Effect of Steam Tomato Extract in Renal and Hepar Rats Loading Alloxan and Fat-Rich Diet

Ni Kadek Warditiani¹*, I Made Agus Gelgel Wirasuta^1,2, Ni Luh Cintya Darmia Putri^1,2,

Ni Nyoman Fitria Widianti^1,2, Ni Kadek Sriani^1,2

¹Department of Pharmacy, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Udayana University, Indonesia.

²Institute Forensic Science and Criminatology, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia 80361.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: kadektia@unud.ac.id

ABSTRACT:

To evaluate the effect of steam tomato extract in hepar and renal organs in rats loaded with alloxan and fat-rich diet. Negative and extract group rats were loading alloxan 100mg/kg BW (giving once) and fat-rich diet for 30 days. Next step, only extract rat group was given 10mg tomato extract for 14 days, and then their hepar and renal morphology were observed. Hepar and renal organ preparation colored with HE dyes. Normal and negative rats’ renal and hepar morphology were compared to rats which loaded with alloxan, fat-rich diet and extract. Glomerulus size of the negative renal group was wider than the other group. The steam tomato extract could reduce glomerulus size like normal rats. Hepar of negative group rats appears much fatty accumulation. The steam tomato extract could reduce fatty accumulation like normal rats. This effect may cause chemical compounds of extract, ie lycopene, vitamin c, and carotene. It could conclude that the administration 10mg steam tomato extracts for 14 days could protect hepar and renal were loaded alloxan and fat-rich diet.

KEYWORDS: steam tomato extract, hepar, renal, protect, safe.

INTRODUCTION:

Reddish yellow tomato rind indicates the presence of lycopene compounds. Lycopene is a terpenoid compound which has antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities^1,2. Lycopene could be extracted strongly influenced by the extraction method and the solvent. Previously heated tomatoes can increase the amount of lycopene extracted in the extract³. Lycopene difficult dissolve in polar solvents such as water, methanol, and ethanol. Lycopene is more compatible with semi-polar solvents^1,4.

Alloxan is a chemical compound that causes an increase in free radicals. Alloxan intake causes the accumulation of free radicals in cells that will damage the tissue. The tissue in the renal will be damaged if there are reabsorption and excretion of toxic compounds⁵. Fat-rich food will be able to cause fat accumulation both in the blood and in the hepar tissue.

The high fat intake will be able to aggravate the work of the renal and hepar organs. All compounds that enter the body will metabolize and eliminated through the renal or hepar. Fatty hepar usually dominated by people with hypercholesterolemia and obesity⁶. This research is fascinating, to see the effect of tomato extract to protect the hepars and renals.

MATHERIAL AND METHOD:

Material: tomato extract, olive oil, Wistar strain male rats, rat feed, water, lard, yolk, alloxan

Animal test:

Test rats were acclimated for 7 days. Test rats were grouped into 3 groups:

1. Rat given tomato fruit extract at a dose of 10mg/rat: rats that were loaded with alloxan once and fat-rich feed for 30 days were given tomato extract at a dose of 10mg/rat for 2 weeks

2. Rat loaded with alloxan and fat-rich feed: rat loaded with alloxan once and fat-rich feed for 6 weeks

3. Normal control rat: rat given standard feed and sufficient water

At the end of the treatment, rat was sacrifice, then hepar and renal organs were taken. Renal and hepar preparate are stained with hematoxilin eosin (HE) dye. Morphology of renal and hepar were carried out under a binocular microscope with 100x magnification.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Provision of alloxan and fat-rich diet can cause changes in renal morphology (figure 1.B). The glomerular size of rats given alloxan and fat-rich feed appeared more extensive than the normal group. Alloxan is a toxic compound that can cause cells that experience inflammation and glomerular dilation—fat accumulation in the renals caused due to the provision of fat-rich feed. Fat-rich food contains 5% duck egg yolks and 15% lard. The steam tomato extract 10mg/rat can protect the renal so that the size of the glomerulus is almost the same as the normal group (Figure 1.A). Rats given extract showed less fat accumulation in the renal than the negative control group.

