INTRODUCTION:

Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine to witness the well-developed many centuries of history^[1]. Ayurveda produced thousands of years ago in India is known as "mother of all medicines"^[2].

In Ayurveda, the five elements or Panchamahabhutas: air (Vayu), fire (Teja), water (Aap), earth (Prithvi) and aether (Akash) are accepted to create an elevated microcosm and macrocosm at a lower level^[3]. Nowadays these herbs and medicinal plants are used for their hyperglycaemic activity in extract form. Various studies of clinical have confirmed that extracts of medicinal plants help to relieve the anti-diabetic activity and the positive action of pancreatic β- cells such as Catharanthus roseus, Allium sativum, Saracaasoca, Aloe borbadensis, Momordica charantia, Coriandrum sativum, Mangifera indica, Tinospora cardifolia, Carica papaya, Ocimum sanctum, and Asparagus racemosus^[4]. An herbal medicine, from time to time known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine or, uses different parts of the plants, including its seeds, leaves, flowers, bark, fruits, berries and roots intended for medicinal use ^[5,6]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has given a list of over 21,000 plants, which are utilized worldwide for medicinal purposes. In India, out of these 2500 species, 150 are commonly used on a large scale. The medicinal herbs of the largest producer are India and are known as the botanical garden of the world^[7]. Diabetes is a disease of metabolic, causing hyperglycemia in the body to decrease the secretion of insulin into the pancreas or decreased the effect of insulin in both^[8,9]. Diabetes is an action in which high blood glucose levels after food malfunction^[10,11]. Diabetes is indicated by hyperglycemia of immedicable with discompose of fat, protein, and metabolism of carbohydrate and is attached with highest normal lifelong diabetes connected with dysfunction, damage and different failure organs, particularly the hearts, eyes, blood vessels, kidney and nerve^[12,13]. The increasing prevalence of diabetes is one of the causes of the health problem of the global public ^[14]. Antibiotic activity of isolated natural or raw material product is being evaluated around the world without the adverse effects of the scientiﬁc community^[15]. Literature has found available that over 400 plant species have been claiming due to an anti-hyperglycemic activity^[16-20] Ashoka is one of the oldest India trees, commonly known as Ashok bricks, Saracaasoca is a botanist name, Saraca indica or De.wild association to Caesalpinaceae family^[21]. The S. asoca leaves are used in the diabetes treatment but there was no serious evidence for its potential of antidiabetic. Asparagus racemosus (Asparagaceae family) commonly known by the Shatavari name is a famous drug that is prevalent in Ayurveda and is extremely popular in the treatment of madhurvipakam, madhurrasam, somrogam, seet-veeryam, internal heat and chronic fever^[22,23]. Asparagus racemosus is used in tumors, nervous disorders, dyspepsia, inflammation, hepatopathy, neuropathy. Reports suggest that included antioxidant, and immunomodulatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and antidiarrhoeal activities in the pharmacological activities of root extract of A. racemosus.

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

Collection of Plant Material:

The fresh leaves of Saracaasoca and fresh roots plant of Asparagus racemosus were collected in October-November from the college campus of Pranveer Singh institute of technology (PSIT), Kanpur India. The leaves and roots were separated then washed with tap water and shade-dried under room temperature for 7-14 days. And then after 14 days leaves and roots are fully dried than fine powder mixer grinder was used^[24] (Figs. 1, 2).

Figure 2: Roots of Asparagus racemosus

Figure 1: Collection of Saracaasoca

Pharmacognostic Evaluation:

Saraca indica extends to the whole of India, particularly in West Bengal, Kerala, the territories of southern India and is found up to the highest of 750m in the Himalayas. A small evergreen tree is 7-10m high, of family Fabaceae, as in table 1, with a dark brown or grey dark brown with the nested surface The leaves are 15-20cm long and sheets are 6-12cm, rigid and oblong sub coriaceous^[25]. While flowers are aromatic and polymeric apetalous, palliative orange color^[26]. S. asoca of stem bark is reported to includes glycosides, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids,^[27,28]. The plant includes several Triterpenoids/sterols and flavonoids are important constituents^[29-31] Saracaasoca has been described as antiestrogenic and antiprogestational activity of possessing menorrhagia against^[32,33]. Saracaasoca is purposed as an oxytocic, uterotonic, spasmogenic, anti-dysenteric and antibacterial agent ^[34,35].

