INTRODUCTION:

Diabetes is a disease in which blood sugar levels are too high. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose absorbed into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes body does not make insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in blood and over time it may cause serious problems. It can damage eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes can also cause heart disease, stroke and even the need to remove a limb. Pregnant women can also get diabetes, called gestational diabetes.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cinnamon cassia), the tree of tropical medicine, belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon primarily contains vital oils and other derivatives, such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate. In addition to being an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, lipid-lowering, and cardiovascular-disease-lowering compound, cinnamon has also been reported to have activities against neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

A substance from cinnamon has been isolated and coined as “insulin-potentiating factor” (IPF) while the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon bark have been shown in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Several studies have also revealed that cinnamon extracts lower not only blood glucose but also cholesterol levels. A study comparing the insulin-potentiating effects of many spices revealed that the aqueous extract of cinnamon was 20-fold higher than the other spices. Several polyphenols have been isolated from cinnamon. These polyphenols include rutin (90.0672%), catechin (1.9%), quercetin (0.172%), kaempferol (0.016%), and isorhamnetin (0.103%). Cao et al. (2007) demonstrated that the aqueous extract of cinnamon containing polyphenols purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed insulin-like activity.^[1] The aqueous extract of cinnamon markedly decreased the absorption of alanine in the rat intestine. Alanine plays a vital role in gluconeogenesis, is altered back to pyruvate in the liver, and is utilized as a substrate for gluconeogenesis. However, another study conducted on diabetic postmenopausal women supplemented with cinnamon showed poor glycemic control even though cinnamon is generally believed to be useful for diabetes. However, it is plausible that differences in the dose of cinnamon used, as well as baseline glucose and lipid levels, have led to these variations. However Cinnamon has good antibiotic activity but it has low bioavailability, so biodegradable nanoformulation is done which can increase its efficacy, leads to rapid onset of therapeutic action and also increase bioavailabity of drug. ^[2]So, Nanoencapsulation of hydrophobic biologically active compounds was done for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of antimiocrobial compound present in the traditional herbal plant in the drug delivery system. Nanoparticles have numerous advantages due to its small size, as they can easily penetrate in the areas both (intracellular and extracellular areas) that could be inaccessible for other possible drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles can protect any drug against its degradation and it can also reduce the side effects^.^[3] Among all the biodegradable polymers which are used in the preparation of nanoparticles, the PLGA shows lot of potentiality of a drug delivery vehicle, the most accepted among all available. PLGA are biodegradable polymers due to its long clinical experience and also its degradation characteristics. Consequently they are favorable and they have potentiality of sustained drug delivery^[4]. The improvement of PLGA nanoparticles has been very encouraging, whereas a study has revealed that the PLGA nanoparticles of Cinnamon show different degrees of growth in inhibition^.^[5]. Keeping in view here we synthesize Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Nanoparticle formulation reduces the toxicity of drug and it also allows slow and sustained drug release. While synthesizing the Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticles, solvent evaporation method was used with altogether different formulations so as to improve the antibacterial and encapsulation efficiency of Cinnamon in uniform and also to attain the small size of PLGA nanoparticles. The Nanoparticles can be characterized and even compared as per their sizes, size distribution, morphology, drug loading, entrapment efficiency and drug release profile. Finally the antimicrobial effects of these compounds were tested keeping in view the earlier antimicrobial results reported by various researchers. ^[6-31].

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Materials:

Cinnamon was purchased from local market. The polymer poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)having a copolymer ratio of 50:50 (M_w= 24000 to 38000) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich). The surfactants Pluronic F-68 and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)(Mw 30,000-70,000 Da) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The Organic reagents and solvents used acetonitrile, acetone and methanol is considered of analytical grade. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and trisodium phosphate used are of Analytical grade. Dialysis bag (Spectra/Por, Mw 12,000 Da) is used for drug release test.