Morphology of the normal hepar shown in Figure 2.C. Rat given alloxan and rich-fat diet causes inflammation due to inflammatory cells and fatty acids (Figure 2.B). The steam tomato extract 10mg/rat can protect the hepar, where the appearance of hepar tissue is almost the same as the normal group (Figure 1.A). The rat that administrated the extract seemed to be the amount of fat accumulation in the hepar less than in the negative control group.

Observations were made on all groups, indicating that glomerular epithelial cells and renal tubules change such as fatty degeneration, hemorrhage, and inflammation. In the normal control group (placebo), there was inflammation in the constituent cells of the renal but at a mild level. The hepars and renals are essential organs that metabolize compounds, whether toxic or not.

Tomato extract contains lycopene compounds, beta carotene, and vitamin C⁷. Tomato extract can protect the renal from damage caused by loading alloxan and fat-rich diet. Steam tomato extract containing lycopene compounds. Lycopene is a terpenoid compound that has the antioxidant ability⁸. Lycopene is a natural pigment which protects the body by neutralizing the harmful effects of oxidants⁹. In addition to antioxidant activity, lycopene compounds are also able to cause a decrease in blood lipid levels¹⁰. Hypolipidemia activity will also be able to reduce fatty hepar through endogenous pathways so that the accumulation of lipids in the hepar is reduced¹¹. In addition to lycopene in tomato extract also contains beta carotene compounds and vitamin C, which can act as antioxidants¹². This ability can protect the hepar and renal against toxic compounds (such as alloxan and fat).

CONCLUSION:

Administration of steam tomato extract for two weeks 10 mg/rat of rat could provide a positive effect in protecting renal and hepar organs due to the loading of alloxan and fat-rich diet.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

The authors’ acknowledgment should go to the Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education, the Republic of Indonesia who financially supported this project through contract No. 171.68/UN14.4. A/LT/2018

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.

REFFERENCES:

1. Rahman A. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. Oxford: Elsevier. 2013; 40 (385): 391-393

2. Warditiani NK, Arisanti CI, Wirasuta IMAG. Anti-Dyslipidemia Activity of Tomato Extract in Wistar Male Albino Rats Induced Fat-Rich-Diet and Dexamethasone. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2019; 11(7): 2684-2688

3. Kailaku S, Dewandari KT, Sunarmani. Potensi Likopen Dalam Tomat Untuk Kesehatan, Buletin Teknologi Pascapanen Pertanian. 2007; 3: 50-58

4. Shi J and Maguer ML. Lycopene in Tomatoes: Chemical and Physical Properties Affected by Food Processing. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2000; 40 (1): 1-42

5. Dewi YF, Anthara MA, Dharmayudha. Efektifitas Ekstrak Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus novergicus) yang Diinduksi Aloksan. Buletin Veteriner Udayana. 2014; 6(1): 73-79

6. Giulio M, Elisabetta B, Gabriele F, Fernanda C, Marco L, Rita M, Stefania N, Ester V, Nicola V, Nazario M, Mario R. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver, Steatohepatitis, and the Metabolic Syndrome. Hepatology. 2003; 37(4), 917–923

7. Ishiwu CN, Iwouno, Jude O. Obiegbuna JE, Ezike TC. Effect of thermal processing on lycopene, beta-carotene and Vitamin C content of tomato [Var.UC82B], Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2014; 2(3): 87-92

8. Frusciante, Luigi Carli, Paola Ercolano, Maria R. Pernice, Rita Di Matteo, Antonio Fogliano, Vincenzo Pellegrini, Nicoletta, Antioxidant nutritional quality of tomato, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2007; 51(5): 609-617

9. Simran L, Vrinda N. Extraction and Isolation of Lycopene Form Various Natural Sources, IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2015; 1(5): 49-51

10. Basuny AM, Gaafar AM, Arafat SM, Tomato Lycopene is A Natural Antioxidant and Can Alleviate Hypercholesterolemia. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2009; 8 (23): 6627-6633

11. Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM, 2008. Lipid Metabolism and Hyperlipidemia In Dogs. Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

12. Tamari Y, Nawata H, Inoue E, Yoshimura A, Yoshii H, Kashino G, Seki M, Enomoto T, Watanabe M, Tano K. Protective roles of ascorbic acid in oxidative stress induced by depletion of superoxide dismutase in vertebrate cells, Free Radic Res. 2013; 47(1): 1-7

Received on 01.10.2019 Modified on 16.12.2019

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(10):4675-4677.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00822.7