INTRODUCTION:

The Chenopodium album commonly is widely spread across the globe [4] that contains various bioactive constituents helpful in treatment of various diseases. The plant act by different mechanism to produce therapeutic activity [5-7]. This review article is an attempt to categorize the different bioactive compounds and to explore the mechanism of the plant for its therapeutic activity.

Biological source-

It is obtained from leaves of Chenopodium album L. belonging to family Chenopodiaceae.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multidimensional disease with a variety of intermediate and clinical phenotypes.It is estimated that COPD will become the third most common cause of death worldwide by 2030.^[4]COPD was defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) as a common treatable and preventable disease characterized by constant airflow limitation that is usually progressive and coupled with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response to noxious particles or gases in the airway and the lung. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are associated with COPD.^[5]The pulmonary injury involves three stages i.e, initiation (due to exposure to cigarette smoking, pollutants, and infectious agents), progression and consolidation.^[4]Symptoms

Description:

The Chenopodium album commonly recognized as bathua classified in Chenopodiaceae family, which was spread across around globe [8]. Mainly the genre Chenopodium comprises of 21 species that are available in India, mainly in parts of Kullu valley, western Rajasthan and Shimla. The plant grows at a height of 4,700 meters. It is fast growing in soil with rich nitrogen levels and common in temperate. It likely to grows vertical up to altitude of 30-90 cm [9-14].

PHYTOCHEMISTRY:

The leaves analysis of the plant Chenopodium album represents the trypsin inhibitor activity at a concentration 0.11-0.17 TIU/mg and also showed the presence of various phytoconstituents i.e. saponin 0.043-0.867 g/100gm, phenols 224.99-304.98 mg/100gm, tannins 152.48- 203.90 mg GAE /100gm, alkaloids 1.27-1.52 mg/100gm, flavonoids 220- 406.66 mg/100gm, oxalates 393.19 -477.09 mg/100gm, phytate phosphorus 67.15 -75.63 mg/100gm and phytic acid 238.3-268.33 mg/100gm [15-16]. The various phytoconstituents were separated from the pet ether extract of the bathua such as lupeol, β-sitosterol and 3 hydroxy nonadecyl henicosanoate [17]. The (7'S, 8R, 8'R)-Isolariciresinol, Isolariciresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and (7'S, 8R, 8'S)-Isolariciresinol obtained from Chenopodium album leaves [18]. The leaves of Chenopodium album was assessed by GC-MS and exhibits occurrence of various phytochemicals such as phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane, di-n-octyl phthalate, ergosta-5, 24,28 dien-3-ol, 3β- hexatriacontane, 2H-pyran, 2-(7-heptadecynyloxy) tetrahydro, di-n-octyl phthalate, squalene, heptacosane, tetratetracontane, vitamin E, heptacosane,1-chloro, betulin and 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol [19]. Kaempferol 3-O-β-glucoside (astragalin) [20] Kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-β-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-diglucoside, kaempferol-3-O-arabinoglucoside, quercetin, quercetin 3-O-xylosylglucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside separated from Chenopodium album aerial parts [21]. The flavonoids separated from plant aerial parts, maximum concentration was present in acetone extract. The isolated flavonoids was 2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one [22]. The isolated compound from the plants are lupeol, β -sitosterol, ascorbic acid, 3 hydroxy nonadecyl henicosanoate, , β-carotene, gallocatechin, catechin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid , caffeic acid, campesterol, imperatorin, stigmasterol, cinnamic acid, ecdysteroid, phenol, apocarotenoids, saponin, crytomeridiol, syringaresinol and trans feruloyl 4, O-methyl dopamine, sitostanol, avenasterol, 20-hydroxyecdysone, sinapic acid, pinoresinol, syringaresinol, lariciresinol , chenoalbicine , p-cymene, α- pinene, limonene and ethyl cinnamate [23-24]. The structures are mentioned in Figure 1.

TRADITIONAL USES:

Etanobotanically the plant is employed in treatment of laxative, sedative, rheumatism and in diuretic [25].

The whole plant is effective as an aphrodisiac, carminative for the cure of dyspepsia anti diarrheal, antiphlogistic, contraceptive, blood purifier, digestive, seminal weakness, ophthalamopathy, hemorrhoids, hepatic disorder, cardiac disorder, spleen enlargement, intestinal ulcers, general debility [26-27] and anthelmintic against round-and hookworms, eye disease, for treatment of abdominal pain [28-29]. The powder leaf of plant was effective in cure of burns whereas the alcoholic decoration of the aerial parts effective against arthritis and rheumatism [30].

