Physico-chemical evaluation of water Quality parameters of Chambal

River in Kota, Rajasthan, India

 

Rajeev K Chauhan¹, R C Chhipa², Anil K Bansal³, D K Sharma⁴, Y K Gupta⁵*

¹Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

²Department of Chemistry, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

³Department of Chemistry, Agrawal P G College Jaipur, Rajasthan.

⁴Regional Director, Department of Science and Technology Vardhman Mahaveer Open University [VMOU] Kota, Rajasthan

⁵Head Department of Chemistry, B K Birla Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pilani, Rajasthan

 

ABSTRACT:

Water is a fundamental unit of every person and it is basic for every single living structure and the earth wellbeing. Rivers are basic for all living life form on the earth. The current examination was led to assess water quality status of Chambal River subsequent to intersection the urban zone of Kota. The physico-chemical parameter as Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness, Magnesium hardness and Chloride and so on were utilized to analyse the contamination index of river Chambal at selected sites in district Kota Rajasthan statistical analysis was also be carried out for the probability of difference between populations.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Water is an essential component of life. It is a unique liquid in the sense that without it no life is possible. River water forms a major source of drinking water and irrigation. The modern civilization, industrialisation, urbanisation and increase in population have lead to fast degradation of our surface water quality. This contaminated surface water will have negative impact on ground water and as water is the most important component of our ecosystem, any imbalance created in it due to the presence of various contaminants can have an adverse effect on the entire eco-system. River Chambal plays a major role in integrating and organizing the landscape, and moulding the ecological setting of a basin. They are the prime factors controlling the global water cycle and in the hydrologic cycle, they are the most dynamic agents of transport.

 

Chhipa¹ et al (2019) Reported that Physico-chemical Analysis of water of Chambal River in Kota district is pollution free and contemplated drinking water characteristics at different physical, synthetic and bacteriological water properties parameters likes pH, EC TDS, DO, alkalinity, all out hardness, chloride, fluoride, nitrate and coli form MPN at the customers end in 10 chose local locations.

 

Bansal² et al (2018) Reported the Microbiological assessment of various Point of Chambal River in Kota district. Industrial and municipal wastes are been continuously added to water bodies hence affect the physiochemical quality of water making them unfit for use of livestock and other organisms.

 

Gupta³ et al (2017) have been accounted for high grouping of nitrate in ground water which was expanded with all out-hardness calcium and magnesium and diminished as the profundity of water table expanded in ground waters of Jhunjhunu locale.

 

R Jain⁴ et al (2016) contemplated the water quality of Chambal River in Kota district can be affected by different pollutants such as; physical, chemical and biological. The chemical hazards are Calcium, Magnesium, and Nitrate etc.

 

Gupta⁵ et al (2015) contemplated the Quality of water at Jhunjhunu locale a modern territory of down valley and saw that grouping of calcium, magnesium and phosphate were found over as far as possible in normal waters. The waterway and channel water affirmed the expanded contamination because of mechanical advancement. Since the investigation zone is mechanical locale subsequently a great deal of modern waste item is discharged in water sources. As we realize that the mechanical waste has numerous noxious metal particles which increment the degree of water parameters. The blending of business squanders from concoction enterprises, sewage and unmistakable waste and horticultural releases into the water sources increment the contamination level in water. This mechanical contamination in water is caused for diminishing the nature of physiochemical parameters present in water.

 

Hussain⁶ et al., 2011 reported that Chambal River is considered pollution free and hosts an amazing riverine faunal assemblage including two species of crocodilians; the Mugger and Gharial, 8 species of fresh water turtles, smooth-coated otters, genetic river dolphins, skimmers, black-bellied terns, Sarus cranes and black-necked storks, amongst others. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the water quality on physio-chemical to study the extent of pollution in river Chambal in Kota district.

 

Quadir⁷ et al. (2007) studied the Nullah Aik, atributary of the river Chenab.

