INTRODUCTION:

Alzheimer’s disease [AD] is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dementia or loss of memory.AD is discovered by German scientist, a neuropathologist and psychiatrist found that most of the 25 million of the population suffering from dementia¹ AD is associated by mood changes, memory loss, alteration of behaviour and slowness of thoughts. Finally it leads to depression peoples is suffering from 25% of the population between 64-79 years of age, 69% of population between 81-90 years of age, and 94% of population between 95 years above peoples with anxiety and depression.^2,3 severe stress or drug can cause amnesia, and various medications are prescribed in AD, but they produce side effect, Therefore herbal medicine is an excellent source of drug for treating memory loss with no side effect.

AD is the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein oligomers that have a direct neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory effect⁴. The treatment for AD include Acetylcholinesterase (Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) inhibitors and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. So their efficacy is limited with low response rate symptomatic improvement⁵ Moreover, the recent research finding the other mechanism and besides the Acetylcholine esterase and NMDA receptor blockade of cognition enhancement. AD associates the pathophysiology of a complex is a various cellular, histological and biochemical manifestations like neurovascular disruption, imbalance of neurotransmitter, neuroinflammatory condition, neuronal excitotoxicity, metabolic dysfunction, and reduce the neuroprotective capacity and failure of homeostasis. The interrelationship between different process and long-term consequence of any alternations are unknown⁶ so plants are used to treat the full range of conditions in AD disease. Various medicinal plants including ayurvedic, Chinese (Ashwagandha, Gotu kola, shankapushpi, turmeric, Guggulu, garlic, Brahmi, ginkgo, lemon balm, etc.) have been a significant source in drug program for the generation of drug development and discovery process. So many herbal plants are traditionally used for their cognition-enhancing activity. Various medicinal plants improve the cognition. Sometimes AD is linked to a genetic factor play a critical role in in16-20 of cases.⁷AD patients face some problems like loss of memory, difficult to learn more information, mood swing, challenging to find the words, forget the names and loss of items, frustration and irritation are universal emotions. In some cases, patient becomes totally or completely loss of memory. These patients depends on others AD is a significant problem in worldwide patients and dramatically reduce a lot of cases in the next 40 years⁷AD progress and symptoms are several treatments are available in herbal medicine. These medicinal plants are used for the preparation and marketing of drugs. These plants products are carefully and standardised, and then efficacy and safety for specific applications have been demonstrated^8,9In India Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani is traditional medicine is used to treat dementia. Most of the peoples who have dementia are 47.8 million, and it is expected to reach 75.6 million by 2031, according to the 2016 world Alzheimer’s report.¹⁰

Plants that are used against Alzheimer’s Disease:

Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera is called as Ashwagandha. The plant is from the family Solanaceae. It exhibits the relief from stress memory loss¹¹ This plant can promote the Acetylcholine level in the brain and enhance the regeneration of dendrites and axon¹² Ashwagandha is used as ayurvedic plant and it has an antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity and also support to the immune system of the body¹³ Some steroidal compounds present in Ashwagandha like lactones, withanolides, A to Y dehydrowithanolides R, Withasomniferine A etc.^14,15,16.

Curcuma longa

Curcuma longa is called as turmeric powder. The plant is from the family Zingiberaceae. Turmeric is extracted from the yellow colour of the turmeric root^17,18Turmeric gives a powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect¹⁹It enhances the cognitive function²⁰ and decreases the oxidative stress²¹

Bacopa monnieri

Bacopa monnieri is called as Brahmi. The plant is from the family Scrophulariaceae and its found in throughout the Indian subcontinent in wet, damp, and marshy area.²²Brahmi is a better tasting plant, and it is commonly used in ayurvedic medicine as a diuretic, nerve tonic, epilepsy, asthma, insomnia, rheumatism^23,24Brahmi plant is used as the other characters like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, sedation, antipyretic, antiepileptic, and enhancing the memory and cognitive function.²⁵

Convolvulus pluricaulis

Convolvulus pluricaulis is called Asshankhapushpi, and it is common in India. The plant is from the family Convolvulaceae. The whole plant of shankhpushpi is used as a various formulation such as nerve tonic, enhancement of memory and cognitive function^26,27,28Shankhapushpito treat the nervous system disorders like anxiety, stress, insomnia and mental fatigue^29,30Ethanol extract of shankhapushpi induced antioxidant and enhance the learning capacity of memory in rats.³¹

Emblica officinalis

Emblica officinalis is called as Indian gooseberry (or) Amla. The plant is from the family Euphorbiaceae. This plant is used to treat memory loss in AD patient’s³²It acts as antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-ulcer, Anti-cancer, Carminative, diuretic, astringent and also treat the memory loss in AD patient’s³³.

