Iresine herbstii: An Overview

 

Noor S Jaafar¹, Iman S Jaafar²*

¹Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad.

²Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Al-Mustansiriyah University.

 

ABSTRACT:

Iresineherbstii (blood leaves) is a member of the Amaranthaceae family, native to tropical and subtropical areas. It is erect herbaceous, has red and white variety. Different phytochemical constituents were detected as alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and others. This herb was used as a pH indicator, insecticide, and dye fabrics. Traditionally it was used for divination purposes and other purposes. Iresinin IV is the major colorant.  Different studies were done to evaluate the CNS, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic and other effects. Fresh leaves extract was hepatotoxic. This review aimed to demonstrate the morphological features of this herb and to show the clinical studies related to its traditional use. 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The genus Iresine is a neotropical genus comprises of about 80 species, extending from the southern US (United States) to southern America and the Caribbean^1,2,3,4. Iresine was named by Patrick Browne (an Irish botanist) in his publication (the Civil and Natural History of Jamaica). Some proposed that the genus name originated from Greek, Iris; a rainbow and isnos; ribs of the leaves hit the tint on the leaves, but that does not likely to be the case⁵. Iresine is an annual or perennial plant (tall herbs), having opposite broad petioled tender leaves. The very small, three bracted white flowers are dioecious or polygamous. Calyx five parted, the pistillate commonly woolen pubescent. Stamens five scarcely less, filaments or threads merged by their bases. Utricles extremely small, subglobose indehiscent^6,7 some species in this genus (I linderi and I herbstii ) were used as ornamental plants because of their colorful leaves^8,9. Other like I diffusa was used for menstruation symptoms in adolescents, inflammation of the ovaries¹⁰, also as analgesic, tonic, and diuretic¹¹

 

BOTANY FOR IRESINE HERBSTII:

Common names:

Blood leaf¹², chicken gizzard¹³,sanguinaria¹⁴, Bishohari in India¹⁵, in Brazil sangue-de-cristo¹⁶.

 

Scientific name and classification:

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Caryophyllales

Family: Amaranthaceae

Subfamily: Gomphrenoideae

Genus: Iresine

Species: herbstii

Scientific Name: Iresine herbstii^1,3,17.

 

Distribution:

The origin of I herbstii is Brazil, in tropical and subtropical areas, also it is available in the tropical wood in several areas of India and tropical Asia¹⁸.  I herbstii is also grown in Iraq¹⁹. This herb is exotic to the gardens in southern China ²⁰.

 

Description:

I herbstii (Amaranthaceae) is an annual or perennial, erect herbaceous plant^12,21`,22, about 1-3 feet height and 1-2 inch width²³. Stem often stout, branched with carmine red taint and almost transparent^22,24. I herbstii leaves are opposite rounded or slightly cordate, deeply bilobed at the apex and concave, the upper surface of the leaf is maroon with lighter red veins, while the lower surface is uniform crimson^20,23,24.

 

The leaves are amphistomatic due to the presence of stomata on both sides or surfaces of the leaf. Both glandular and eglandular hairs are identified in most parts of the plant include calyx. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in leaves, stem, and petioles¹⁹. Flowers are very small, white and clustered in thin panicles, apical or axillary position   seeds are reniform and discoid^19,22. Two varieties of Iresin herbstii are available red and white. The red variety is called red blood spell, while the white one is called white blood spell²⁵.

 

Chemical constituents:

Phytochemical analysis of I herbstii leaves and stems showed the presence of  flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, phenols, phytosterols,, proteins, resins, and thiols ²⁶ GC- MS analysis of ethanolic leaves extract revealed the probable existence n-octylethynyl ether ; 2-(2-bromophenyoxy)-1-phenylethan-1-one; 3-chloro methyl furan ; undecane,5-methyl; 1-benzoyl-2-phenyl-3-(pfluorophenyl)cyclopropane;  7(3,5-dimethyloxyphenyl)-1-heptanol; trans -1-phenylthio-4-oxadodec-1-ene; 2,2-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-nitropropane; 5-cyno-4-methylthio-2,6-diphenylpyrimidine; pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester²⁷.  HPLC analysis of ethanolic leaves extract demonstrated the presence of dimethyl Sulfaxide (C₂H₆OS), 1H-Imidazale (C₃H₄N₂), silicic acid, diethyl bis(trimethylsilyl) ester (C₁₀H₂₈O4Si₃), cycloheptasiloxanetetradecamethyl- (C₁₄H₄₂O₇Si₇), cyclononasiloxaneoctadecamethyl- (C₁₈H₅₄O₉Si₉), cyclodecasiloxaneeicosamethy- (C₂₀H₆₀O₁₀Si₁₀) ²⁸. Concerning phenolic compounds in Iresineherbstii leaves, HPLC analysis showed the presence of the smallest concentrations of phenilc compound (vanelic acid and p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, epicatichin,   and protocatechuic acid) among the five tested species (Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Alternatheras essiles, and Iresine herbstis)²⁹.

 isoflavanone (2',2,5-trimethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavanone), and  isoflavonetlatlancuayin (2',5-dimethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone) were isolated from areal parts of Iresine herbstii.  The flavonoid 3',4',7- trihydroxy-6-methoxy flavone was detected in this herb in previous phytochemical studies.