 

Sileika⁸ et al. (2006) reported the variations in nutrient level in the Nemunas river of Russia.

In continuation of our previous study ^9-20, in this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the water quality on physico-chemical to study the extent of pollution in river Chambal in Kota district.

 

Study Area:

The Kota District lies between 24⁰25’ and 25⁰51’ North latitudes and 75⁰31’ and 77⁰26’ East longitudes with total area of 5767.97 Sq Kms. The district Kota ends with boundaries of Sawai Madhopur, Bundi andTonk district in North West, Chittorgarh in West, Jhalawar in South and Baran in East. The temperature varies in between 6⁰C – 48⁰C; the average rain fall is about 880 mm and humidity annually ranges from 8 – 88%. We were collected water sample from major point of water contamination from various sources of pollutants.

 

Table: 1 Sample Collection Site

S. No.	Sample Site	Sample Code
1	Chambal Garden Site	CWS1
2	Railways station gate no 2	CWS2
3	Kota barrage gate 1	CWS3
4	Near bhadana	CWS4
5	Nayapura bridge	CWS5
6	Brijraj palace	CWS6
7	From baltia	CWS7
8	Ganwadi	CWS8
9	Kota barrage gate 2	CWS9
10	Chhoti samadh mandir	CWS10

 

Sampling procedure:

Water samples were collected for the present investigation from ten different experimental sites within a specific stretch of 5- 15 Kms of river Chambal in 2018-2019. The Samples were collected in screw capped Jerri-can (a polyethylene bottle) from midstream of the Chambal river. Sample bottles were thoroughly rinsed with distilled water for three times and then rinsed with river water before collecting samples. Caps of cans were closed tightly after filling up of can to avoid changes in physico-chemical characteristics. All respective water samples for testing were stored in a refrigerator at 4⁰ C. The analysis of water samples was done according to the procedure prescribed by APHA 7, 8. The prescribed parameter were pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Total Dissolved solids, Total alkalinity, Total hardness, Chlorides, Nitrates, Sulphate, Fluoride, Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand.

 

RESULTS:

The physicochemical characteristics of water samples obtained from ten different sampling locations of Chambal River along Kota City, Kota during pre- monsoon and post monsoon season of years 2018-2019 are shown in Table-2 and Table-3 and statistical data was also calculated.

Table-2 The Physico-chemical parameters of water sample from different location of Kota district. (Pre Monsoon) 2018-2019

Parameter	Name of Samples
	CWS 1	CWS 2	CWS 3	CWS 4	CWS 5	CWS 6	CWS 7	CWS 8	CWS 9	CWS 10
pH	7.2	7.6	7.4	7.2	7.6	7.5	7.6	7.2	7.5	7.2
Temp. (0C)	32	32	31	31	32	31	32	32	32	31
Conductivity (μS)	290	292	298	285	302	289	287	335	302	285
Turbidity (NTU)	7.8	8.5	6.3	7.5	7.6	6.5	6.6	5..6	7.8	6.5
TDS (mg/L)	598	600	589	581	579	588	599	555	589	586
T. Alkalinity (mg/L)	136	158	156	135	133	162	152	132	138	145
T. Hardness (mg/L)	136	158	156	135	133	162	152	132	138	145
Chloride (mg/L)	215	222	226	235	215	244	257	288	237	249
Nitrates (mg/L)	8.2	7.3	7.8	7.4	8.2	8.1	8.5	8.5	7.8	7.7
Sulphate (mg/L)	379	396	421	376	394	389	398	391	345	365
Fluoride (mg/L)	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.2
D O (mg/L)	6.3	6.5	5.4	5.8	6.8	5.9	5.8	5.9	6.4	5.9
C O D  (mg/L)	9.5	9.6	10.5	11.6	12.5	9.8	9.7	10.6	11.5	12.5
B O D  (mg/L)	2.4	2.7	3.4	3.2	2.9	3.7	4.1	3.6	2.9	3.6