Celastrus paniculatus

Celastruspaniculate is called as jyotishmati. The plant is from the family Celastraceae. It prevents the damage of cell against hydrogen peroxide toxicity due to the antioxidantactivity³⁴It prevents the cell damage caused glutamine induced toxicity³⁵. Celastrus plant enhance cholinergic activity that contributes to the ability to improve memory power³⁶.

Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica is called as Gotu kola. The plant is from the family Apiaceae. It is one of the crucial rejuvenating tonics, and it increases the capability of intelligence^37,38. Gotukola is used to treat depression, rheumatism, mental weakness, abdominal pain and epilepsy anti convulsion, antioxidant. It enhances learning ability in Wister rats.

Commiphora wightii

Commiphora wightii is called as Guggulu. The plant is from the family Burseraceae. It acts as a memory improve in scopolamine-induced memory deficit³⁹. Guggulu contain camphoric acid, Heerabomyerhols, and also include terpenes, cuminic aldehyde, eugenols, guggulsterone⁴⁰.

Allium sativum

Allium sativum called as Garlic. The plant is from the family Alliaceae⁴¹. It prevents the multiple ulcers in the body. Garlic acts as a carminative, expectorant and stimulates the blood pressure.

Camellia sinensis

Camellia sinensis is called a tea plant. The plant is from the family Theaceae. Camellia sinensis is used to the stimulant effect of the body, and it acts as antioxidant activity⁴².

Melissa officinalis

Melissa officinalis is called as Lemon balm. The plant is from the family Lamiaceae. It is used as a herbal remedy to reduce stress, sleep improvement, the elevation of mood, and improve the concentration⁴³. It exhibits the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidepressant effect⁴⁴.

Salvia officinalis

Salvia officinalis is called as sage. The plant is from the family Lamiaceae⁴⁵. Salvia officinalis plant is one of the most important in folk medicine, and it is used to multiple conditions like rheumatism, ulcers gout, inflammation, tremor, dizziness⁴⁶ and memory deficits in AD patients.⁴⁷

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba is called as Ginkgo or maiden hide tree. The plant is from the family Ginkgoaceae. It contains bilobalide alkaloid, and it act as a neuroprotective activity⁴⁸ginkgo plant increase memory in AD patients and decreases free radical formation⁴⁹. Ginkgo plant contains flavanoids that are involved in memory improvement⁵⁰. Administration of ginkgo Biloba in albino rats automatically it improves the memory and learning performance⁵¹Ginkgo plant is used to blood &memory issues. Most of the ginkgo plant is used herbal preparation.⁵²

Panax ginseng

Panax ginseng is called as Ginseng. The plant is from the family Araliaceae. The ginseng plant is used to increase memory power, stress improvement and increase physical/mental capacity.⁵³

Rosmarinus officinalis

Rosmarinus officinalis called as Rosemary. The plant is from the family Lamiaceae. Rose marry plant is used to treat the Migraine, headache, insomnia, and it improves the cognitive effect⁵⁴ Rosemary plant act as an anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidepressant effect⁵⁵.

