Incidence of Infant Death among the Baiga Tribe of Chhattisgarh, India

 

Jitendra Kumar Premi

Associate Professor, School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: jitendra_rsu@yahoo.co.in

 

ABSTRACT:

All children have the right to survive and thrive. Yet, children and adolescents still face significant challenges surviving past infancy and developing to their full potential. In 2019, 6.1 million children and young adolescents died, mostly from preventable causes. Objectives of the present study are to explore the incidences and determinants of infant death among the Baiga tribe of Chhattisgarh. This study is a retrospective, quantitative and exploratory and quasi qualitative research. Regarding the present study it has chosen the Baiga tribe. Structured interview schedule and non-participant observation were used for collection and cross validation of data. The results were analyzed using the 16.0 SPSS package. Pearson’s chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used. More than half (51.2%) of the respondents had lost one or more than one infant already, out of this percentage, 46.3% respondents had lost one infant, which was 23.8%, of the total respondents. Just more than one third (35.2%) respondents witnessed the death of male infant, whereas 33% respondents were the helpless witness of the death of female ones. It can be presumed that delivery of the Baiga newborn by either untrained or trained “Dai” were one of the causal factors for death of male infant of the respondents. Most of the respondents have believed that the illness of their infant is the major cause for the death. The unpleasant fact is not only the cause of general tragedy in the Baiga household; it is also a pointer to utter failure in government health services in the backward sector. The non-participant observation finished by the researcher throughout the fieldwork is authenticated that the foremost cause for incidences of large-scale infant deaths in the Baiga tribe is the tremendous poverty widespread in them and the maternal malnutrition during pre and post partum period and failure of reproductive and child health programme in the Baiga community.

 

KEYWORDS: Incidence, Infant death, Determinant, The Baiga. Tribe.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Poverty, poor nutrition and insufficient access to clean water and sanitation are all harmful factors, as is insufficient access to quality health services such as essential care for newborns. 2.5 million Children died in the first month of life in 20181. All children have the right to survive and thrive. Yet, children and adolescents still face significant challenges surviving past infancy and developing to their full potential. In 2019, 6.1 million children and young adolescents died, mostly

 

from preventable causes2. The present level of IMR (32 infant deaths per thousand live births, for the year 2018) is about one-fourth as compared to 1971 (129 infant deaths per thousand live births). In the last ten years, IMR has witnessed a decline of about 35% in rural areas and about 32% in urban areas IMR at all India level has declined from 50 to 32 in the last decade. The corresponding decline in rural areas is 55 to 36, and for urban areas it is from 34 to 233.

 

Infant mortality and child mortality is very common in rural and tribal communities. Perhaps it is one of the main reasons that the factor of the survival or not survival of children creates such an apprehension that children are produced indiscriminately. Deaths of infant and children constitute a major tragedy in the tribal community. Lack of health facilities, lack of scientific and medical knowledge about infant rearing, old customs and traditional dogmatic practices in religion, superstitious beliefs in witchcraft and sorcery are some of the causes for infant and child death in such communities. Some of the research works have been express an insight regarding methodological point of view for the present paper4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, these works are very helpful for conducting such kind of research. In India, thestatus-quo in the population of the tribal people on the decline in it is caused by the high prevalence of infant and child death. In this section of the present study, some such aspects of the Baiga society are taken up for investigation.

 

OBJECTIVES:

Objectives of the present study are as follows:

1.       To explore the incidences of infant death among the Baiga tribe of Chhattisgarh.

2.       To find out the determinants of infant death among the Baiga tribe of Chhattisgarh.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