Table 1: Scientific classification of Saracaindica [37].

Kingdom	Plantae
Division	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida
Order	Fabales
Family	Fabaceae (earlier: Caesalpinaceae)
Genus	Saraca
Species	asoca

Morphology characteristics of Saraca indica:

Height of tree 6-9m: lubricates the branches. Leaves of Saraca indica 15-25cm long; rhachis the glabrous ovate, oblong, scarious, obtuse, parallel- nerved^[36]

Asparagus racemosus:

A. racemosus as in table 2, is found in Sri Lanka, the Himalayas, and India^[37,38]. It becomes one to two meters long and height of 1300-1400 m likes to take root in piedmont plains upward into the gravy, rocky soil^[39].It mostly consists of six components, Shatavari I, Shatavari VI, Sarsasapogenin with Shatavari IV a great glycoside nature present in the plant's roots^[40]

Asparagus racemosus is used in tumors, nervous disorders, dyspepsia, inflammation, hepatopathy, neuropathy. Reports suggest that included antioxidant, and immunomodulatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and antidiarrhoeal activities in the pharmacological activities of root extract of A. racemosus^[41-42].

Table 2: Scientific classification of Asparagus racemosus [44].

Kingdom	Plantae
Clade	Angiosperms
Clade	Monocots
Order	Asparagales
Family	Asparagaceae
Subfamily	Asparagoideae
Genus	Asparagus
Species	A. racemosus

Morphology characteristics of Asparagus racemosus:

Well, roots are going to be as small as 5-15m length and 2cm it is thick and marketed in pieces. It is silver-white or white internally and ash-color externally (table 2). The roots are smooth or even when fresh and cause vertical wrinkles to develop when dried^[43].

Macroscopic Characteristic:

When the macroscopic character was seen it has been observed that fresh leaves of Saracaasoca and fresh roots plant of Asparagus racemosus and were simple in composition, opposite and decussate. The average size of the leaves was 15 to 16 cm in length and 2 to 3 cm in width and the size of roots Asparagus racemosus was 15 to 18 cm in length with 1cm width. The color of the fresh leaves of Saracaasoca and fresh roots plant of Asparagus racemosus were observed as green and white roots^{[44, 45]}

Figure 3: Polyherbal Crude Power of Saracaasoca and Asparagus racemosus

Polyherbal Powder Microscopy:

Polyherbal crude power of Saracaasoca and Asparagus racemosusas in figure 3 is used in the studies of pharmacological. Polyherbal powder is consists of the stone cells, crystals, fibers, bundle sheath, which as in figure 4, are presented in the polyherbal powder^[46]

Figure 4: Powder Microscopy of Polyherbal of Saracaasoca and Asparagusracemosus

Physiochemical Parameters:

Properties of physiochemical powder of Saracaasoca leaves and Asparagus racemosus roots like moisture content and ash value of the crude drug was done by testing the method as above mentioned (Table 4). In these parameters of the current determined in a suitable scientific process of determination of moisture, ash value of a crude drug and the value of extractive was determined in the appropriate scientific process like screening methodology gives an idea of the chemical constituent's nature in a sample. The screening was completed as per the method and procedure is done^[47].

Determination of moisture (loss on drying):

Determination of moisture by a method of loss on drying. It falls under the method of gravimetric, 3gm in it the drug powder was taken in flat porcelain and thin. Which was enable dry at 100 ̊C to 105 ̊C in the oven, unless two successive weights varied more than 0.5mg. Enable to cool in a desiccator. Weight loss was normally recorded as a loss in drying. Powder burning has slowly proceeded and material should not be enabled to give off smoke, catch fire and dense fumes. The method of desiccation is beneficial for materials. The weight loss is recorded as a loss in drying.

Fig. of polyherbal powder

Fig. of weight of loss of drying polyherbal powder

Fig. of desiccation method

Determination of ash value of a crude drug:

The determination of purity and quality of the crude drug was used to Ash value. Ash is consisting of inorganic radicals such as carbonates, phosphates, and silicates of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, etc. The determination of ash quantitative helps in standardization. 3gm of drug powder was taken in crucible tarted silica. It was invented using at 400 to 420 ̊ C temperature in a muffle furnace, freeing it to form cool and carbon. Placed in a desiccator, the weight of ash and the total percentage was calculated

Fig. of desiccator method

Fig. of muffer furnace

Fig of weight of empty crucible

Acid insoluble ash:

Total ash was obtained and then 25ml dilute hydrochloric acid was boiled for 5min, were filtered with filter paper of ashless and collected to material on filter paper of ashless above it the water of hot was poured and the crucible was ignited in cool and placed in the desiccators. The weighted of residue was obtained and was compared to calculated acid insoluble ash with the drug of air-dried.