Plant’s for Alzheimer’s disease

Plant-species	Family	Medicinal use	Location of plant	Plant useful parts	Reference
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)	Solanaceae	Antioxidant activity, Nerve tonic, Freeradicle scavenging activity, calming effect on stress reversed memory loss	Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Utter Pradesh	Root, Leaves	^11,13
Curcuma longa (Turmeric)	Zingiberaceae	Antiseptic, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cosmetic, Colouring agent	Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh	Rhizome	^21,61
Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi)	Plantaginaceae	Ayurvedic medicine, Nerve tonic, Asthma, insomnia, Epilepsy, asthma, improve memory	India especially in north and south region	Whole plant	^9,60
Convolvulus pluricaulis (Shankhapushpi)	Convolvulaceae	Memory enhancing agent,Anxiety, Insomnia, Stress, mental fatigue.	India especially in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra	Root	^9,58,59
Emblica officinalis (Amla)	Euphorbiaceae	Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, oxidative stress, Anti-ulcer, Anti-cancer, Carminative diuretic, astringent.	India especially in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra pradesh	Leaves, Fruit, Seed.	^32,33
Celastrus paniculatus (Jyotishmati)	Celastraceae	Sharpening the memory, improve cognition function, Antioxidant property.	Punjab, Kashmir	Seed, Leaves	³⁶
Nardostachysjatamansi(jatamansi)	Caprifoliaceae	Anticonvulsion, Anti-epilepsy, Powerful Antioxidant, Stimulant	Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikkim	Rhizome, Root	⁵⁷
Centella asiatica (Gotu kola)	Centellaceae	Improve memory, fatigue, Anxiety, Depression, oxidative stress response	Srilanka, South Africa, Indonesia, Japan, China.	Whole plant, Stem, Leaves	^37,38
Commiphora wightii (Guggulu)	Burseraceae	Atherosclerosis, Artharitis, Acne, antioxidant, weight loss, Anti-inflammatory, anti-dementia, Anti- rheumatism.	Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarath, Karnataka (India) Zimbabwe, Somalia, Kenya.	Stem	⁵⁶
Allium sativum (Garlic)	Alliaceae	Atherosclerosis, Carminative, Expectorant, Stimulate blood pressure.	Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarath, Karnataka Andhra pradesh, India, USA, Southern Europe	Bulb	⁴¹
Camellia sinensis (tea plant)	Theaceae	Stimulant effect, Antioxidant	Andhra Pradesh, Assam region in India	Leaves	⁴²
Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)	Lamiaceae	Antioxidant, Antinflammatory, Antidepressant, Anxiolytic effect, Increase appetite and mood elevator.	Southcentral Europe, Iran, America, Central Asia	Leaves	^43,44
Salvia officinalis (kitchen sage)	Lamiaceae	Memory loss, Rheumatism, Ulcer, Gout, Antioxidant, Antiinflammation	Southcentral Europe, Gulf, mountain hills in Croatia, Mediterranean coast.	Dried leaves	⁴⁶
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo or maiden hide tree)	Ginkgoaceae	Mood &Memory issues, Cognitive dysfunction, Neuronal dysfunction.	North East region of India, China, America.	Seed, Leaves	⁴³
Panax ginseng (Ginseng)	Araliaceae	Enhance memory function, Improve stress tolerance	Korea, North & East china	Root	⁵³
Rosmarinus officinalis (Rose mary)	Lamiaceae	Enhance cognition, Relieve Migraine, Treat insomnia, Anxiolytic effect, Antioxidant, Antidepressant effect	Mediterranean region of India &mountain hills, South central Asia	Leaves, Flowering apices	^{54,55, 63,64}

CONCLUSION:

This paper most of the Ayurveda plants(Ashwagandha, Gotukola, shankapushpi, turmeric, Guggulu, garlic, Brahmi, ginkgo, lemon balm, etc.) induce anti-stress activity, and memory enhancement effect and to reduce brain age and helps in regenerate the tissues but also produce the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property shows on the human body. All medicinal plants having active constituents, phytochemicals and some medicinal plants are used to treat Alzheimer’s disease. It is a multifactorial property in the management of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cognition enhancer. Ayurvedic medicine can promote the life span of patients with memory deficits. Various medicinal plants used in the multiple systems of especially Unani arrangement of medication shows their incredible in the administration and fix of memory issue. The scope of therapeutic targets natural impacts and different therapeutic plants active constituents have made phytomedicine and plant determines the lead structure of the advancement of promotive treatment of AD. Various types of plants were found to show numerous systems in cognition improvement. Most of the ayurvedic plants are very useful for the treatment of AD. Logical approval and the documentation of ayurvedic drugs are fundamental for their quality assessment and worldwide acknowledgement.

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Received on 24.11.2019 Modified on 29.12.2019

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(7): 3454-3458.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00613.7