Prevalence of Brucellosis and Salmonellosis in goats

 

Saba Th Mousa, Sufian Sa Saleh, Nasr Ta Mohammed

Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq

 

ABSTRACT:

Serological survey was done on (100) serum samples of goats. (50) samples were collected from aborted goats and (50) serum from non-aborted goats from area around Baghdad to detect the prevalence of brucellosis and salmonellosis. The serological tests used in the study were the Rose Bengale Plate Test (RBPT) and tube agglutination test (TAT) for brucellosis and the widal plate test for salmonellosis. The prevalence of brucellosis using RBPT were (%) in aborted goats and (%) in non-aborted goats, while the prevalence by using TAT were (%) in aborted goats and (%) in non-aborted goats. The widal plate test gave good results in the diagnosis of salmonellosis in goats, the prevalence of salmonellosis in aborted goats was(%) and in non-aborted goats was(%). It was noticed that the percentage of mixed infection between brucellosis and salmonellosis was (%) in aborted goats and (%) in non-aborted goats and this due to presence of common and non-specific antigens between the two bacteria.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Abortion of infectious origin is considered a significant pathology given the considerable economic losses due to loss of production in come and loss of breeding stock. Infectious abortion is caused by many bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi and the diagnosis of the exact causes is not easy in all cases (1). Brucellosis and salmonellosis considered a worldwide zoonotic diseases that causes a major economic and health losses due to the high mortality rats, abortions, decrease in milk and meat production in animals .Also due to cases of fever ,arthritis and food poisoning in human (2-3). Salmonella and brucella infect human and all kinds of animals such as cattle, buffalo, horse, dog, sheep ,goat, birds and fish (4)

 

The severity of infection depend on the dose of bacteria taken and it is virulence and the immunological condition of the animal which play an important role in determining the degree of infection, where the immunity of the animal decrease in cases of stress, and old               age (5-6).

 

The two disease can be transferred from animal to human either by direct contact with contaminated fetal membranes and taking contaminated milk and its products in case of brucellosis or by eating spoiled and contaminated food in case of salmonellosis (7-8).

 

The successful control programs of brucellosis and salmonellosis require the use of an efficient and effective diagnostic tools to determine the infected animals, there are many methods to diagnose brucella and salmonella but the results of these tests can be effected by many factors like animal species, sex, pregnancy, nutrition and also the presence of cross-reaction between the common antigens present in the cell membrane of these bacteria that lead to the appearance of false positive results specially in the tests used for brucellosis. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of brucellosis and salmonellosis in both aborted and non-aborted goats and also to determine the cases of mixed infections with both diseases.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Blood samples (10ml) were collected from jugular vein of (50) aborted goats and (50) non-aborted goats. The collected blood putted in a cold container and transferred to laboratory and then serum was separated from clot by centrifugation at 3000r/ min for 10min. The samples were placed in a plastic tubes and marked by number and stored at (-18c).

Serological tests were conducted on all serum samples to detect antibodies of both salmonella and brucella. Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) was done on all samples to diagnose brucellosis according to (9) by using antigen prepared from B. abortus (Omega diagnostic company) and all positive samples were tested with tube agglutination test (TAT) according to (9-10) by using antigen supplied by (Snbiotic corporation, France) to determine the titer of antibodies.

 

The widal slide agglutination test was used for diagnosis of salmonellosis as described by (11) by using the antigen supplied by (Spinreact, S.A.-spain).

 

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

A total of (100) serum samples examined by RBPT for brucellosis 28 (56%) of 50 samples of aborted goats showed positive results, while out of (50) non-aborted goats, 13 (26%) were positive, however the total percentage of positive results were (41%) (41:100) (Table 1). In TAT (20) samples (40%) 0ut of (50) aborted goats showed positive results, while the non-aborted goats showed 7 (14%) positive result out of (50) serum, however the total percentage of positive results was (27%) (27:100). Table (1)

 

Table (1). The prevalence of brucellosis in goats by serological test 

 

These results show the importance of RBPT as a screening and rapid test to investigate brucella in goats and the infection rate in aborted animals were higher than non-aborted animals and this agree with (12-13-14) who showed that its due to attenuation in immune system that lead to proliferation of brucellain the body tissues. There were differences in serological response to the two tests which agree with (15) who referred it due to the difference in antibody type or may be due to the stage of infection, the titer of antibodies, and time after abortion or vaccination. Serological testing using RBPT and TAT is generally used for detecting brucella infection in livestock, its widely accepted that agglutination tests are not recommended for the diagnosis of chronic brucellosis because these tests mainly detect IgM and IgG and the amount of IgM found in sera will decline with time and become undetectable in most chronic cases (14).

 

Many studies indicated that no single test can identify all infected animals at all stages of the disease and recommend the use of a combination of serological tests to reduce the number of both false negative and false positive serological reactions (16-17).

 

(7) serum samples (14%) out of (50) aborted goats gave positive results for widal slide test, While out of (50) non-aborted goats only (5) samples (10%) gave positive results for the test and the total percentage of positive results was (12%). Table (2)

 

Table (2). The prevalence of salmonellosis in goats by widal test

 

The test is based on demonstration of the presence of antibody in serum of infected animals against the H (flagellar) and O (somatic) antigens of sal. Enterica serotype typhi, paratyphi A and paratyphi B during the acute and convalescent period of infection (18). Salmonella are divided into serological groups on the bases of O-antigens. About 60 of the 78 groups D organisms, including Sal. Enterica serotype typhi and group A and B organisms such as Sal. Entericaserotype paratyphi A&B also have antigen 12. Other salmonella have the H- antigens with Sal. Entericaserotype typhi, cross-reaction producing a false positive anti-O titer in widal test can therefore occur with any of these serotypes (19). False positive widal test results observed in individuals with infections other than enteric fever, Cryptococcus and immunological disorders can be differentiated from enteric fever by other appropriate investigation (20-21).

 

There were only (9) cases of mixed infection, five of them detected in aborted goats (10%) and (4) cases in non-aborted goats (8%). Table (3)

 

There is mixed or false positive results in brucellosis that may be due to presence of antibodies originated from vaccination or may be due to infection with other organisms such as salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae, Francislatubensis, E. coli and Pasturella haemolytica induced antibodies (22-23-24). RBPT give false negative results in early stages of infection or immediately after abortion (25).

 

Table (3). Mixed infection between brucellosis and salmonellosis in goats

 

 

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Received on 15.12.2018           Modified on 22.01.2019

Accepted on 28.02.2019         © RJPT All right reserved