This study is a retrospective, quantitative and exploratory and quasi qualitative research. Regarding the present study it has chosen the Baiga tribe. The Baiga is a tribe found in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states of India. In Chhattisgarh state the largest number of Baigas is found in Kawardha (Kabirdham) district. According to Census of India (2011) their total population is 89,744 having 44,847 males and 44,897 females. Only 32.17% Baiga population are literate and 75.66% Baiga women are illiterate. Baiga tribe is considered one of the oldest tribes of India10. The universe of our sample is 400 married Baiga males belonging to age 18-49 years were selected through multistage random sampling. The widower, divorced and separated Baiga males were excluded from the present study because they lived without their spouses therefore, we were unable to assess their sexual health experiences. Decidedly concentrations of the Baiga tribe population are habituated at Bodla and Pandariya tehsils/development blocks of Kabirdham (Kawardha) district of Chhattisgarh. That is why, firstly selected Kabirdham (Kawardha) district of Chhattisgarh as a primary stage unit, then Bodla and Pandariya tehsils/development blocks selected as a secondary stage unit, after that 28 villages (19 villages from Bodla tehsil/development block and 9 villages from Pandariya tehsil/development block) selected as a tertiary stage unit. Finally, 400 married appropriate Baiga males i.e. 235 males from Bodla and 165 males from Pandariya tehsils/development blocks were randomly selected as the respondents in the manner of stratification by age, education, occupation etc.

 

Structured interview schedule and non-participant observation were used for collection and cross validation of data. The results were analyzed using the 16.0 SPSS package. Pearson’s chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to understand linkages between variables and to predict the responses of the incidences of fetal death and abortion among the Baiga tribe of Chhattisgarh.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Incidence of infant death:

Table no. 01 shows, more than half (51.2%) of the respondents had lost one or more than one infant already, out of this percentage, 46.3% respondents had lost one infant, which was 23.8%, of the total respondents. Then followed those – 14.8% who saw the death of 2 infant, 7.8% respondents suffered the death of 3 infant, similarly 2.8%, 1.8%, and 10.2% respondents lost 4, 5, 6 to 7 infant, respectively. Thus in the Baiga community the number of death of infant ranged from minimum 1 to maximum 7. The mean number of dead infant works out to 1.94 ± 1.15 per couple. The conclusion is, each Baiga couple saw the death of minimum 1 infant on more than this (2) infant. The unpleasant fact is not only the cause of general tragedy in the Baiga household; it is also a pointer to utter failure in government health services in the backward sector.

 

Table No. 01: Incidences of infant death r among the Baiga

Number of died infant

No. of respondents

Percent

n=205

Percent

n=400

1

95

46.3

23.8

2

59

28.8

14.8

3

31

15.1

7.8

4

11

5.4

2.8

5

7

3.4

1.8

6

1

0.5

0.2

7

1

0.5

0.2

Total

205

100.0

51.2

Mean and SD

1.94 ±1.15 infants

 

 

Table No. 02: The impact of various bio-cultural factors on status of dead infant of the respondents from chi-square test

Independent variables

Pearson’s Chi-square

χ2

ρ

Status of  ANC

9.946

.621

Status of PNC

5.350

.550

Total annual income

9.945

.911

Age at marriage of the respondents

80.029

.602

Age at marriage of the respondent’ wives

53.483

.950

Status of  consumption of 100 IFAT

16.780

.158

Place of Delivery

10.462

.916

Initiation of Breast Feeding 

34.898

.921

Interval of breast feeding

21.715

.971

Weaning practices

46.329

.116

Involvement of Baiga Men in ANC

5.723

.455

Status of given supplementary food to the pregnant wives

3.236

.779

Frequency of supplementary food to the pregnant wives

12.069

.440

Frequency of meal taken by the respondents’ wives

5.526

.478

Age at paternity

1.017

.788

Age at maternity

71.724

.970

Frequency of supplementary food for the infant

11.999

.980

Supplementary food materials for infant 

63.563

.562

** Correlation and Chi-square test is significant at the < 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*Correlation and Chi-square test is significant at the < 0.05 level (2-tailed).

 

The impact of various bio-cultural factors on status of dead infant of the respondents from chi-square test: From this test haven’t found any significant result with bio-cultural variables which are shown in the table no. 02.

 

The effect of various bio-cultural factors on death of infant of the Baiga from multinomial logistic regression test: Those bereaved Baiga males who lost their infant due to infant deaths, what were those various bio-cultural and demographical factors and their associative variables on the mishap; table no. 03 testifies such ill effects. A detail investigation and ensuring analysis was meticulously undergone. The findings derived from analysis - the observation clarifies - upon those infant who were untimely be taken by death in the Baiga community, on such deaths, the factors and their related variables as shown in the table, did not reveal any significant effect.