Preparation of Cinnamon loaded PLGA Nanoparticles by Solvent Evaporation Method:

Cinnamon was powdered in a mixer and sieved to get uniform size range. This sieved powder was dissolved in methanol was used for further extraction. 8 gm of the powder was soaked in 100 ml methanol for 72 hrs. This preparation was then filtered through a Whatman No.1 filter paper and the solvent was allowed to evaporate from the filtered extract at room temperature. The dried extract so obtained was stored in bottles and refrigerated for further use. Nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method .10mg of dried extract and 50 mg of PLGA were co-dissolved in 10 ml organic solvent acetonitrile. The organic phase was added drop wise to 25 ml deionised water containing 0.1% PVA/Pluronic F-68 using homogenizer at 50 watt. The nanoparticles solution was stirred for 4 hours to evaporate acetonitrile. After that suspended NP’s are centrifuged (REMI, INDIA) for 20 min at 15,000 rpm, washed with deionized water and dried to obtain the dry nanoparticles and stored at 4⁰C for further use.

Particle Size and Morphology Characterization:

PLGA encapsulated Star Anise nanoparticles were successfully prepared during the study using Solvent Evaporation Method. With the objective to study the size of particles in the aqueous solution where nanoparticles suspension have been analyzed after removing the organic solvent by using magnetic stirring continuously for at least 4 hr. Hence the results obtained through TEM images of the formulation F1 showed that the spherical nanoparticles (prepared by using acetonitrile and Pluronic F-68 ranging from 7.30nm to 10.70 nm. The image of the drug loaded PLGA nanoparticles is shown in Fig. (1 and 2).

XRD and FTIR Study:

The XRD patterns of methanolic extract, PLGA and nanoparticle of drug loaded into PLGA were examined by utilizing X-beam diffractrometer. The estimations were taken at a voltage of 45 kV & an anodic current of 40 mA. XRD patterns were acquired at diffraction edges (2Ɵ) extending from 0º to 90º at an examining speed of 2º every moment.XRD patterns were done to find out the nature of compound formed whether is crystalline or amorphous. Further, FTIR studies were also done on Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticles to determine whether the polymer interacted with drug during the nanoencapsulation.

Determination of Entrapment Efficiency and Percentage Yeild:

The UV analysis (Shimadzu, UV-1800) at 280 nm determined the amount of Cinnamon entrapment. Supernatant obtained after centrifugation and removal of 1^st pellet was UV monitored at 280 nm wavelength and corresponding absorption maxima was recorded. A standard calibration curve was drawn using different concentration of methanolic extract (1-10 mg into 10ml water) versus maximum absorbance of the supernatant and as stated UV monitoring was used for examining the samples in direct determination of encapsulation efficiency and percentage yield. The following equations were used for calculating the amount of encapsulation efficiency and percentage yield.

% EE = [(Drug added - Free "unentrapped drug")/Drug added] *100

Percentage Yield= [(Weight of Nanoparticles)/ (Weight of PLGA+ Weight of methanolic Extract)] *100

In Vitro Drug Release:

Polycarbonate Track Etched membrane (Nuclepore) with pore size of 0.8 µm and 47mm in diameterwas used for invitro drug release of cinnamon nanoparticles. The cinnamon loaded nanoparticles were placed in the glass tube, across which the nucleopore membrane was stretched. The glass tube was immersed into a beaker containing 20 ml of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 6.8. The entire system was kept at room temperature with magnetic stirring at 100 rpm. At specified time intervals (30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 hr) 1ml of solution was withdrawn and was replaced by fresh buffer. The withdrawn samples were diluted with phosphate buffer and the amount of drug dissolved was analyzed by UV-spectrophotometer at 280 nm. Drug release studies for cinnamon were also carried out and compared with the developed nanoparticles.

Kinetic Analysis of Drug release Profiles:

Mathematical models are generally used for computing the data released by drug. The Zero order kinetics, first order kinetics, Hixon Crowell model and the resultant data were fitted to the Higuchi release equation to initiate the mechanism involved in the release of the drug. Using these models, percentage of drug released could be calculated and data was feed in various equations.

