paddle apparatus) type II at 50 rpm (revolution per minute). Aliquot samples of 5ml withdrawn at specific time intervals of 2min. The amount of drug dissolved in the medium determined with a suitable analytical method after appropriate dilution^54,66-72.

 

CONCLUSION:

The shortcomings of conventional tablets, lead to potential inclinations of MDTs for improved structures, enhanced likeness with patients, ease of self-administration, increased bioavailability, and rapid onset of the action provided helping hands to pharmaceutical industries. MDTs course of action procured using a bit of these advanced modern techniques showing satisfactory mechanical quality, brisk crumbling/breaking down in the buccal cavity in the absence of water.

 

MDTs promote progressive stretch that has applied in paediatrics who have lost their teeth at a very young age and old patients who have misplaced their teeth forever, where swallowing is a significant challenge. MDTs render promising approaches and tactics for enhancing patient compliance at affordable costs through superdisintegrants. The primary crucial measures adopted by descriptors for the development and screening of newer oral medication for needy patients in a cost-effective manner provide a helpful hand to research-oriented pharmaceutical industries for expanding the life span of severely ill bedridden patients.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The author declared no conflict of interest.

 

ABBREVIATIONS:

MDT: Mouth dissolving tablets; P.E.G.: Polyethylene glycol; B.D.: Bulk Density; T.D.: Tapped Density; CI: Carr's index, I.P. Indian Pharmacopoeia. U.S.P

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

Thankful to the management of G.L.A. University and Ms. Ashima Ahuja Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, for helping and support during the paper's writing.

 

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Accepted on 30.12.2021           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2022; 15(11):5068-5077.