 

Status of male and female death of the Baiga infant: Table no. 04 shows, out of the study group, just more than one third (35.2%) respondents witnessed the death of male infant, whereas 33% respondents were the helpless witness of the death of female ones. Those who lost their males infant, the number of casualty ranged from minimum 1 to maximum 4. So was the case of the number of death of the female infant minimum 1 to 4. The number of dead male infant comes to 1.46 ± 0.70, and that of dead female infant 1.44 ±0.73 per couple. The table makes the picture clear that 13% respondents met with the death of 2-4 male infant, when 10.8% respondents lost 2-4 female infant.

 

The impact of various bio-cultural factors on status of dead male infant of the respondents from chi-square test:   Table no.05 demonstrated that incidence of death of male infant of the Baiga men (respondents) is showing very high and negative dependency on training positions of the “Dai”, who conducted ANC and PNC check-ups and the delivery of respondent’s wives, with associated value of χ2 = -1.000 and p = 0.000 at 1% level of significance. It means when ANC and PNC check-ups and/ or delivery of respondents’ wives were performed by “Dai”, then it could reduce the death of male infant.  That is why, it can be presumed that either untrained or trained “Dai” were one of the causal factors for death of male infant of the respondents.

 

Table No.03: The effect of various bio-cultural factors and their variables on death of infant of the Baiga from MLR test

Independent variables

Status of Died infant : Yes

β

df

p

Status of  ANC

Yes

0b

0

.

Status of PNC

Yes

0b

0

.

Economic status

<20,000.00 rupees

 

38.406

 

1

 

.999

≥20,000.00 rupees

0b

0

.

Age at marriage of the respondents

<18 year

 

-38.406

 

1

 

.998

≥18 years

0b

0

.

Age at marriage of the respondents’ wives

< 18 year

 

.000

 

1

 

                                               1.000

≥18 years

0b

0

.

Duration of PNC

0 to 7 days

-38.406

1

.998

>7 days

0b

0

.

Frequency of  ANC

≤ 3 times

38.406

1

.997

>3 times

0b

0

.

Avoidance of coitus during pregnancy

Till 8th month

-76.812

1

.998

Till six months

-38.406

1

.998

< Six months

-38.406

1

.999

Till three months

0b

0

.

Initiation of breast feeding

More than one hour to one week

.000

1

1.000

Within an hour

0b

0

.

Place of delivery

Non recognized

0b

0

.

Weaning Practices

Don’t know

 

-38.406

 

1

 

.

Not certain

76.812

1

.

Till one year

38.406

1

.998

As long as their wives desired

.000

1

1.000

Until and unless the next baby is born

0b

0

.

Status of supplementary food for pregnant women

No

.000

1

1.000

Yes

0b

0

.

Frequency of meal taken by the respondent wives

Two times in a day

-38.406

1

.998

Three times in a day

0b

0

.

Maternity age

≤ 18 year

 

0b

 

0

 

.

≥ 18 year

0b

0

.

Paternity age

≤ 18 year

 

0b

 

0

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           .

≥18 years

0b

0

.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The reference category is: No. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.

 

 

Table No. 04 Status of male death of the Baiga infant

Frequency of died infants

No. of died male infants

Percent

n=141

Percent

n=400

No. of died female infants

Percent

n=132

Percent

n=400

1

89

63.1

22.2

89

67.4

22.2

2

41

29.1

10.2

30

22.7

7.5

3

8

5.7

2.0

10

7.6

2.5

4

3

2.1

0.8

3

2.3

0.8

Total

141

100.0

35.2

132

100.0

33.0

Mean and  SD

1.46±0.70 male infants

1.44±0.73  female infants

 

Table No. 05: The impact of various bio-cultural factors on status of dead male infant of the respondents from chi-square test

Independent variables

Pearson’s  Chi-square

χ2

ρ

Desired gender of first-born

8.012

.237

Status of ANC

3.821

.701

Training status of ''Dai''

-1.000**

.000

Total annual income

3.403

.947

Age at marriage of the respondents

38.340

.364

Age at marriage of the respondents’ wives

35.359

.499

Place of Delivery

2.012

.991

Initiation of Breast Feeding 

16.171

.882

Interval of breast feeding

5.996

.996

Weaning practices

20.666

.297

Involvement of the  Baiga Men in ANC

2.338

.505

Status of given supplementary food to the pregnant wives

1.036

.792

Frequency of supplementary food to the pregnant wives

3.714

.715

Frequency of meal taken by the respondents’ wives

1.416

.702

Age at paternity

42.769

.787

Age at maternity

32.075

.926

Frequency of supplementary food for the infant

10.052

.611

Supplementary food materials for infant 

30.377

.598

** Correlation and Chi-square test is significant at the < 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*Correlation and Chi-square test is significant at the < 0.05 level (2-tailed).