Fig. of ash less filter paper and material

Fig. of filter of acid insoluble ash

Fig. of muffer furnace

Fig. of acid insoluble ash

Fig. of desiccator method

Properties of physiochemical powder of Saracaasoca leaves and Asparagus racemosus roots such as loss in drying content and ash value of the crude drug was done by the method testing as above mentioned^[48]. The results were founded are presented in table 4.

Extraction (Soxhlet Extraction):

Soxhlet apparatus was set up for the polyherbal extraction of fresh leaves of Saracaasoca and fresh roots plant of Asparagus racemosus the solvent used in the extraction was ethanol. Gradually 400ml was ethanol was added to the power of the polyherbal in the Soxhlet apparatus. Three cycles were allowed to run until the clear liquid was collected in the bottom flask. It took 72 hours to complete three cycles. This extract was collected in the flask of a round bottle and was concentrated at the level of the Rota Vapor till the 25ml round was taken in a bottom flask. Plant chemical analysis of the extract was carried out to confirm the drug present in the extract. The non -soluble portion of the extracted solid remains in the thimble and is usually discarded^[49]

Phytochemical Analysis:

The phytochemical analysis is very important for the medical uses in crude drugs are assigned due to the active principle's presence. Ethanolic polyherbal extraction of crushed Saracaasoca leaves and Asparagus racemosus roots and various chemicals were utilized to do a screening of phytochemicals. The conclusions produce the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, phenol, coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids^[50-52] (Table 5).

Alkaloids Test:

0.5 ml of ethanolic extract of plant with the reagent of Wagner's was observed the reddish-brown precipitate in the presence of alkaloids which confirms by its positive test.

Carbohydrate Test:

1 ml of plant extract, 0.5 gm of α-naphthol with added to conc of H2SO4, was observed to violet ring color in the presence of carbohydrate.

Flavonoids Test:

0.5ml extracts of a plant with few drops' solutions of sodium hydroxide were founded yellow color and which turns in colorless solution by few drops of dilute acetic acid addition in the presence of flavonoids.

Phenols Test:

The extract of plant with aqueous 5% ferric chloride was founded black color or deep blue formation in the presence of phenols.

Coumarins Test:

2ml of the extract solution with a few drops of 10% NaOH was observed yellow color indicates the presence of coumarins.

Tannins Test:

2ml of extract solution with a solution of 10% alcoholic ferric chloride was founded greenish or blue color in the presence of tannins.

Terpenoids Test:

2ml of plant extract 1ml of chloroform and few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid were observed precipitate reddish-brown in the presence of terpenoids.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Macroscopic characteristics: Revealed in table 3

Table 3: Organoleptic features of polyhedral extract

Serial No.	Features	Results of Ashoka	Results of Shatavari
1	Length	15-25 cm	5-15 cm
2	Thickness	2-3 cm	2cm
3	Color	Deep green	Silvery white (ash-color externally and white internally)
4	Shape	Ovate, oblong, obtuse	Longitudinal wrinkles
5	Odour	None	None
6	Taste	Bitter	Sweet

Physiochemical Properties:

Properties of physiochemical powder of Saracaasoca leaves and Asparagus racemosus roots like moisture content and ash value of the crude drug was done by testing the method as above mentioned. The results founded are presented in the give below table 4.

Table4: Physiochemical properties of powder of polyherbal extractphytochemical screening:

Serial No.	Section Parameter	Result % (w/w)
1	Loss on drying	113.7%
2	Total ash	0.44%
3	Acid insoluble ash	0.55%

Phytochemical Analysis:

Revealed in table 5.

Table 5: Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of crushed leaves of Saracaasoca and roots plant of Asparagus racemosus

Serial No.	Phytochemical Constituent	Ethanolic Extract
1	Alkaloids	-
2	Carbohydrate	+
3	Flavonoids	+
4	Phenols	-
5	Coumarins	+
6	Tannins	+
7	Terpenoids	-

+ Sign expresses the chemical substance presence whereas – sign expresses the absence of a particular chemical constituent.