 

The chemical structures of the isolatedflavonoidsare demonstrated in fig. 13 ³⁰.

 

Isoflavanonetlatlancuayin

(2',2,5-trimethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavanone)

Fig. 1: Chemical structures of Isoflavanone and tlatlancuayin³⁰.

 

N-feruloyl-tyramine, glycinebetaine and the alkaloid trigoneline were detected in Iresine herbstii³⁰. The chemical structure of glycinebetaine and trigoneline are demonstrated in fig. 2

 

Fig. 2: Chemical structures of A: Glycinebetaine³¹ and B): Trigoneline³²

 

Iresine herbstis like other members of the Amaranthaceae family has certain types of pigments called betalains. Betacyanins are a subclass of betalains³³. Amaranthine-type betacyanins which include a maranthine, isoamaranthine, iresinin I and isoiresinin was identified in I herbstii leaves^34,35,36,37.  Chemical structures of these compounds are demonstrated in figure 3.

 

Iresinin III (minor pigment) and Iresinin IV (major pigment) which are (acyl derivatives of undefined structures),  were also detected in leaves, these compounds upon alkaline hydrolysis yield amaranthine,  isoamaranthine and a mixture of hydroxyl cinnamic acids^35,38. The chemical structures of amaranthin-type betacyanins are demonstrated in fig. 3.

Fig. 3: The chemical structures of amaranthin-type betacyanins³³

Anthocyanins were also detected in I herbstii flowers^39,40,41,42. According to Cai et al 2001, I herbstii has the highest acylatedbetacyanins contents (79.6%) among the eleven tested species belong to Amaranthaceae family³³, betacyanin is the major colorant found in the blood leaves ⁴³. Sesquiterpenes with anticancer effects were also detected in I herbstii ⁴⁴.

 

Traditional uses of Iresineherbstii:

Traditionally Iresine herbstii was used internally and topically, also as poultice and wash⁴⁵. The leaves were used by traditional menders internally as a tea for management of dysentery, meanwhile, the leaves were utilized externally as skin depurative.  A decoction of aerial parts was used as antipyretic. This herb was used to remove bad spirits from the body and in black magic. Also in conjugation with other plants like cactus Trichocereus pachanoi Briit et Rose for divination purposes, to diagnose the ailments and to take possession of other identities^46,47. Iresine herbstii is a part of San Pedro decoction and Horchata (traditional drink in southern Ecuador)^39,48. Ethno pharmacological uses of I herbstii including wound healing, anticancer, for intoxication and stomach inflammation^49,50.

 

Nonclinical uses of Iresineherbstii:

Aqueous extract of I herbstii can be considered as a soil pH indicator, since anthocyanin pigments like other natural pigments show acid-base properties and color variation when treated with different pH solutions^51,52. The aqueous extract of Iresine herbstii leaves and entomopathogenic fungus I. fumosorosea considered as a natural insecticide against insects included aphid species⁵³.

 

The betacyanines extracted from Iresin herbstii were used as a natural dye fabric since these dyes are eco-friendly and have no adverse effect on humans^43,54,55, while synthetic dyes associated with allergic and toxic reactions^56,57,58.

 

Studies related to Iresine herbstii pharmacological effects:

CNS effect:

Capasso et al (2002) demonstrated in a study the CNS effect of aerial parts Iresin herbstii aqueous extract on mice.  The study revealed that perhaps I. herbstii might act as a psychotropic agent. I herbstii significantly reduced the locomotor activity, motor coordination, and stereotyped behavior. Additionally, Iresine herbstii extract did not produce an analgesic effect, catalepsy or pentobarbital-induced sedation. This selective CNS effect comparable to that seen with some psychotropic agents⁴⁷.

 

C. Nencini et al (2006) evaluated the in vitro affinity of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Iresine herbstii on dopamine and serotonin receptors of male albino rats.  Iresine extracts (aqueous and methanolic) demonstrated a little affinity for the 5-HT_1A receptor plus no affinity for the 5-HT_2A receptor. The Iresine aqueous extract showed a lower affinity for D₁ and a higher affinity for D₂ receptors. The methanolic extract demonstrated an affinity for 5-HT_2C receptor and the D₁ receptor, so it supports its ceremonial utilization ⁵⁹.

 

Immunomodulatory effect:

Herbs having numerous benefits and have been used for a long time for body and immune system strengthening and combat against illness ⁶⁰. Many phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and others act as immune modulators ⁶¹.  

