Foeniculum vulgare, Solanum nigrum and Cichorium intybus: A Collectanea of Pharmacological and Clinical uses

 

Rufaida, Tarique Mahmood, Arshiya Shamim, Farogh Ahsan, Saba Parveen, Mohammad Shariq

Faculty of Pharmacology, Integral University, Lucknow (U.P), India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Herbal medicine is the core nucleus of holistic medicine which is gaining rapid popularity all over the world and gradually incorporating and integrating its position in the mainstream health care systems. Herbal medicines include plant and their parts that contain active ingredients alone or in combination to increase the efficacy, prevention and treatment of the disease. Analogous to conventional medicines herbal medicines are employed for various illness like cold, inflammation, diabetes, malaria, tuberculosis, cancer and so on. Indian traditional medicines or medicinal plants are indispensable source of new drugs. Foeniculum vulgare also known as Fennel, a member of Apiaceae family is used for various health benefits such as, it helps to regulate blood pressure, reduce water retention, improve eyesight and helps in reducing acne, constipation, arthritis, cough, gingival wound etc. Solanum nigrum also known as Makoh, a member of Solanaceae family is used in diverse medical conditions such as used to treat fever and to alleviate pain, used in treating the mouth ulcers, good herbal remedy for asthma, is the main ingredient in various medicines prepared to treat various liver disorders, helps in treating UTI and has excellent hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity. Cichorium intybus also known as Kasni, a member of Asteracece family is used in inflammation, hepatomegaly, digestive ailments, malaria, gout, sedative. It is a remedy for high blood pressure, constipation, liver disorders, gallbladder disorders, skin inflammation, loss of appetite, heart failure and cancer. These drugs provide a noteworthy basis in pharmaceutical biology for the development and formulation of new drugs for future clinical uses.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Herbal medicine means herbs and herbal preparation that contain active ingredients of plants to increase the efficacy, prevention or treatment of the disease. Herbal medicinal products and its supplements has been used since centuries and are extracted for providing maximal benefits to mankind^[1]. Herbal medicines are used across the world and continues to amplify rapidly and many people have now resorted to these medicines and its product for various illness^[2]. People living in developed countries like Canada and developing countries like India and Pakistan rely on herbal product and phytonutrients and there is an estimate that up to five billion people use it as a traditional medical practice and key source of healthcare^[2].

 

Indian traditional medicines or medicinal plants are indispensable source of new drugs. Conventional use of medicinal herb is essential for the people.

 

According to WHO there is a global increase in the use of medicinal herbs for various health problems. It involves the use of different plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, seeds, barks, berries or flower for medicinal purpose for the prophylaxis or treatment of the disease^[3]. For Example, Cinchona bark contain various chemical constituents like quinine, quinidine, cinchonine etc. Quinine is used to treat malaria whereas quinidine is used in cardiac arrhythmia.

 

Herbal treatment is usually aimed at producing persistent improvement in well-being. Plant extracts are shown to have many effects like antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anticonvulsant, antipyretic^[4].

Traditional medicine or Herbal products has been widely used to treat various health problems in many developing countries like India, Pakistan, USA, Canada^[2].

 

India is the mother hub for many herb-based systems like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy^[5].

 

Traditional Medicinal System involve plants as drug source in treatment therapy. One such system is Unani System of medicine.It isa well-known traditional system of medicine and draws its origin from ancient traditional system of medicine of Egypt, Iraq, Persia, India, Syria and China^[6-7]. Unani system of medicine use theories of Hippocrates, known as the Father of Unani Medicine. It works on the principle of four humors black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood and treats person as a whole and not as a group of individuals parts^[7-9].

 

According to Unani System of medicine there exist seven compartments (Umoor-e-Tabiya) that works as a single unit^[7][10]. Here, the body is built up of four basic elements i.e. Air, Earth, Fire and Water and these four elements have different temperaments i.e. Hot, Cold, Dry and Wet respectively^[7][11]. When these four temperaments are interacted and mixed together a new compound is formed having new temperamenti.e. hot wet, hot dry, cold wet, cold dry^[7][10][11]. For Example, Unani formulation Majoon-e-sandal contain Santalum album, Tamarindus indica, Punica granatus, Bambusa bambos and Crocus sativusis used as a stomachic, antibilious, psychoneurosis and in vomiting and nausea^[12]. In this review we will see the pharmacological and clinical uses of fennel, black nightshade and chicory.

 

Fennel:

Botanical name Foeniculum vulgare, a member of Apiaceae family. Foeniculum vulgare also known as fennel (English) saunf (Hindi) and badyan (Urdu) is a biennial medicinal and aromatic plant^[13-14]. It is a flavourful and culinary herb with many medicinal properties like carminative, stomachic, etc.