 

Table No. 06: Causes of death of first infant according to Baiga men

Causes of death

No. of respondents

Percent

n=205

Percent

n=400

Don't know

6

2.9

1.5

Accidental

6

2.9

1.5

Lack of milk

4

2.0

1.0

Born immature infant

28

13.7

7.0

Illness

151

73.7

37.8

witchcraft

10

4.9

2.5

Total

205

100.0

51.2

 

Causes of death of first infant according to respondents:

Queries were made to ascertain what causes the respondents ascribed to the death of their infant. Table no. 06 shows that those respondents whose first infant died, out of them the majority 73.7% hold illness responsible for the mishap. This was 37.8% of the total respondents 13.7% said pre- mature birth was the cause of the death. While 2.9% said that accident was the cause, 2% described the cause of death as the shortage of milk on the other hand, 4.9% put the blame on the witches and the witchcraft. Thus, maximum respondents held natural causes responsible for the infant’s death.

 

Table No.07: (A) The effect of various bio -cultural factors on Causes of death of infant according to the respondents from multinomial logistic regression analysis

Independent variables

Accidental

Lack of milk

Born immature infant

Illness

witchcraft

β

p

β

p

β

p

β

p

β

p

 

Type of family

Extended family

 

.431

 

.999

 

-.910

 

.999

 

.353

 

.999

 

8.771

.984

-.561

.999

Joint family

6.648

.965

6.045

.970

15.556

.885

14.865

.890

3.379

.981

Nuclear family

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

Respondents’ education status

Illiterate

-17.510

 

.997

 

-.138

 

1.000

 

-.382

 

1.000

-14.787

.997

-1.732

.287

Literate

-17.877

.997

-.581

1.000

-2.382

1.000

-16.499

.997

-3.309

.081

Primary

-17.578

.997

-.191

1.000

7.444

.999

-6.892

.999

-2.066

.987

Middle

-18.857

.996

-9.717

.999

-11.130

.999

-16.745

.997

-2.470

.

High school

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

Occupation of the respondents

Laborer

-11.981

 

.972

-2.974

 

.988

 

-3.143

 

.974

 

-3.910

.968

-10.260

.932

Agriculture

-8.900

.884

-.569

.995

-9.258

.880

-8.909

.884

-9.353

.878

Govt. services

-23.370

.971

2.103

.998

-23.909

.962

-22.408

.960

-19.910

.972

Agriculture laborer

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

a.The reference category is: Don’t know. B.This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.

 

The effect of various bio-cultural factors on Causes of death of infant according to the respondents from multinomial logistic regression analysis: 

Each unfortunate respondent ascribed his personal reason in the light of his personal understanding to the death of his infant, some held accident as the causes of death, some put it to dried breasts- no lactation on the part of their wives, some others held immature birth as terminating to death, and still some others held illness responsible. There were also those who blamed omens and witchcraft taking the toll of their tiny tots’ life. As told by respondents, on such numerous causes of infant’s untimely death, what were those socio - demographic factors that cast an evil spell, efforts were made to bring them to light. As the table no.07 (A) and (B) reveals, such factors, however, do not seem to be causing any significant or definite effect on infantile casualty.

Causes of death of second infant according to the respondents:

Observation of table no. 08 attests that most of the respondents (60.6%) hold illness responsible for the death of the second infant also. This is followed by 22% found the baby’s weakness as the cause of death. They were born too weak to survive. According to 25% respondents, mother’s deficient lactation was the cause of the infant death, 9.2% respondents told that the death of the infant owed to witchcraft, 5.5% respondents conceded that they had no knowledge as to what was the cause of the death of the infant.