 

Al-Assaf et al (2014) examined the phagocytic activity of Iresine herbstii, Elettaria cardamomum, and Mentha piperita. Enhancing of phagocytosis might be considered as non-specific immune response. The alcoholic Iresine herbstii extract exerts a phagocytic activity against the yeast (Saccharomyces cervisiae), which was considerably increased with increasing the dosage and time of incubation. So Iresine herbstii may act as the immune modulator⁶².

 

Antioxidant and cytotoxic effects:

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in many diseases as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, poly ovarian cyst and others⁶³. Al-Fartosy et al (2015) evaluated the antioxidant effect of Iresine herbstii flowers (fresh and dried). This herb is known to have significant anthocyanin content. The antioxidant effect attributed to these phytochemicals through many mechanisms as deoxyribose degradation, superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide radicals scavenging effect. The fresh sample had higher anthocyanin content than a dried sample and thus a higher antioxidant level. The frozen sample had the lowest anthocyanin level^39,64.

 

Chaudhuri et al (2012) proved the antioxidant activity of Iresine herbstii leaves and stems. Stems had higher free radical scavenging activity than leaves. Acetone leaf extract had higher phenolic content than alcoholic, dichloromethane and petroleum ether extract. The antioxidant activity was examined through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and showed a reduction in free radical level. The ethanolic leaf extract had a cytotoxic effect against HeLa cervical cancer cell line²⁷.

 

Antibacterial effect:

Traditionally Iresine herbstii was used as antibacterial with proven efficacy. Bussmann et al (2011) proved the antibacterial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of  Iresine herbstii against E. coli and S.aureus, at the same time the extract demonstrated no antibacterial effect against P. aeuroginosa and S. enterica¹⁴.

 

Sevanan et al (2012) quantitatively assayed the antibacterial effect of plant-based on the zone of inhibition. Leave extract was more effective antibacterial than stem extract. The bacterial growth was intensely prohibited by ethanolic extract than others acetone, dichloromethane and petroleum ether). K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis , S. aureus, and  E. coli were strongly inhibited by I. herbstii²⁶ . Fernando et al (2017) studied the antibacterial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Iresine herbstii (dahong pula), Musa paradisiaca (banana peelings) and Tapeinochilusananasae (Tambabasi) against Escherichia coli and S.aureus. The examined extracts showed a variable degree of inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli.  Tambabasi displayed significantly the highest growth inhibition in Escherichia coli than dahong pula and banana peelings⁶⁵.  Silver nanoparticles with I. herbstii leaves demonstrate strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties⁶⁶.

 

Antiviral effect:

Anedleeb et al (2019) evaluated the antiviral effect of Iresine herbstii extracts (acetonic, dichloromethane, ethanolic and petroleum ether) against avian ND (Newcastle disease) virus in embryonated chicken eggs. Different concentrations of extracts (300, 400, 500, 600 μg/mL) were used.  The ethanolic and acetonic extracts exhibited antiviral effect at 400 and 300μg/mL respectively. Dichloromethane and petroleum ether extracts could not prohibit virus propagation completely. The concentration 600μg/mL was shown to be toxic to the embryo in all extracts except petroleum ether extract which displayed a dose-dependent pattern²⁸.

 

Hematological effect of Iresine herbstii:

Nweze et al (2016) evaluated the effect of methanolic leaves extract of I herbstii on some hematological parameters in experimentally induced anemic male albino rats. Different doses (100, 200 and 400mg of extract/kg body weight) were given to three of five groups for forten days). Anemia was not induced in one of these groups. Hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cells (RBC) are the parameters that were used to evaluate the effect of plant extract. There was no significant difference in Hb and PCV between the treated and untreated groups. A dose of 400mg/kg of body induces an increase in RBC count. Bodyweight was increased in all doses in all treated groups⁶⁷.

Wound healing effect:

Leaves of Iresine herbstii have wound-healing effects ⁴⁹.

 

Toxicity:

Nweze et al (2016) demonstrate in a study that this herb shows a wide margin of safety and produces no acute toxic effect. Madukwe et al (2014) assessed the effect of fresh and shade dried Iresine herbstii leaves extract and powder on rats' liver and kidney through the determination of lipid profile, liver and kidney function test.  Fresh leave extract was shown to be toxic to the liver; meanwhile, the shade dried leaves extract and powder were probably nontoxic to the liver. Fresh and dried leaf extract might be toxic to the kidney through an increase in urea and creatinine respectively. Concerning lipid profile, low-density lipoprotein was increased while total cholesterol was decreased in rats fed on fresh and shade dried leaves extract ⁶⁸. 

 

CONCLUSION:

Concerning the above-demonstrated data, most of the clinical studies were done on animals with proven CNS, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects.  Controversial outcomes related to toxicological studies since this herb demonstrated a hepatotoxic effect and at the same time a large margin of safety in another study. Clinical studies are required on the human to evaluate the clinical, toxic effects and to determine the effective therapeutic dose.

 

DECLERATION OF INTREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

 

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Accepted on 24.02.2021           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2021; 14(11):6119-6124.