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

Anticancer activity:

Both the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of the plant inhibits the cell growth and stimulates the formation of apoptotic bodies were formed within 24hrs [5]. The leaf effects were assessed on the expansion of independent estrogen (MDA-MB-468) and dependent estrogen (MCF-7) on tumor breast cell lines of humans. The methanolic extract of the leaves exhibits potent % inhibition 94.06% after 48 hrs. at a conc. of 100mg/ml against cancer cell line of breast (MCF-7) having IC50 value 27.31mg/ml [6] [31]

Gastro-protective effects:

The Chenopodium album ethanolic extract was analyzed for anti-ulcer property in rats. The result indicates that alcoholic extract extensively decreases the free acidity, ulcer index, Volume of acid secretion and total acidity. Histopathology of the liver represents that due to the administration of alcoholic extract there was a considerable increase in amount of collagen and width of regenerated glandular epithelium with absence of capillary density in scar tissue [32].

Hepatoprotective Activity:

Both the aqueous and alcoholic at two different concentration 200mg and 400mg/kg extracts from plant aerial parts estimated against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. The aqueous extract shown potent activity when compared with reference drug silymarin at 400mg/kg concentration. Both the extract restored the physiological integrity of hepatocytes [33-35]. The methanolic extract of the plant at 450mg/kg concentration shown maximum activity in wistar rats by decreasing the increase level of biochemical parameters when analyzed using carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. [29] [36-37]. The methanolic and acetone extracts of the whole plant at a concentration of 400mg/kg orally exhibits potent hepatoprotective action when evaluated in comparison with the standard dug silymarin [38]

Spasmolytic and Analgesic activity:

The various fractions of ethanolic extract i.e. chloroform, ethyl acetate, aqueous and were estimated for in-vitro study on rabbit intestinal smooth muscles and analgesic effect using tail flick method in mice. The n- butanol fraction posses a concentration reliant rise in smooth muscles relaxation. The chloroform and ethyl acetate and fractions cause smooth muscles relaxation respectively (51.52% and 43.48). However the n-butanol fraction exhibits potent smooth muscle relaxant (91.18%). [39].

Antimicrobial activity:

The leaf aqueous extract from plant exhibit potent antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus whereas methanolic extract active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[12]. Methanolic leaf extract evaluated on various microorganisms out of which the methanolic extract was found to effective on few microorganisms in terms of zone of inhibition i.e. (Bacillus subtilis UC 564, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. faecalis ATCC 29212, Bacillus polymyxa 474, Salmonella typhi 57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 25619 Shigella dysenteriae ATCC C3, Vibrio cholerae 824, E.coli NCTC 8196, Aspergillus niger AB 41, Penicillium notatum ATCC 11625 and Candida albicans ATCC 18804 [40].

The isolated oil from Chenopodium album posse’s antibacterial property against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Sh. dysenteriae, S. infantis, Sh. Sonnei and S. enteritidis. The antibacterial property of the plant mainly due to various phytoconstituents such as α-terpineol, phytol, linolenic acid and linalool [41-42].

Both the ethanolic and methanolic aerial part extract of plant was efficient against E. coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 2785, S. aureus ATCC25923, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 1274 [43]. Two CAP-I and CAP-II proteins were separated from leaves of the plant which exhibits systemic resistance against sunhemp rosette virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Both these proteins cause the degradation of viral RNA and can be used in inhibition of viral infection [44]. Aerial parts of plant posse’s antifungal property against F. oxysporum [45-46]

The leaves and flower extract from the plant failed to exhibit action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 1274 when evaluated by agar well diffusion and disc diffusion method. [47]

Anthelmintic activity:

The diethyl ether, methanolic and aqueous extract of plant was evaluated for in-vitro anthelmintic property. All the extracts were found effective at concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 2%. Against Haemonchus contortus.[48]. The pet. ether and methanolic extract of the crude powder from the plant was evaluated in infected sheep with gastrointestinal nematodes for In-vivo anthelmintic activity. Both the extracts showed concentration and time reliant anthelmintic effects leading to death of worms and prevention from hatching of egg. LD50 for Chenopodium album was found to be 0.448mg/ml in egg hatch test [49-50]

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Isolated oil of Chenopodium album significant reduces the ear edema with all concentrations except at 0.625mg (5-0.625mg). The research finding states that isolated oil represents the concentration dependent anti-inflammatory property [51]. The plant fruit ethanolic extract at a concentration of 100-400mg/ kg, p.o. caused concentration-dependently prevention of 5-HT induce scratching behavior. However, at a concentration 100 and 200mg/kg, p.o could not affect swelling of hind paw occurred by 5-HT [52]. The acetone extract at concentration of 200mg/kg orally when administrated 21 days exhibit considerable decline of paw edema in rats (80.13%). The various biochemical parameters were found to near normal value. In addition to this the extract causes considerable decline expression of NFκB in hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus [25]. At 500 mg/kg dose plant crude extract posse’s significant analgesic effect using tail flick method in mice [53].

