Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Zingiber officinale as A Crude Drug

 

Pradeep K. Sharma*, Sabiha Mansoori

Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Vidisha-464001, Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Zingiber officinale has many possibilities as crude drug and also through pharmaceutically extracted medicine. This rhizome belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Phytochemical constituents of plants are the key ingredients of many pharmaceuticals. The main variation of phytochemicals from crude drugs is their extraction by employing industrially applicable sophisticated techniques for manufacturing various medicaments. Nowadays many crude drugs have been used for synthesizing plants based medicines around the world. The present study aimed at qualitative as well as quantitative estimations of Zingiber officinale by physical tests, chemical estimations, Thin layer chromatography and UV- Visible spectroscopy. The pharmaceutical active ingredient of Zingiber officinale is gingerol whose (Retention factor) R_f value found to be 0.85. The quantitative estiation of gingerol is carried out with the help of double beam UV-VIS Spectrophotometer:5204 at absorption maxima of 282.8 nm. The percentage concentration of gingerol in its Zingiber officinale extract found to be 67.84%.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Crude drug is a raw form of medicine utilized in an unprocessed manner. Crude drugs may include rhizomes, barks, stems, fruits and leaves of plants. Natural compounds are studied in several fields because of their great potential including prevention and treatment of cancer due to their oxidative properties^1,2. Zingiber officinale is a rhizome which is classified as modified stem and found underground³. It is mainly used in food around the world as a condiment⁴. From 2500 years it had been used as medicine for colds, asthma, headaches, nervous disorders, toothache, gingivitis, diabetes and constipation mainly in India and China^5,6. According to several reported studies, Zingiber is rich in sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, several aromatic and polyphenolic compounds^7-9. It also contains many pungent compounds which are used as pharmaceutical active ingredients. The pungency of it is due to the presence of non-volatile phenolic compounds¹⁰.

 

 

Fresh ginger contain 6-gingerol in abundance but on thermal processing its concentration decreases^11,12. The study focuses on analysis of physio chemical parameters of Zingiber officinale as a crude drug, identification of 6-gingerol with the help of Thin Layer Chromatography¹³ and its characterization by UV-VIS Spectroscopy^4,14

 

Fig. 1: Chemical structure of 6-Gingerol¹⁴

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Sample Preparation:

Zingiber officinale rhizomes were purchased from the local Market of Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh. They were washed neatly with dimineralised water. After removing the peel their thin slices were made and dried in shade for about 15 days¹⁵. Shade dried sample was further dried using oven at a temperature of 20-40 ⁰C⁴. Dried slices were ground with the help of an electric mill and passed through Standard mesh sieve of No. 20¹⁶.

 

 

Extraction of Gingerol:

About 250 gms of dried powder of Zingiber officinale rhizomes was taken. It was extracted with the help of Soxhlet Apparatus using 800 ml of ethanol. Dried powder was packed into thimble of soxhlet and the process of extraction was continued for 24 hours. Extraction completed when solvent flowing through the siphon tube of soxhlet became colorless. The collected extract poured into the beaker for removal of excess solvent. For this purpose beaker was kept on hot plate at a temperature of 30°C untill the solvent get evaporated^17,18.

 

Physical Evaluation of crude Zingiber officinale:

For physical evaluation Moisture content, Total ash content, Acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash detected by the following methods-

 

Moisture Content- Weighed amount of dried rhizome was taken and allowed to dry for one hour at a temperature of 100°C in Hot Air Oven. From the difference of initial and the final weight moisture content was calculated¹⁹.

 

Total Ash Content- Weighed amount of dried rhizome heated at a temperature of 550°C for 30 minutes in muffle furnace. From the difference of initial and the final weight total ash content was determined^19,21.

 

Acid Insoluble Ash- Weighed amount of total ash obtained was dissolved in 25 ml of dilute HCl and heated for 5 minutes on water bath. It was then filtered and washed with water several times to remove excess acid. Obtained ash was dried at 100°C for 3 hours, then weighed. Percentage of acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference of total ash content²⁰.

 

Water Soluble Ash- Weighed amount of total ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes and then filtered on ashless filter paper. Washed with hot water and kept in muffle furnace for 15 minutes at a temperature of 300°C. It was calculated by substracting insoluble content from total ash and percentage was determined with reference to total ash^20,22.

 

Chemical Evaluation of crude Zingiber officinale:

Percentage of Protein was determined according to the method referred by Latona et al¹⁹. For percentage of Calcium, percentage of crude fiber and percentage of Starch, method referred from Manual of methods of Analysis of foods²³. Percentage of Phosphorus ²⁴ and Percentage of Iron^25-27 was determined by colorimetry.

 

Qualitative screening of Gingerol:

Thin Layer Chromatography:

Stationary Phase was prepared from Silica Gel GF 254. Mobile Phase prepared from a mixture of 30 volumes of Hexane and 70 volumes of Diethyl Ether. Resulting spot was identified in UV Cabinet¹³.

 

UV-VIS Spectroscopy:

100 mg of sample extract dissolved in methanol and diluted upto the concentration of 0.0025 mg/ml. Absorbance was observed at maximum wavelength of 282.8 nm against methanol as a blank. Percentage Gingerol present in sample was calculated from reference UV Spectra of Standard Gingero^l4.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

With the help of various quantitative analytical techniques which are reported in reference methods following tabulated physical and chemical parameters were estimated. All the results obtained are in accordance with standard data. Characterization techniques like Thin Layer Chromatography and UV-VIS Spectroscopy were used for the analysis of Gingerol from Zingiber officinale extract. From TLC R_f Value is found to be 0.85 respectively. UV Spectra was recorded at the absorption maxima of 282.8 nm using methanol as a solvent shown in Fig.2. The percentage concentration of gingerol in its Zingiber officinale extract found to be 67.84%.

 

Table 1: Results of Physical Evaluation of crude Zingiber officinale

 

Table 2: Results of Chemical Evaluation of crude Zingiber officinale.

 

Fig.2: UV-VIS Spectra of Zingiber officinale extract

 

DISCUSSION:

Our overall study is representing determination of general physical and chemical parameters that are essential for the identification of crude drugs on the basis of available standard data. Characterization studies were performed to check pharmaceutical active ingredients having curative properties. Our study is not sufficient; it requires further work in the field of medicine for identification of future prospective and for production of better medicines.

 

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Received on 05.01.2019          Modified on 31.01.2019

Accepted on 28.02.2019        © RJPT All right reserved