CONCLUSION:

An herbal medicine, from time to time known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine or, uses different parts of the plants, including its seeds, leaves, flowers, bark, fruits, berries and roots intended for medicinal use. The studies of the plant can be useful in diseases for monograph preparation and identification. Different physicochemical parameters of polyherbal were determined which can be significant in detecting mishandling and adulteration polyherbal crude drug. Polyherbal drug plant is a source of metabolic of secondary like Shatavari I, Shatavari VI, Sarsasapogenin, Shatavari IV, glycosides, tannins, saponins and flavonoids, several Triterpenoids/sterols. Analysis of the phytochemical of the polyherbal plant was carried out. Because the ethanolic polyherbal extract contains many constituents. It could be studied beneficial for more investigation. A specific development and research work need to be done for commercial and therapeutic uses. Nowadays these herbs and medicinal plants are used for their hyperglycaemic activity in extract form. Antibiotic activity of isolated natural or raw material product is being evaluated around the world without the adverse effects of the scientiﬁc community. Literature has found available that over 400 plant species have been claiming due to an anti-hyperglycemic activity.

REFERENCES:

1. Parasuraman S, Thing GS, Dhanaraj SA. Polyherbal formulation: Concept of Ayurveda, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2014; 8(16).

2. Lad V, M.A. Sc. A brief introduction and guide, The Ayurvedic Institute, 2003; NM87192-1445;505.291.9698.

3. Kshirsagar M, Magno AC. Ayurveda-A quick reference handbook. USA: Lotus Press; 2011.

4. Verma S, Gupta M, Popli H, and Aggarwal G, et al. Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Using Herbal Drugs International Journal of Phytomedicine. 2018;10(1):1-10

5. Choudhury H, Pandey M, Hua CK, Mun CS, Jing JK, Kong L, et al. An update on natural compounds in the remedy of diabetes mellitus Liang Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2017 1e16

6. Herba Zest Editorial Team. Herbal Medicine j University of Maryland Medical Center, 2018

7. Seth SD. and Sharma B. Medicinal plants of India. Indian J. Med. Res., 120, 2004; 9-11.

8. Kumar S, Narwal S, Kumar D, Singh G, Narwal S, Arya R, et al. Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities of Saracaasoca (Roxb.) De Wild leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, 2012; 170-176

9. Kumar S, Kumar V, Prakash O. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic potential and histopathological analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of Callistemon lanceolatus leaves extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Exper Integr Med 2011; 1(3):185-190.

10. Wesam K, Asadzadeh MF, Ashtray-Larky D. The role of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes: a systematic review. 2016; 8(1):1832-1842.

11. Modak M, Dixit P, Londhe J. Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007; 40(3):163.

12. World Health Organization: World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation, editors. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia. Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO Press; 2006.

13. American Diabetes Association, Diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2014;37 (1):81–90.

14. Florencea NT, Benoita MZ, Jonasb K, Alexandrab T, Désiréa DP, Pierrea K, et al. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Annonamuricata (Annonaceae), aqueous extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Dimo Théophile, Journal of Ethno pharmacology 151 2014; 784-790

15. Lefèbvre, P, Le diabètehier, aujourd'huietdemain. L'action de la Fédération Internationale du Diabète. Revue médicale de Liège 2005; 60: 273-277.

16. Mukherjee SK. Indigenous drugs in Diabetes mellitus. Journal of the Diabetic Association of India, 1981; 97-106.

17. Oliver-Bever B, Oral hypoglycaemic action. Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa., London: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

18. Atta-Ur-Rahman AU and Zaman K. Medicinal plants with hypoglycaemic activity. Journal of Ethno pharmacology, 1989; 26:1-55.

19. Ivorra MD, Paya M and Villar A, A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs. Journal of Ethno pharmacology, 1989; 27: 243-276.

20. Rai MK, A review on some antidiabetic plants of India. Ancient Science of Life, 1995; 14:42-54

21. Kumar S, Narwa S, Kumar D, Singh G, Narwal S, Arya R, Kumar S, et al. Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities of Saracaasoca (Roxb.) De Wild leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice/Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012; 170-176

22. Gogte VM. Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. Mumbai: SPARC; 2000.

23. Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants' usage. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(11):1-5.

24. Sharma PV, Charaka S. Chaukhambha orientalis. Varanasi: India; 2001; 7-14.

25. Sairam KS, Priyambada NC, Goel RK. Gastro duodenal ulcer protective activity of Asparagus racemosus. An experimental, biochemical and histological study. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 86(1):1-10.