Antimicrobial activity of Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticles:

The activities and properties of cinnamon-loaded nanoparticle when examined against two fungi- Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and two gram positive bacteria- B.pumilus and Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC of these test compounds were determined using cup plate method. In cup plate method, the antimicrobial substance diffuses from the cup through a solidified agar layer in a petri-dish to some extent so that the growth of added micro - organism is inhibited entirely in a circular area or zone around the cavity containing the solution of a known quantity of antimicrobial substance. The antimicrobial activity is expressed as the zone of inhibition in millimeters, which is measured with a zone reader. (The amount of nanoparticles which were in suspension form was used to study the antimicrobial activity). Methanolic extract of pure drug along with that contain drug loaded PLGA nanoparticles were used for comparative study. After a period of 24 hours of incubation at the temperature of 37 C, the plates were then examined to determine the MIC of the entire test compounds were determined as lowest concentration which could inhibit the visible growth of bacteria and fungi.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Formulation, Optimization and Characterization of Nanoparticles:

The methanolic extract of medicinal plant obtained as sticky and dark brown in colour. The nanoparticles were formulated using acetone and acetonitrile solvents with Pluronic F68 and Poly (vinyl alcohol) as surfactants were optimized for further studies based on the particles size and encapsulation efficiency. The percentage yield and encapsulations efficiency obtained was discussed in the Table (1):

From the table 1, it was concluded that the percentage yield of formulations F1 and F4 was come out to be moderate but in the formulation F1, the drug encapsulation efficiency was high. So, different parameters such as Morphological analysis, size, and in vitro drug release and antimicrobial study was carried out using F-1.

The Particle size and Morphological analysis:

PLGA encapsulated Cinnamon nanoparticles were successfully prepared during the study using Solvent Evaporation Method. With the objective to study the size of particles in the aqueous solution where nanoparticles suspension have been analyzed after removing the organic solvent by using magnetic stirring continuously for at least 4 hr. Hence the results obtained through TEM images of the formulation F1 showed that the spherical nanoparticles (prepared by using acetonitrile and Pluronic F-68 ranging from 7.30 nm to 10.70 nm. The image of the drug loaded PLGA nanoparticles is shown in Fig.(1 and 2).

Fig 1: Spherical shaped Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticles diameter in between 7.30 nm to 10.70 nm

Fig 2: Spherical shaped Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticles

XRD and FTIR Studies:

The structural characteristics of the nanoparticles of the drug loaded PLGA were studied by the FTIR spectroscopy technique. The FTIR spectra of the nanoparticles of the drug loaded into PLGA are presented in the Fig (3). The PLGA showed bands at 3283.65 corresponds to –OH end group, C=O stretching of carboxyl group appeared at 1745.98 cm^-1 and C—O stretching at range 1084 to 1164 cm^-1 as shown in Fig (3). The methanolic extract of cinnamon showed peaks at 2923.14 and 2853.01 cm^-1 corresponds to C—H stretching, at 1708 to 1604 cm^-1due to carbonyl group and other peaks at range 1248 to 1044 cm^-1 due to C—H bends. The peak shows there is no interaction between the drug and polymer.

The XRD spectra for the drug loaded polymeric nanoparticles were obtained Fig. 3(b) and indicated that there is no characteristic peaks were observed, possibly due to the amorphous nature of the drug.

Fig 3 (a): FTIR spectra of PLGA poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) and Methanolic extract of Cinnamon

Fig3(b): XRD of drug loaded PLGA nanoparticle showing amorphous nature

Entrapment Efficiency:

Entrapment efficiency related to Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticle for active compound Cinnamon was found to be 82.34%. The selection of the method used in the production of nanoparticles strongly depends on the drugs that were about to be encapsulated.

The release of the methanolic extract:

The aldehyde group present in active compound Cinnamaldehyde of Cinnamon adds the properties of lipophil, causing lot of encapsulation of the Cinnamon, thus takes long enough time to diffuse it from the nanoparticles to buffer phosphate medium. This initial burst could be due to antimicrobial agent which were distributed evenly exactly beneath the nanoparticles. Later on the constant release was because of the drug diffusion as well as matrix erosion mechanism. Then after this the release was usually due to diffusion of drug through the polymeric matrix of nanoparticles.