 

Table-3 The Physico-chemical parameters of water sample from different location of Kota district. (Post Monsoon) 2018-2019

Parameter	Name of Samples
	CWS 1	CWS 2	CWS 3	CWS 4	CWS 5	CWS 6	CWS 7	CWS 8	CWS 9	CWS 10
pH	7.2	7.1	6.95	7.6	7.8	7.4	7.2	7.3	6.09	7.98
Temp. (0C)	30	30	30	31	30	31	30	31	30	31
Conductivity (μS)	231	213	215	266	244	230	215	215	288	256
Turbidity (NTU)	4.5	3.8	4.9	5.7	4.8	5.2	4.3	3.9	4.8	6.4
TDS (mg/L)	554	590	543	575	565	572	545	565	574	577
T. Alkalinity (mg/L)	109	99	114	112	90	98	104	90	105	110
T. Hardness (mg/L)	110	110	98	115	131	125	115	117	110	109
Chloride (mg/L)	211	232	214	219	225	219	254	247	248	252
Nitrates (mg/L)	9.8	9.7	8.5	7.2	8.5	9.4	8.1	7.6	9.4	7.5
Sulphate (mg/L)	374	376	412	362	378	369	375	366	382	387
Fluoride (mg/L)	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.2
D O (mg/L)	4.5	5.6	4.5	4.7	4.6	6.5	5.4	4.8	5.9	4.5
C O D (mg/L)	6.5	6.6	6.9	8.1	6.6	6.5	5.6	6.9	5.9	6.8
B O D (mg/L)	1.8	2.1	2.6	2.4	3.5	2.4	2.6	2.8	2.1	2.9

 

DISCUSSION:

The physicochemical parameter of surface water samples were analyzed from ten sampling sites of river Chambal along Kota City during pre- monsoon and post monsoon season of years 2018-2019 are shown in Table-2 and Table-3. All the water samples were analyzed and found in acceptable limit of pH value. The average value of two years analysis was varied from 7.10 to 8.05. The permissible limit of pH value of drinking water is specified as 6.5 to 8.5. River water’s temperature was ranged from 29⁰ C to 32⁰ C. Electrical conductivity range varied from 278 μS to 336 μS. There is no significant changes were observed in temperature and conductivity which indicate that these parameters do not affect the quality of drinking water. Turbidity ranged from 5.1 to 7.2 NTU. Turbidity is due to organic matter decomposition in water and suspended matters such as clay also contribute to turbidity. Particles dispersed due to solid waste disposal also contribute to turbidity. Total Dissolved Solids were ranged from 152 to 188 mg/L showed hardness of some chemical dissolved in river during drainage. Total alkalinity in all the samples was varied from 100 to 136 mg/L showing the alkaline nature of river water. According to IS 10500 the maximum permissible limit of alkalinity for drinking water is 200 mg/L. Total hardness in present study was varied from 125 – 156 mg/L. Total hardness includes calcium and magnesium hardness which due to presence of high dissolved minerals. Chloride gives a salty taste and some times higher concentration causes laxative effect inhuman beings. The chloride concentration was ranged from 13.2 to 16.2 mg/L. The values observed are within the specified limit of 250 mg/L as per IS 10500. Concentration of Nitrate ion is very important indicator of drinking water because if it found 45 mg/L it causes blue babies (methemoglobinemia) in children. The value of nitrates in the present study was varied from 11.5 to 14.6 mg/L. Higher concentration of organic matter in water is caused increase level of nitrate content. The sulphate ion is one of the major anion found in water produce cathartic effect upon human beings when it is present in higher concentration. The value ranged from 13.5 to 17.8 mg/L. The increase concentration of sulphate content may be contributed due to bio chemical, anthropogenic sources and industrial process etc. In present study fluoride concentration was found within the specified limit and ranged from 0.11 to 0.22 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen in water samples was ranged from 5.6 to 7.8 mg/L. it has been observed that lower concentration of dissolved oxygen content indicate the mild pollution of river water due to organic waste. Chemical oxygen demand was varied from 8.8 to 25.2 mg/L. Higher values of COD at some location indicate that river water was polluted with chemically oxidisable inorganic and organic substances. Biological oxygen demand which is a indicator of bi-oxidisable organic substances was varied from 2.3 to 9.2 mg/L. Analyzed values indicate that Chambal river water at certain location is moderately contaminated by organic wastes.