 

Fennel is cultivated in Argentina, America, Germany, China, Indonesia, Russia, Japan and Pakistan.

 

In India the fennel cultivating states are Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh^[15].

 

Phytochemistry:

Foeniculum vulgare contain 6.4% of moisture, 9.50% protein, 10% fat, 13.40% minerals, 18.50% fibre and 42.32% carbohydrates and 3-8% of volatile oil. It contains high concentration of minerals and vitamins like sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3 and vitamin C^[16].

 

The most abundant macronutrient is carbohydrate and proteins, reducing sugar and fats are the least abundant macronutrient. Stems and leaves have the highest while inflorescence exhibit the lowest moisture content^[14].

 

The main volatile oils are fenchone, ketone, estragol, phenolic ether anethole. The oil is pale yellow liquid^[17]. It is reported that there is a decrease in essential oil content as the fruit matures and its pharmacological effect is due to its essential oils^[16].

 

Traditional Uses of Fennel

Country	Preparation	Condition	Reference
Italy	Tender leaves, chewed and stuck on ulcer	Mouth Ulcer	[18]
India and South Europe	Seeds, decoction seeds mixed with sugar	Constipation	[19], [20]
USA	Root and seed, decoction	Diuresis	[21]
North Iran	Seed, leaf and stem, infusion and edible	Hypnotic	[22]
Brazil	Leaf and fruit, infusion	Colic in children	[23]
Pakistan	Seed, infusion and edible	Laxative	[24]
South Africa	Leaf, an infusion is drunk which is made from the leaves	Arthritis	[25]
Mexico	Whole plant, oral infusion	Cough	[26]
Jordan	Leaf and seed, infusion	Flatulence	[27]
Spain	Whole plant, decoction	Gingival wound	[28]

 

Pharmacological and Clinical Observations of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

S. No	Study Type	Part Used	Extract Type/Essential Oil	Study Subject	Reference
1	Antioxidant	Fruits	Water, methanol, acetone and ethanol extract	In Vitro	[30], [31], [32]
2	Antioxidant	Fruits	Water infusion	Rats	[33]
3	Antioxidant	Fruits	Essential oil	In Vitro	[34], [35]
4	Antioxidant	Fruits	Ethanol Extract	In Vitro	[36]
5	Neuroprotective	Seeds	Ethanol, Methanol, n-hexane Extract	Mice	[37]
6	Gastric Antiulcer	Fruits	Water Extract	Rats	[38]
7	Gastro- protective	Fruits	Distilled water	Rats	[39]
8	Hepatoprotective	Seeds	Hexane and Methanol Extract	Rats	[40]
9	Anti-inflammatory	Fruits	Essential oil	Rats	[41]
10	Analgesic	Fruits	Essential oil	Mice	[42]
11	Antihypertensive	Fruits	Water Extract	SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats	[43]
12	Antihypertensive	Leaves	Water Extract (IV)	Rats	[44]
13	Anti-thrombotic	Fruits	Essential oil	Mice, Rats	[45]
14	Antimicrobial	Fruits	Hot Water and Acetone Extracts	E. faecalis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. flexneri	[46]
15	Antimicrobial	Fruits	Essential oil	E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, B. cereus, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, C. albicans, A. niger, T. rub rum, T. tonsurans, S. enteriditis, strains of K. pneumonia, T. mentagrophytes, M. gypseum, A. baumannii, S. typhimurim, E. faecalis, P. mirabilis	[47], [48], [49]
16	Antimicrobial	Seeds	Methanol Extracts	15 strains of H. pylori	[50]
17	Antimicrobial	Fruits	Hydro-ethanol Extract	C. jejuni, MDR M. tuberculosis	[51], [52]
18	Antidiabetic	Aerial parts	n-hexane	Rats	[53]
19	Infantile colic	Seeds	Oil Emulsion	Infants	[54]
20	Antispasmodic	Fruits	Oil Emulsion	Young Women with Primary Dysmenorrhoea	[55], [56], [57], [58]
21	Anorexigenic	Fruits	Tea	Overweight Women	[59]
22	Vaginal Symptoms	Fruits	Vaginal Cream	Postmenopausal Women	[60]
23	Idiopathic Hirsutism	Fruits	Cream and Gels	Women	[61], [62]

 

Formulations:

1.     Arq Badiyan (Unani Formulation)

2.     Saunf Ark (Ayurvedic Formulation)

 

Makoh

Botanical name Solanum nigrum, a member of Solanaceae family. Solanum nigrum commonly known as black nightshade (English), mokoya (Hindi) and makoh (Urdu) is an established medicinal plant which grows wild in India as a weed.