Antioxidant activity:

The plant n-butanol fraction exhibits antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay [54]. The whole plant methanolic extract of Chenopodium album exhibits antioxidant potential using DPPH radical scavenging assay [55-56]. The pet. ether extract, aqueous and methanol extract of Chenopodium album exhibits antioxidant activity when estimated by ABTS assay and FRAP assay [57-58]. Both the methanoilc and ethyl acetate extract showed potent antioxidant activity by H₂O₂ free radicals, DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum assay and reducing power assay [59-60]. The seeds methanolic extract of Chenopodium album posses antioxidant property when evaluated by Ferric ion reducing power assay and DPPH assay [61-62]. The leaf ethanolic extract of the plant preserved DNA of mononuclear leukocytes and yeast from the harmful outcome of hydrogen peroxide which represents the protective effects of the plant on DNA upon oxidative shock [63]. Methanolic extract of plant exhibit potent antioxidant activity at concentration of 450mg/kg in comparison with standard ascorbic acid [29].

Effect on male reproduction:

The seed ethanolic extract of plant at 200 mg/kg concentration represents distinct anabolic effect with an increase of body weight, weight of reproductive organs in treated male rats. The sperm count, sexual behavior and performance were also increased [65]. The plant ethanolic extract was evaluated at three different concentration of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg in mice showed that there is an increase in the intromission frequency, mount frequency, aggregate of penile reflexes, intromission latency and decline in interval of post ejaculatory. However, 500 mg/kg dose of the plant act as a most effective concentration in rats [66]. However, in another study it was found that the seeds extract of the plant causes death to the sperms leading to development of reactive oxygen species [64,67].

Antinociceptive Activity:

The crude leaf extract at 50- 150mg/kg concentration exhibits considerable increase the pain threshold when compared with standard aspirin for first 180 minutes [52].

Antidiabetic activity

The aerial part aqueous extract of Chenopodium album at 3mg/ml concentration showed considerable α-amylase inhibition assay of 98.72% [68]

The roots methanolic extract was effective for treatment in diabetes when evaluated using STZ-induced diabetes in wistar rats [69]

Herbicidal activity:

The oil obtained from the seeds of Chenopodium album posses herbicidal action on weeds. [70]

Immunomodulatory:

The plant methanolic extract amplify production of IFN-γ and IL-10 when evaluated by asthma model in murine [71].

Larvicidal activity:

The pet. ether, methanol extract and carbon tetrachloride and of plant were found to effective against Anopheles stephensi Liston malaria vector. The extracts effects initial life cycle of Anopheles stephensi thereby decreasing hatching percentage, pupal, larval and emergence of adult causing delay of intervals of pupal and larval [72]. The LC50 and LC90 values of the isolated oil from plant against Culex spp. larvae after one day gap were found to be 277.796 and 739.425ppm [73]. The plant aqueous extract was most effective against the Oryzaephilus surinamensis as it decrease the survival rate of the adult and larval stages [74].

Antidiarroheal Activity:

The plant hydroalcholic extract was found effective at a concentration 200 and 400mg/kg against castor oil induce diarrheal entero pooling assay [75].

Urinary stone:

The increase intake of the seed and fruit juice of plant exhibits a critical task in blocking the mineralization and prophylaxis of urinary stone [76].

ACUTE TOXICITY:

The aerial parts hydroalcholic extract of Chenopodium album at 1000 mg/kg concentration failed to produce any toxicity [75]. The leaves methanolic extract of the plant at 5000mg/kg did not produce any toxicity [82-83].

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES:

There is an effort to provide comprehensive information as per the available literature on several phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, carotenoids, amides, sterols, ecdysteriods, terpenoids and phenolic compounds act by different mechanisms to produce desired pharmacological actionagainst anticancer, hepatoprotective, analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, contraceptive, antinociceptive, anti-diarrheal, contraceptive, antidiabetic activity, Immunomodulatory, herbicidal and larvicidal activity. However, there is a scope in the plant that can be further explored regarding the separation of various fractions of secondary metabolites and evaluation of their acute toxicity profile and pharmacological activity.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

There are no conflicts of interest.

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Received on 02.11.2019 Modified on 31.12.2019

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(8):3933-3940.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00696.4