 

Statistical Test (One Way t-test):

The Statistical Test (One Way t-test) of ten water sampling sites of river Chambal along Kota City during pre- monsoon and post monsoon season of years 2018-2019 are shown in Table-4 (Calculation of t-value for pH), Table-5 (Calculation of t-value for temperature), Table-6 (Calculation of t-value for conductivity, Table-7 (Calculation of t-value for Turbidity), Table-8 (Calculation of t-value for TDS), Table-9 (Calculation of t-value for Total Alkalinity) and Table-10 (Calculation of t-value for Total Hardness)

 

A t-test is an analysis of two populations means through the use of statistical examination; a t-test with two samples is commonly used with small sample sizes, testing the difference between the samples when the variance of two normal distributions are not known.

 

A t-test looks at the t-statistic, the t-distribution and degrees of freedom to determine the probability of difference between populations; the test statistic in the test is known as the t-statistic. To conduct a test with three or more variables, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) must be used.

 

A t-test was done to analysis two independent sets of samples of water i.e. Surface Water and Ground Water. This test was carried out to find if there is any significant difference between the two samples for different factors.

The significance level was fixed at p< 0.05.

The null hypothesis was set as H_O: S1 ≠ S₂, where S₁ is the surface water and S₂ is ground water.

 

The null hypothesis tends to be that there is no difference between the means of surface water sample and ground water sample.

 

The following Equation was used

t= value of t- test for a specific parameter for surface water and groundwater

X₁ = mean value of the parameter (to be determined) for surface water

X_{2 ­}= mean value of the parameter (to be determined) for ground water

n₁ = number of samples of surface water

n₂ = number of samples of ground water

S = combined standard deviation

 

Table 4 Calculation of t-value for pH

Samples	pH for Pre-Monsoon			pH for Post-Monsoon
	X1	X1-X1= d1	(X1-X1)2=d12	X2	X2-X2= d2	(X2-X2)2=d22
CWS 1	7.2	0.23	0.052	7.2	-0.06	0.0036
CWS 2	7.6	-0.17	0.028	7.1	-0.16	0.0256
CWS 3	7.4	0.0.3	0.0009	6.9	0.31	0.0961
CWS 4	7.2	0.23	0.0009	6.9	0.31	0.0961
CWS 5	7.6	-0.17	0.028	7.8	0.54	0.2911
CWS 6	7.5	-0.07	0.0049	7.4	0.14	0.0196
CWS 7	7.6	-0.17	0.028	7.2	-0.6	0.0036
CWS 8	7.2	0.23	0.052	7.3	0.04	0.0016
CWS 9	7.5	-0.07	0.0049	6.1	-1.17	1.368
CWS 10	7.5	-0.07	0.0049	7.9	0.74	0.547
	SX1 = 74.3		Sd12 = 0.255	SX2 = 72.62		Sd22 = 2.558

 

For pre-monsoon

SX₁ = 74.3 Sd₁² =0.225

For post-monsoon

SX₂ = 72.6 Sd₂² = 2.558

 

Calculation of combined standard deviation

 

 S = 0.509

Calculation of t-value

 

t = 0.75

 

The t-value is 0.75. Hence, the result is not significant

 