Makoh is cultivated throughout the Temperate and Tropical areas of the world.

 

Phytochemistry:

Solanum nigrum contain alkaloid, flavonoid, tannins, saponins, proteins, coumarins, carbohydrate, glycoside and phytosterols as the chief chemical constituents. Solasodine concentration is high in small unripe fruits. Saturated steroidal genin found in the berries is known as tigogenin. The oil of Solanum nigrumcontainslinoleic acid. The presence of ascorbic acid was reported by some researcher and its concentration was found to be more in fruits than roots. Many new steroidal saponins and known saponins are reported like solanigrosides C-H and degalactotigonin from the whole plant. The mineral element include magnesium in large amount and protein content are present in considerable amount. According to some researcher Solanum nigrum acts as an antioxidant against reactive oxygen species, this is due to the presence of glycoprotein. The lipid content is found to be high in Solanum nigrum^[63].

 

Traditional Uses of Makoh

State, Country	Part Used	Preparation	Conditions	References
Tanzania, Africa	Leaf	Leaves are pounded and applied topically.	Treatment of ringworm	[64]
Tunisia, Africa	Sap		Erysipelas (acute Streptococcus bacterial infection)	[65]
United Republic of Congo, Africa	Whole plant	Maceration	Snake bite/sting by a venomous animal	[66]
Tamil Nadu, India	Leaf	Fresh leaves cooked with cumin seeds and onion bulbs or can be taken orally in the form of leaf juice	Stomach ulcer	[67], [68]
Himalayan region, India	Leaf	-	Liver tonic, indigestion	[69]
Thar Desert, India	Roots	Roots boiled by adding small amount of sugar.	Increase women fertility	[70]
Assam, India	Roots	Roots are extracted in the form of its juice	Whooping cough and asthma	[71]

 

Pharmacological and Clinical Observations of Makoh (Solanum nigrum)

S.No	Study Type	Part Used	Extract Type	Study Subjects	Reference
1	Antioxidant	Leaves	Methanolic/Water Extract	In Vitro	[72]
2	Antioxidant	Leaves	Aqueous Extract	Rats	[73]
3	Antioxidant	Berries	Methanolic Extract	Rats	[74]
4	Gastric Antiulcer	Fruits	Methanol Extract	Rats	[75]
5	Anti-Gastritis and Antiulcer	Berries and Leaves	Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extract	Rats	[76]
6	Gastroprotective and Antioxidant	Leaves	Methanolic Extract	Rats	[77]
7	Anti-inflammatory	Berries	Methanolic Extract	Rats	[78]
8	Anti-inflammatory	Whole Plant	Methanolic Extract	Rats	[79]
9	Antidiabetic	Berries	Aqueous Extract	Rats	[80]
10	Antidiabetic	Leaves	Water, Ethanol Extract	Rats	[81]
11	Antidiabetic	Fruits	Ethanol Extract	Rats	[82]
12	Hepatoprotective	Aerial parts bearing ripe fruits	Ethanol, Water Extract	Mice	[83]
13	Hepatoprotective	Aerial parts	Aqueous -Ethanolic Extract	Rat	[84]
14	Antibacterial	Stem, Berries and whole Plant	Methanol Extract	B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa	[85]
15	Antimicrobial	Leaves	Methanol Extract	E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. multocida, A. niger, A. flavus, R. solani	[86]
16	Antibacterial	Root Tissues	Ethanol Extract	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli	[87]
17	Anti-seizure	Leaves	Aqueous Extract	Rats	[88]
18	Pelvic inflammatory disease	Berries	Distillate	Female patients 18-25 years of age.	[89]
19	Nephroprotective	Berries	Distillate	Female patient	[90]

 

Formulations:

1.     Arq Makoh (Unani Formulation)

 

Chicory:

Botanical name Cichorium intybus, a member of Asteraceae family. Chicorium intybus isknown as chicory (English) and kasni (Hindi and Urdu). It is an established medicinal plant which grows wild in India and has medicinal properties.

 

Chicory is cultivated in Europe, USA, Canada and Asia.