 

Table No. 07: (B) The effect of various bio -cultural factors on Causes of death of infant according to the respondents from multinomial logistic regression analysis

Independent variables

Accidental

Lack of milk

Born immature infant

Illness

witchcraft

β

p

β

p

β

p

β

p

β

p

Occupation of the respondents’ wives Laborer

 

-8.858

 

.979

 

-6.817

 

.969

 

-8.671

 

.909

 

-8.979

.

906

 

-1.746

.

986

Agriculture

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

Agriculture laborer

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

Type of residence

Avanculocal

 

-10.041

 

.983

 

-2.494

 

.996

 

-.587

 

.999

 

-2.049

 

.995

 

-10.455

.

980

Patrilocal

-.872

.541

-1.632

.312

-.770

.478

-.887

.375

-2.540

.081

Gharjamai

17.985

.997

8.084

.

10.360

.999

15.857

.998

-.070

1.000

Neolocal

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

Tahseel Name

Bodala

 

-10.472

 

.778

 

-1.585

 

.980

 

-10.964

 

.768

 

-10.250

 

.783

 

-9.895

 

.790

Pandariya

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

0c

.

The reference category is: Don’t know. B.This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.

 

 

Table No. 08: Causes of death of second infant according to the Baiga men

Causes of death

No. of respondents

Percent

n=109

Percent

n=400

Don't know

6

5.5

1.5

Lack of milk

3

2.8

0.8

Born immature infant

24

22.0

6.0

Illness

66

60.6

16.5

witchcraft

10

9.2

2.5

Total

109

100.

27.2

 

Causes of death of third infant according to the respondents:

Table no. 09 reveals that those respondents whose third infant succumbed to death, about half of them (49%), held illness responsible, 20.4% put the cause to weakness in the birth; 6.1% regretted the shortage in mother’s milk where made the infant starve to death. 10.2% said that the infant was made a victim of sorcery as witchcraft was practiced on it. The three causes of death as enumerated here shows that in the Baiga community the Infants’ death was either thought to be natural or on account of illness on birth related complication which could have been overcome by advance, modern and improved health services. But they want of such advanced mode of treatment shows how the Baiga community still remains deprived of the needed facilities resulting into a wide scale death of the infant.

 

Table No.09: Causes of death of third infant according to the Baiga men

Causes of death

No. of respondents

Percent

n=49

Percent

n=400

Accidental

7

14.3

1.8

Lack of milk

3

6.1

0.8

Born immature infant

10

20.4

2.5

Illness

24

49.0

6.0

witchcraft

5

10.2

1.2

Total

49

100.0

12.2

 

CONCLUSION:

The findings of the present study cleared that most of the Baiga couple have lost their infant in which some of the couples have faced the tragedies of death of their 4 to 7 infants; it is really a horrible situation for not only the Baiga couples but very pathetic situation for each of us the common Indian. It should be minimized, it should be eradicated. It is our paramount responsibility to diminish such type of crisis among this vulnerable human group. Even though the results of this study do not visibly divulge what are the most important determinants of these incidents of infant death in the Baiga tribe, but most of the Baiga respondents believe that the illness of their infants is the main cause for the death of their infants. The non-participant observation made by the researcher throughout the fieldwork is authenticated that the foremost cause for incidences of large-scale infant deaths in the Baiga tribe is the tremendous poverty widespread among them. The maternal malnutrition during pre and post partum period and failure of reproductive and child health programme in the Baiga community are another paramount cause for huge number of incidences of infant deaths. The study conducted by Rosy, Ramaiah. Bhargava et al., Shidiki et al. and Rani et al. have been showing the conformity with the result of the present study11, 12, 13, 14, 15. The suggestion given by the Premi and Mitra16 should be applied for reducing and eradicating the incidences of infant death among the Baiga tribe of Chhattisgarh.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The author is expressed their deep gratitude to Prof. Mitashree Mitra for her kind guidance in this work. This study was financially supported by University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India, under ministry of human resource development, government of India by sanction letter F. No. 36-366/2008 (SR). The authors would like to convey their gratitude to the University Grant Commission, New Delhi, India for their financial assistance.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.

 

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Received on 05.03.2021           Modified on 13.04.2021

Accepted on 08.05.2021         © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(6):3133-3138.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00546