Table 5 Calculation of t-value for temperature

Samples	Temperature for Pre-Monsoon			Temperature for Post-Monsoon
	X1	X1-X1= d1	(X1-X1)2=d12	X2	X2-X2= d2	(X2-X2)2=d22
CWS 1	32	0.04	0.16	30	-0.03	0.09
CWS 2	32	0.4	0.16	30	-0.3	0.09
CWS 3	31	-0.6	0.36	30	-0.3	0.09
CWS 4	31	-0.6	0.36	31	0.7	0.49
CWS 5	32	0.4	0.16	30	-0.3	0.09
CWS 6	31	-0.6	0.36	31	0.7	0.49
CWS 7	32	0.4	0.16	30	-0.3	0.09
CWS 8	32	0.4	0.16	31	0.7	0.49
CWS 9	32	0.4	0.16	30	-0.3	0.09
CWS 10	31	-0.6	0.36	30	-0.3	0.09
	SX1 = 316		Sd12 = 2.4	SX2 = 303		Sd22 = 2.1

 

For pre-monsoon

SX₁ = 316 Sd₁² = 2.4

For post-monsoon

SX₂ = 303 Sd₂² = 2.1

 

Calculation of combined standard deviation

 

S = 0.5

Calculation of t-value

 

t = 5.79

 

The t-value is 5.79 hence, the result is significant.

 

 

Table 6 Calculation of t-value for conductivity

Samples	Conductivity for Pre-Monsoon			Conductivity for Post-Monsoon
	X1	X1-X1= d1	(X1-X1)2=d12	X2	X2-X2= d2	(X2-X2)2=d22
CWS 1	290	-6.5	42.25	231	-6.3	39.63
CWS 2	298	-4.5	2.0.25	213	-24.3	590.49
CWS 3	298	1.5	2.25	215	-22.3	497.29
CWS 4	285	-11.5	132.25	266	28.7	823.69
CWS 5	302	5.5	30.25	244	6.7	44.89
CWS 6	289	-7.5	56.25	230	-7.3	53.29
CWS 7	287	-9.5	90.25	215	-22.3	497.29
CWS 8	303	6.5	42.25	215	-22.3	497.29
CWS 9	302	5.5	30.25	288	50.7	2570.49
CWS 10	285	-11.5	132.25	256	18.7	349.69
	SX1 = 2965		Sd12 = 578.5	SX2 = 2373		Sd22 = 5964.1

 

For pre-monsoon

SX₁ = 2965 Sd₁² = 578.5

For post-monsoon

SX₂ = 2373 Sd₂² = 5964.1

 

Calculation of combined standard deviation

 

S = 19.06

 

Calculation of t-value

 

 t = 6.84

 

The t-value is 6.84 hence, the result is significant.

 

Table 7 Calculation of t-value for Turbidity

Samples	Turbidity for Pre-Monsoon			Turbidity for Post-Monsoon
	X1	X1-X1= d1	(X1-X1)2=d12	X2	X2-X2= d2	(X2-X2)2=d22
CWS 1	7.8	1.43	2.04	4.5	-0.33	0.1089
CWS 2	8.5	2.13	4.53	3.8	-1.03	1.060
CWS 3	6.3	-0.07	0.0049	4.9	0.07	0.0049
CWS 4	7.5	1.13	1.27	5.7	0.87	0.756
CWS 5	7.6	-1.77	3.13	4.8	-0.03	0.0009
CWS 6	6.5	0.13	0.0169	5.2	0.37	0.136
CWS 7	2.6	-3.77	14.21	4.3	-0.53	0.280
CWS 8	5.6	-0.77	0.592	3.9	-0.93	0.864
CWS 9	7.8	1.43	2.04	4.8	-0.03	0.0009
CWS 10	6.5	0.13	0.0169	6.4	1.57	2.46
	X1 = 63.7		d12 = 27.84	X2 = 48.3		d22 = 5.67

 

For pre-monsoon

SX₁ = 63.7 Sd₁² = 27.84

For post-monsoon

SX₂ = 48.3 Sd₂² = 5.67

Calculation of combined standard deviation

 

S = 1.36

 

Calculation of t-value

 

t = 2.52

 

The t-value is 2.52 hence, the result is significant.