Antimicrobial activities study:

The MIC of Cinnamon-loaded nanoparticles against B.pumilus and Staphylococcus aureus the gram-positive bacteria show MIC in the range of 6000ppm whereas in case of fungi- Saccharomyces cerevisie and Candida albicans it shows MIC in the range of 4000ppm.

Fig.4– Comparitive curves for dependence of absorption maxima (l = 280 nm)for the time of release from cinnamon and cinnamon loaded PlGA nanoparticles

Antifungal Study

Fig 5(a)- Zone of inhibition against Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Antifungal Study

Fig 5(b)- Zone of inhibition against Candida albicans

Antimicrobial Study

Fig 5(c) - Zone of inhibition against Bacillus pumilus

Antimicrobial Study

Fig 5(d) - Zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus

The efficiency related to nanoparticle during inhibiting growth in bacteria as well as fungi was because of penetration of nanoparticles in bacterial and fungal cells and comparatively better delivery of the Cinnamon at the site^[23]. Somehow the use of the nanoparticles to entrap antimicrobial hydrophobic compounds could improve the activity because of 3 factors i.e., sustained release, improved hydrophilicity and better penetration due to small size. The MIC with different fungi and gram positive bacteria and the zone of inhibition obtained is listed in Table 2, and the zones obtained are depicted in Figure5 (a,b,c.d)

Table 2: Various zone of inhibition obtained against different concentration for different bacterial stains.

S. No	Bacteria	MIC	Zone of inhibition (NP)
1	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	4000 ppm	7.23mm
2	Candida albicans	4000 ppm	8.47 mm
3	Staphylococcus aureus	6000 ppm	9.12mm
4	B.pumilus	6000 ppm	10.39 mm

Table 2. Showing MIC of Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticles and the various zone of inhibition obtained against different concentration for different bacterial and fungal stains.

Kinetic Analysis of Drug release Profiles:

Model dependent methods were used to determine kinetic Analysis of Cinnamon loaded PLGA nanoparticles release profiles. For evaluating the release profile, suitable functions have to be selected. Linear regression model was followed to calculate the order of the Reaction.

S. No	Time (in hrs)	Q₀	Q_t
1	30	0	7
2	60	0	7.11
3	90	0	7.3
4	120	0	7.34
5	150	0	7.51
6	180	0	7.61
7	240	0	7.8
8	300	0	7.82
9	360	0	8.32
10	420	0	8.78

Where Q_o = Initial amount of drug in the solution (most times Q_o =0)

Qt = Amount of drug dissolved in time t.

Fig 6 (a)- Zero order Kinetics

X axis: Time in mins Y axis: Cumulative % of drug release

Formula Used: Q_t= Q_o - K_ot

Fig 6 (b) - First Order Kinetics Study

X axis: Time in mins Y axis: log % of drug release

Formula Used: log Q_t= log Q_o-K.t/2.303

Fig 6 (c) - Hixson Crowell Release model

X axis: Time in mins Y axis:

Formula used: = K.t

Fig 6 (d) - Higuchi Release Equation

X axis: Square root of Time in hrs

Y axis: Cumulative % of drug release Formula Used: Q = K_h. √t

CONCLUSION:

Solvent evaporation method shows less extensive, an easier, less energy consuming and it is a commonly used method especially without an additives specially for producing spherical nanoparticles. A variety of formulations with different surfactant combinations, drugs, polymer and volumes are prepared by using solvent evaporation method. Our result demonstrates the use of solvent evaporation allows significant improvement in encapsulation efficiencyi.e.82.3%, particle size is lesser than 50nm. The in- vitro release indicates that after an initial burst of release a controlled release of the Cinnamon continues for 2 days and even more than that. The controlled release profile of PLGA encapsulated Cinnamon nanoparticles shows that the biodegradable nanoparticles have got great potential, so it should be given a special consideration in the delivery system of antimicrobial. The antimicrobial activities of the nanoparticles are evaluated against the gram positive and fungi along with MICs with the range from 1000 ppm to 15,000 ppm. Antimicrobial results show that such type of nanoparticles which are surely more effective in the growth of inhibition of fungi and gram positive bacteria. Kinetic analysis of drug release profile studies show that it follows First Order Kinetics and Hixson Crowell model.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

The authors thank Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida for providing the required chemicals and infrastructure for carrying out the research work. They also thank IARI, New Delhi and Jamia Milia University, New Delhi for providing the sample analysis assistance.

