INTRODUCTION:

Nanoparticles are particles with size ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. These have gained popularity in recent years and have been shown to have a wide range of technological and biological applications. Among the noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have unique properties such as chemical stability, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti -oxidant, antiviral and antifungal activity which has made it the particle of interest to the scientific community (1-4). These particles are usually prepared by physical or chemical methods which are not environment friendly and are associated with various biological risks. Hence, there is a need to follow other methods which are non- hazardous to the environment and led to the green synthesis of nanoparticles by means of various biological agents such as bacteria, fungi, plant extract or plant biomass (5,6).

Apart from being eco- friendly, the synthesis of nanoparticles from biological agents are cost effective and eliminates the use of any form of chemicals or energy, making large scale production of nanoparticles easier (7,8). There are more than 25 species of plants that are reported to be used for synthesis of nanoparticles including tea extract, Acaphyla indica, Aloe vera, Citrus sines is and so on (9).

This article elaborates on ginger oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles. Ginger is known to have anti -inflammatory effects since the early 1970’s. Ginger inhibits cyclooxygenase 1, 2 and suppresses prostaglandin secretion, hence bringing about anti-inflammatory effects. Ginger also inhibits 5-lipooxygenase, suppresses leukotriene production, hence inhibits the pro inflammatory effects of leukotrienes. Ginger extract from the family Zingiberaceae has been shown to inhibit several genes that are responsible for inflammatory responses (10). 6-gingerol and shogaol are the active constituents of ginger and is responsible, not only for its anti-inflammatory effects, but also for anti-tumour and anti-oxidant effects of ginger. The content of the oleoresin may vary with the solvent used for the extraction. (11) In this present study, ginger oleoresin was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and further evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Synthesis of mediated silver nanoparticles:

100µL of ginger oleoresin was dissolved in 900 microliters of ethanol and 9ml of water. The mixture was added to 90ml of silver nitrate solution and mixed in the orbital shaker at a speed of 150 to 180rpm until colour change was evident. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to confirm the synthesis of ginger oleoresin nanoparticles. The readings were taken at specific intervals in wavelength range of 350 to 550 nanometers.

Anti -inflammatory test:

2mL of 1% bovine serum albumin added in all tubes (1gm in 100ml of distilled water). Ginger oleoresin nanoparticles added in the range of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100µL. The solution was made up to 400µL using distilled water. In the standard, 10mg/mL of diclofenac sodium was used instead of ginger oleoresin nanoparticles. 2mL Dimethyl Sulphoxide with 2mL bovine serum albumin was used as control.

The percentage of inhibition was calculated using the formula:

% inhibition= control O D-sample OO*100/ control OD

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Visual observation:

The formation of silver nanoparticles synthesis was initially confirmed by visual observation (figure 1). After the addition of ginger oleoresin to the silver nitrate solution, the colour has changed to brown indicating the formation of nanoparticles (14).

UV-Visible spectrophotometer showed peak in between 400 to 490nm, indicating the presence of silver nanoparticles (15). The surface plasmon resonance at 439nm clearly shown in the figure 2 confirmed the silver nanoparticles formation using ginger oleoresin.

Figure 1: Visual observation

UV-Visible spectrophotometer

Figure 2: UV-Visible spectroscopy of AgNPs synthesized using Ginger oleoresin

Anti-inflammatory activity:

In this study, different concentration of the ginger oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles were used for inhibition of albumin denaturation assay (figure 3a) and the anti-inflammatory was compared with that of a standard. The figure 3b clearly shows the anti-inflammatory activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using ginger oleoresin. The ginger oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles showed an increase in the anti-inflammatory activity with increase in concentration. There are a wide range of diseases and conditions that involve chronic inflammation, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis or periodontitis. The management has been only based on symptoms with possibility of recurrence or persistence of the disease. Also, use of anti-inflammatory agents for a long time has even lead to side effects (12). Hence, there is a need for an alternative. For quite a long time, attempts have been made to use naturally synthesised silver nanoparticles for the management of inflammatory diseases (13,14).

In this study, there was a concentration dependent increase in the anti- inflammatory activity of the silver nanoparticles. Recently the synthesis of silver nanoparticles are explored using many natural products and microbes. (15-20)

Figure 3 a: Anti-inflammatory activity Ginger oleoresin mediated AgNPs

Figure 3 b: Anti-inflammatory activity Ginger oleoresin mediated AgNPs

CONCLUSION:

The study has proved that ginger oleoresin can be used for the eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and as ginger oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles showed good used anti-inflammatory activity, it may be used for various inflammatory conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors thank Synthite Industries Ltd, Kerala for providing ginger oleoresin as a gift sample.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

Nil.

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Received on 27.12.2019 Modified on 11.02.2020

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(10):4591-4593.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00808.2