 

Table 8 Calculation of t-value for TDS

Samples	TDS for Pre-Monsoon			TDS for Post-Monsoon
	X1	X1-X1= d1	(X1-X1)2=d12	X2	X2-X2= d2	(X2-X2)2=d22
CWS 1	598	10.4	108.16	554	-12	144
CWS 2	600	12.4	153.76	590	24	576
CWS 3	589	1.4	1.96	543	-23	529
CWS 4	581	-6.6	43.56	575	9	81
CWS 5	589	1.4	1.96	565	-1	1
CWS 6	588	0.4	0.16	572	6	36
CWS 7	599	11.4	129.96	545	-21	441
CWS 8	555	-32.6	1062.76	565	-1	1
CWS 9	589	1.4	1.96	574	8	64
CWS 10	588	0.4	0.16	577	11	121
	SX1 = 5876		Sd12 = 1502.44	SX2 = 5660		Sd22 = 1994

 

For pre-monsoon

SX₁ = 5876 Sd₁² = 1502.44

For post-monsoon

SX₂ = 5660 Sd₂² = 1994

Calculation of combined standard deviation

 

S = 13.93

Calculation of t-value

 

t = 3.45

 

The t-value is 3.45 hence, the result is significant.

 

Table 9 Calculation of t-value for Total Alkalinity

Samples	Total Alkalinity for Pre-Monsoon			Total Alkalinity for Post-Monsoon
	X1	X1-X1= d1	(X1-X1)2=d12	X2	X2-X2= d2	(X2-X2)2=d22
CWS 1	136	-8.7	75.69	109	6.9	47.61
CWS 2	158	13.3	176.89	99	-3.1	9.61
CWS 3	156	11.3	127.69	114	11.9	141.61
CWS 4	135	-9.7	94.09	112	9.9	98.01
CWS 5	133	-9.7	94.09	112	9.9	98.01
CWS 6	162	17.3	299.29	98	-4.1	16.81
CWS 7	152	7.3	53.29	104	-1.9	3.61
CWS 8	132	-12.7	161.29	80	-22.2	492.84
CWS 9	138	-6.7	44.89	105	2.9	8.41
CWS 10	145	0.3	0.09	110	7.9	62.41
	SX1 = 1447		Sd12 = 1170.1	SX2 = 1021		Sd22 = 1027.3

 

For pre-monsoon

SX₁ = 1447 Sd₁² = 1170.1

For post-monsoon

SX₂ = 1021 Sd₂² = 1027.3

Calculation of combined standard deviation

 

S = 11.04

Calculation of t-value

 

t = 8.60

 

The t-value is 8.60 hence, the result is significant.

 

Table 10 Calculation of t-value for Total Hardness

Samples	Total Hardness for Pre-Monsoon			Total Hardness for Post-Monsoon
	X1	X1-X1= d1	(X1-X1)2=d12	X2	X2-X2= d2	(X2-X2)2=d22
CWS 1	177	14.1	198.81	110	-4	16
CWS 2	158	-4.9	24.01	110	-4	16
CWS 3	155	-7.9	62.41	98	-6	36
CWS 4	148	-14.9	222.01	115	1	1
CWS 5	159	-3.9	15.21	131	17	289
CWS 6	156	-6.9	47.61	125	11	121
CWS 7	178	15.1	228.01	115	1	1
CWS 8	158	-4.9	24.01	117	3	9
CWS 9	195	32.1	1030.41	110	-4	16
CWS 10	145	-17.9	320.41	109	-5	25
	SX1 = 1629		Sd12 = 2172.99	SX2 = 1140		Sd22 = 530

 

For pre-monsoon

SX₁ = 1629 Sd₁² = 2172.99

For post-monsoon

SX₂ = 1140 Sd₂² = 530

Calculation of combined standard deviation

 

S = 12.25

Calculation of t-value

 

t = 8.90

The t-value is 8.90 hence, the result is significant.