26. Alok S, Jain KS, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M, Alok S et al. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari), Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2013; 3(3):242-251

27. Jagatia GC. A review on the role of Jamun, Syzygium cumini Skeels in the treatment of diabetes. Int J Complement Alt Med 2018;11(2):91-95.

28. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ. Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Department of ISM and H, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Govt. of India); 2005; 3:76-87.

29. Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The treatise on Indian medicinal plants. New Delhi: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, CSIR; 2006; 46-47.

30. Ali M. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2008; 668-669.

31. Quality standards of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Indian Council Medical Research; 2005; 2: 201-208.

32. Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gambir SS, Gode KD. Pancreatic Beta Cell Regeneration. A novel antidiabetic mechanism of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Indian J Pharmacy 1980; 12:123-127.

33. Das AV, Padayatti PS, Paulose CS. Effect of leaf extract of Aeglemarmelose (L.) Correa ex Roxb. On histological and ultra structural changes in tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1996; 34:341-345.

34. Defronzo RA, Bonadonna RC, Ferrannini I. Pathogenesis of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus: A balanced overview. Diabetologia 1992; 35:389-397

35. Sasmal S, Majumdar S, Gupta M, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee PK3, Sasmal S et al., Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation for the antipyretic effect of the seeds of Saracaasoca Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012; 782-786.

36. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ. Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Department of ISM and H, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Govt. of India); 2005; 3:76-87.

37. Chaterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The treatise on Indian medicinal plants. New Delhi: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, CSIR; 2006, 46-47.

38. Shao Y, Chin C-K, Ho C-T, Ma W, Garrison SA and Huang MT 1996 Antitumour activity of the crude saponins obtained from asparagus. Cancer Letters 104 31-36.

39. Satyavati GV, Prasad DN, Sen SP, Das PK. Oxytotic activity of a pure phenolic glycoside (P2) from Saracaindica Linn. (Ashoka). Indian J Med Res 1970; 58:660-663.

40. AmitChawla, Payal Chawla, Mangalesh, R C Roy, 2011, ―Asparagus racemosus (Wild): Biological Activities and its Active Principles ‖ Indo-Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 1, Issue 2: Page No. 113-120

41. Borokar AA, Dr.Pansare TA, Plant Profile, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Ashoka (Saraca Asoca (Roxb.), De. Wilde)-A Comprehensive Review, International journal of ayurvedic and herbal medicine March-April. 2017; 7(2):2524-2541

42. Freeman R. Liliaceae-famine foods. Centre for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Purdue University. Retrieved 2009.

43. Smitha GR. and Thondaiman V. Reproductive biology and breeding system of Saracaasoca (Roxb.) De Wilde: a vulnerable medicinal plant, 2016; 5:2025

44. Hussain A, Ahmad MP, Wahab S, Sarfaraj Hussain M and Ali M. A Review on Pharmacological and Phytochemical Profile of Asparagus racemosus Wild. Pharmacology online 2011; 3:1353-1364.

45. Bapodara M, Nagani K, Sumitra Chanda. Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical study of Punicagranatum L. leaf Pharmacognosy Journal. 2011; 3:29-32.

46. Shaha P and Bellankimath A. Pharmacological Profile of Asparagus racemosus: A Review, Department of Biotechnology, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot-587102, Karnataka, India, Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2017) 6(11): 1215-1223

47. Bapodara M, Nagani K, Chanda S. Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical study of Punica granatum L. leaf Pharmacognosy Journal. 2011; 3:29-32.

48. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Government of India, Ministry of Health and family welfare, Department of AYUSH; 2001; I (1): 143.

49. Khandelwal KR. Practical Pharmacognosy. Pune, India: Nirali Publication 2008; (19):14964.

50. Khandelwal KR. Practical Pharmacognosy. 19th ed. Pune, India: Nirali Publication 2008; (19):14964.

51. Khandelwal KR. Practical Pharmacognosy: Techniques and Experiments. Pune: Nirali Prakashan; 2010.

52. Badoni H, Sharma P, Waheed SM, Singh S. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and toxic properties of Emblica officinal is and Terminalia bellirica fruit extracts. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2016; 9(6):96-102.

Received on 02.03.2020 Modified on 13.04.2020

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(2):949-954.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00169.4