REFERENCES:

1. Cao, H., Polansky, M.M., Anderson, R.A. (2007) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 459:214-222.

2. Kumari V., Sangal A. (2018) Preparation, Characterization and Optimization of Cinnamon-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles. In: Parmar V., Malhotra P., Mathur D. (eds) Green Chemistry in Environmental Sustainability and Chemical Education. Springer, Singapore.

3. G. Mohammadi, E. Namadi, A. Mikaeili, P. Mohammadi, and K. Adibkia, “Preparation, physicochemical characterization and anti-fungal evaluation of the Nystatin-loaded Eudragit RS100/PLGA nanoparticles,” J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol., vol. 38, pp. 90–96, 2017.

4. U. D. Bret, N. S. Lakshmi, and C. T. Laurencin, “Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers,” J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., vol. 3, no. 49, pp. 832–864, 2011.

5. M. Esfandyari-Manesh et al., “Study of antimicrobial activity of anethole and carvone loaded PLGA nanoparticles,” J. Pharm. Res., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 290–295, 2013.

6. Merlin NJ, Parthasarathy V, Manavalan R, Devi P, Meera R. Phyto-Physico chemical evaluation, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti microbial activities of Aerial parts of Gmelina asiatica. Asian J. Research Chem. 2(1): Jan.-March, 2009;Page 76-82.

7. Suresh Rajput, Dharamveer Sisodia, Hemant Badwaik, Deepa Thakur, Kushagra Nagori. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of a 5(4-(4-Substituted)Aminobenzylidine)Thiazolidine-2,4-Dione Derivatives. Asian J. Research Chem. 4(1): January 2011; Page 40-43.

8. Ruby Erach Jalgaonwala, Raghunath Totaram Mahajan. Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Bacterial Flora from Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Asian J. Research Chem. 4(2): February 2011; Page 296-300.

9. K. Prasada Rao, K. Santha Kumari, S. Mohan. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial activity of Some Flavones. Asian J. Research Chem. 6(2): February 2013; Page 163-165.

10. Dhanashri Nimbalkar, Pratik P. Maske, Sachin G. Lokapure, R. V. Heralagi, N. V. Kalyane. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Indole Derivatives . Asian J. Research Chem. 5(7): July, 2012; Page 837-842.

11. Santosh Dighe, Nachiket Dighe, Pankaj S. Shinde, Ravi Lawre, Sunil Nirmal. Synthesis and Evaluation of Some New Benzimidazole Derivatives for their Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Asian J. Research Chem. 7(12): December, 2014; Page 1023-1029.

12. Shlini. P, Shahzia Khan, Shivangi. Protein Fractionation and its Invitro Hemagglutinating Activity of Star anise Extracts. Asian J. Research Chem. 2017; 10(3):305-308.

13. Nayak Bhabani Shankar, Nayak Udaya Kumar, Patro K Balakrishna, Rout Prasant Kumar. Design and Evaluation of Controlled Release Bhara Gum Microcapsules of Famotidine for Oral Use. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 1(4): Oct.-Dec. 2008;Page 433-436.

14. Madhumitha.B, P Devi, Meera R, Kameswari B. Diuretic and antimicrobial activity of leaves of Limnophila rugosa. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2(1): Jan.-Mar. 2009; Page 212-213.

15. NS Jagtap, SS Khadabadi, DS Ghorpade, NB Banarase, SS Naphade. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity of Centella asiatica (L.)Urban, Umbeliferae. Research J. Pharm. and Tech.2 (2): April.-June.2009; Page 328-330.

16. EN Siju, GR Rajalakshmi, D Vivek, Hariraj N, RV Shiniya, MK Shinojen, KV Pravith. Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Cleodendrum viscosum. Vent. Research J. Pharm. and Tech.2 (3): July-Sept. 2009,;Page 599-600.