 

Phytochemistry:

Cichorium intybus contain chicoric acid as the chief chemical constituent. Derivatives of aliphatic compound comprise the major fraction while minor fraction comprise of terpenoids. The flowers contain saccharides, methoxy coumarins cichorine, flavonoids and essential oils. The principle volatile component include octane, hexadecane, n-nonadecane and pentadecanone^[91]. According to many researchers the insulin concentration is reported to be 68%, 5% cellulose, 14% sucrose, 6% proteins and 3% other compounds. Chicory root extract contains fatty acids, volatile oil, alkaloids, triterpenes, latex tannins, saponins and flavonoids. Benzo-isochromenes like cichorin A, B and C are also isolated from roots. Tannins, pectin, fatty acid, α lactucerol, sugar, cichorin, choline, fixed oils, etc are also present in roots. Chicory seeds are rich in essential amino acid like lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, etc and contain high concentration of crude protein. The seeds also contain essential linoleic acid, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, demulcent oil, palmitic acid and stearic acid. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, selenium and zinc are also found in chicory seeds^[92].

 

Traditional Uses of Chicory:

Different plant parts or preparations of chicory is a therapy for different ailments of the body^[91]. It is conventionally used as a liver tonic, ininflamed throat, acne, etc. The plant finds immense use as a cardiotonic and in the treatment of gout, hepatomegaly, jaundice, asthma.

 

In Afghanistan, the aqueous extract of chicory roots is used customarily for the treatment of malaria^[93]. Leaf decoction is used for treating high blood pressure in Italy^[94]. In Morocco decoction of whole chicory plant is used in kidney disorders and diabetes^[95]. Decoction of roots and aerial parts is used conventionally in Bulgaria as cholagogue stimulant for gastric secretions and has hypoglycaemic potential^[96]. In Turkey root decoction is used traditionally in cancer and in kidney stones^[97]. In Lithuania the flowers are used for the treatment of cuts, gallstone, gastroenteritis and bruises^[98]. In Pakistan root decoction is used for the management of diabetes ^[99]. In India root decoction is used as a therapy for liver enlargement, gout, jaundice and rheumatism ^[100].

 

Pharmacological and Clinical Observations of Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

S.No	Study Type	Part Used	Extract Type	Study Subjects	Reference
1	Hepatoprotective	Whole Plant	Ethanol, Water, Ethyl Acetate Extract	Rats	[101]
2	Hepatoprotective	Leaves	Ethanol-water Extract,	Rats	[102]
3	Hepatoprotective	Roots	Ethanol Extract	Rats	[103]
4	Hepatoprotective	Seeds	Ethanol Extract	Rats	[104]
5	Hepatoprotective	Leaves	Chloride Extract	Ross Chicken Broilers	[105]
6	Anti-inflammatory	Roots	Aqueous and Ethanol Extract	Rats	[106]
7	Anti-Ulcer	Leaves	Water-Ethanol Extract	Rats	[107]
8	Antimicrobial	Seeds	Water, Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans.	[108]
9	Antimicrobial	Roots	Ethyl Acetate or Hexane	S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. fluorescens, R. leguminosarum, E. coli, V. cholerae, S. cerevisiae, A. niger`3	[109]
10	Antibacterial	Roots and Aerial parts	Water, Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate	P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, A. radiobactor, E. carotovora	[110]
11	Antibacterial	Rootsand Leaves	Methanol, Distilled Water, chloroform, Petroleum Ether and Acetone	P. aeruginosa, E. coli	[111]
12	Nephroprotective and Diuretic	Seeds	Ethanol Extract	Rats	[112]
13	Antidiabetic	Whole Plant	Ethanol Extract	Rats	[113]
14	Anthelmintic	Leaves	Methanol Extract	In-Vitro	[114]
15	Antiseizure	Root, Stem and Leaves	Hydro alcoholic Extract	Mice	[115]
16	Cardioprotective	Leaves	Aqueous Extract	Rats	[116]
17	Antithrombotic	Roots	Coffee	Healthy men and women	117]
18	Osteoarthritis	Roots	Capsule	Elderly (50 years or more)	[118]

 

Formulations:

1.     Arq Kasni (Unani Formulation)

 

CONCLUSION:

Herbal medicines have been conventionally used since ages and provide the basis for medical treatments and is widely practiced even today.Thus, from the vast literature study and experimental result analysis we can conclude that fennel, makohand chicory can be used in wide range of ethnomedical treatments like conjunctivitis, laxative, constipation, jaundice, stomach-ache, flatulence, gastritis, gout, rheumatism, diuretic, etc.

The extract of plantfindsvarious pharmacological uses like hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, etc. It also finds immense utility in various microbial infections and nephrological problems.

 

The bioactive molecule in fennel, makoh and chicory can be developed as novel pharmacological lead molecules provided their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, physiological pathways and importance to human health are known with sufficient detail.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are thankful to Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for providing suitable facilities and support for the successful completion of this study (IU/R&D/2019-MCN000772).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

 

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Received on 17.12.2019           Modified on 21.02.2020

Accepted on 19.04.2020         © RJPT All right reserved