 

CONCLUSION:

Water quality of Chambal is appropriate for drinking purposes after legitimate treatment process. The Physico-chemical parameters indicated that the contamination level has under the limits prescribed by BIS and WHO. The analyzed concentrations of different parameter indicated alarming situation of contamination if this situation persists consistently then it may create a problem to human life as well as biodiversity of River. In this manner we should check water quality each half year before monsoon and prepare plans to make the river water increasingly consumable for drinking purposes, irrigation and for healthy wild life.

 

REFERENCES:

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2.        R. K Chouhan, R. K Yadav, P. Parashar, A K Bansal, R C Chhipa “Chemical Analysis of water at selected point in Kota, Rajasthan International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) Volume 11 Issue 2 September 2018

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5.        Babita Kumari, Y.K. Gupta, “A Comprehensive review report on assessment of ground water quality in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, India focus on fluoride.” Asian J. of research in Chemistry, Vol. 08, issue 11, pp 701-707, 2015.

6.        Hussain, S. Sharma, R.K., Dasgupta, N. and Raha, A. Assessment of minimum water flow requirement of Chambal River in the context of gharial and Gangetic Dolphin conservation. www.wii.gov.in wild life institute of India, 2011.

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9.        WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality First addendum to third edition, (2006)

10.      Anil kumar Saini, Alka, Yogesh Kumar Gupta “Water Quality Analysis of Singhana in Buhana Tehsil of Jhunjhunu District (Rajasthan)” International Journal of Renewable Energy Exchange (Rex Journal) Vol. 4 Issue 03, pp 265-267, 2017.

11.      Rajeev K Chouhan, Anil K Bansal, R C Chhipa, Physico-chemical Analysis of water at selected point in Kota, Rajasthan. Journal of Drug delivery&therapeutics.2019,9(4A);722-725

12.      Babita Kumari, Y.K. Gupta. “Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Underground water Quality of some villages of Jhunjhunu District of Rajasthan, India.” International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, Vol. 05, issue 04, pp 95-102, 2015.

13.      Rajeev Kumar Chauhan, Anil K. Bansa, Puneet K. Parasha, R. C. Chhipa, Microbiological assessment of various Point of Chambal River in Kota district, Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Engineering, Applied and Management Sciences Paradigms Volume 54 Issue 4 July 2019.

14.      Babita Kumari, Y.K. Gupta, “A Comprehensive review report on assessment of ground water quality in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, India focus on fluoride.” Asian J. of research in Chemistry, Vol. 08, issue 11, pp 701-707, 2015.

15.      Standard methods for the Examination of Water and waste water (21^st Edi.). Washington D.C.: American Public Health Association (2005).

16.      Yadav R.N., Dagar N.K., Yadav R., Gupta P., assessment of ground water quality of adjoining area of the Bhiwari Industrial area (Alwar), Raj., Res. J. of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2(4), 258 (2011).

17.      Mehta K.V., Physico-Chemical and Statistical Evaluation of Ground water some places of Deesa taluka in Banaskantha district of Gujrat state (India), Int. J. of Chem. Tech. research, 3(3),1129 (2011).

18.      Gupta and Malik et al, Res. J, Chem. Environ 6:21-23 (2002)

19.      Manivaskam N., Physicochemical examination of water Sewage and Industrial Effluent, 5^th Edi. Pragati Prakashan Meerut (2005).

20.      R. jain, N S. Chauhan, J. Anuradh2, R Sharma, A K. Bansal S Tripathi and R. Sanjeevi., “Evaluation of water quality of a reservoir in Sanganer (Pink city) Rajasthan.” Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Vol.6 (11), 1137-1142, November 2016

 

 

 

Received on 20.04.2020           Modified on 10.05.2020

Accepted on 18.06.2020         © RJPT All right reserved