17. Sanjay R Patel, Ashok P Suthar, Anand M Shah, Hitesh V Hirpara, Vishal D Joshi , Mayur V Katheria. Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Mucuna pruriens, Semecarpus anacardium, Anethum graveolens by Agar Disc Diffusion Method. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 3(1): Jan. - Mar. 2010; Page 165-167.

18. Mohan Kalyan R Konduri, Kiran B Uppuluri, Ramesh Chintha, Shaik Mulla, Rakesh Peruri. In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Four Indigenous Medicinal Plants Belonging to Bapatla, A.P. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 3(2): April- June 2010; Page 461-465.

19. Pushpanjali C Ligade, Kisan R Jadhav, Vilasrao J Kadam. Formulation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Drug Delivery System Containing Water Soluble Drug. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 3(2): April- June 2010; Page 468-474.

20. Mukesh Kumar Singh, A. Prathapan, Kushagra Nagori, S. Ishwarya, K.G Raghu. Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Boerhaavia diffusa L. Research J. Pharm. and Tech.3 (4): Oct.-Dec.2010; Page 1061-1063.

21. Punasiya R, Joshi A, Sainkediya K, Tirole S, Joshi P, Das A, Yadav R. Evaluation of Anti bacterial Activity of Various Extract of Hibiscus syriacus. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 4(5): May 2011; Page 819-822.

22. Tamizharuvi T, Indira R, Jaisankar V. Synthesis, characterisation and drug release pattern of certain lactic acid based random copolyesters. Asian J. Research Chem. 5(5): May 2012; Page 611-615.

23. Pavankumar Naik, Rajeshwari Gamanagatti, Jagadeesh Meti, Nagaraj Telkar. Importance of Nano-Technology in Different discipline . Int. J. Tech. 2017; 7(1): 56-68.

24. Shrivastava Alankar, Jain R., Agrawal R.K., Ahirwar D. Clinical Trial of Herbal Drugs and Products in India: Past and Current Status and Critical Issues. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 1(2) April-June. 2008; Page 69-74.

25. Yash Paul, Avinash S. Dhake, Milind Parle, Bhupinder Singh. Quantitative Structure Pharmacokinetic Relationship Studies for Drug Clearance of Quinolone Drugs. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 1(2): April-June. 2008; Page 106-111.

26. Sachin U Rakesh, Vijay R Salunkhe. Target Molecules as Medicines from Natural Origin. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2(1): Jan.-Mar. 2009; Page 12-20.

27. Sarojini S, R Manavalan, Sowmya Priyadarsini. Study of Effect of Solubility of Drug on the Release Behavior from Buccal Films of a Hydrophilic Polymer. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 3(1): Jan.-Mar. 2010; Page 227-230.

28. Chetan M Patel, Manan A Patel, Nikhil P Patel, PH Prajapati, CN Patel. Poly Lactic Glycolic Acid (PLGA) As Biodegradable Polymer. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 3(2): April- June 2010; Page 353-360.

29. Yogita R. Indalkar, Nayana V. Pimpodkar, Anita S. Godase, Puja S. Gaikwad. A Compressive Review on the Study of Nanotechnology for Herbal Drugs. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 5(4): 2015; 203-207.

30. Gawai Mamata N., Aher Smita S, Saudager Ravindra B. A Review on Oral Osmotic ally Controlled Release Drug Delivery System. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 6(1): January -March, 2016; Page 49-55

31. Surekha Baghel, Bina Gidwani, Chanchal Deep Kaur. Novel Drug Delivery Systems of Herbal Constituents Used in Acne. Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2017; 7(2): 57-67.

32. Pasupuleti VR, Siew HG, Cinnamon (2014) A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant PMC in 2014. doi: 10.1155/2014/642942

Received on 05.12.2018 Modified on 18.01.2019

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(4):1529-1535.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00253.1

Formulation	Stabilizer	Solvent	Drug-Polymer ratio	Process Yield (%)	Encapsulation Efficiency (%)
F1	Pluronic F-68	Acetonitrile	1:5	46.34	87.3
F2	PVA	Acetonitrile	1:5	42.83	69.2
F3	Pluronic F68	Acetone	1:5	38.74	29.9
F4	PVA	Acetone	1:5	46.43	48