The most important natural antioxidants and native herbs of Iran used in the nervous system as pre-anesthetics

 

Forough Taheri^1,2,3, Saber Abbaszadeh*^2,3, Ali Valibeik^2,3, Ehsan Sattari^1,2, Elham Gholami^1,2

¹Department of Physiology, School of medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

²Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

³Student Research Committee Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

 

ABSTRACT:

Different types of pre-anesthetic and anesthetic medications and approaches include local, regional, spinal, epidural, arm, and general anesthesics, which are used to induce anesthesia and relieve pain. In this review, medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for pre-anesthetic purposes are reported. To this end, the search terms medicinal plant, extract, essential oil, traditional medicine, anesthetics, pre-anesthetics and Iran were used to retrieve relevant articles indexed in databases Magiran Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar and Scopus. Relevant articles were collected and irrelevant articles excluded. Based on the results, lavender, lesser periwinkle, hops, rosaries, valerians, cannabis and roses are among the most important native herbs of Iran used for pre-anesthetic purposes. Based on the results, lavender, Vinca minor, hops, rosaries, valerians, cannabis and roses are among the most important native herbs of Iran used for pre-anesthetic purposes.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The nervous system consists of two central and peripheral nervous systems, including the brain, the spinal cord and the cerebrospinal cords. Therefore, the nervous system, with its specific structure and function, has emerged and been evolved to coordinate the actions of cells and different organs of the body. Its specific properties include being influenced by the net effect of external stimuli, the creation of a nervous flow that represents the stimulus's effect, the directing of the nervous flow from one point to another, and eventually transferring it from one neuron to another (1). The nervous system can also be affected by various diseases. Besides, the effect of medications on this system has control effects such as sedation and anesthesia. Before the procedure, the patient is anesthetized to feel no pain during operation. The type and length of anesthesia are determined by anesthetists.

 

 

The type of anesthetic also depends on the patient's condition and operation (2). Anesthetics are drugs that cause anesthesia or cause temporary or reversible loss of sensation. In contrast, analgesics relieve pain without inducing unconsciousness, distinguishing them from anesthetics (2). Different types of pre-anesthetic and anesthetic medications and approaches include local, regional, spinal, epidural, arm, and general anesthesics, which are used to induce anesthesia and relieve pain. (4-7). There are differences between the types of anesthesia and how they work. Regional anesthesia produces analgesic effects, while anesthesia with benzodiazepines produces sedative effects. General anesthesia can simultaneously produce analgesic, sedative and amnesiac effects, and is ultimately aimed to create the conditions in which the patient's surgical procedure is done in the best manner and with the least risk. This goal is fulfilled by using a different but interconnected function of drugs on the patient's nervous system. For example, the hypnotic effects of medications are produced by influencing central nervous system cells and activating sleep state (8-12). Drug-induced amnesia is caused by influencing different regions of the brain. Different types of anesthetic drugs at different doses have different effects on the memory. Inhaled anesthetics, at lower doses compared to those of other anesthetics, cause amnesia by influencing the nervous system. However, certain drugs such as midazolam may exert their amnesiac effects through other ways including blocking receptors in the brain (13). Injectable anesthetic is a type of anesthetic that is used to rapidly induce anesthesia.  In addition, the drugs of this class are used for patients hospitalized in the ICU. It should be noted that these drugs, like inhaled anesthetics, do not have full effect, that is, they do not simultaneously produce analgesic, hypnotic, amnesiac, and motionlessness-inducing effects. Therefore, instead of using a drug at high dose, balanced anesthesia, that is, the simultaneous use of few drugs at lower doses, is applied (14). In ancient times, plant substances were used for surgery, tooth extraction, swelling and inflammation, and also as sedatives and hypnotic drugs (15). Plants were used, by practitioners and healers from various civilizations and cultures, to calm the nervous system and protect the body against stress, anxiety, and pain, and also as sedative agents (16). Today, medicinal plants are an important constituent of traditional medicine in many countries. In new therapeutic approaches, they also have a special status and value. Raw materials of many drugs are derived from medicinal plants. Plants are beneficial and effective to treat diseases and problems of the nervous system. Medicinal plants are, from one perspective, sources of energy and vitality, and from another perspective, small packages containing various biochemical substances that cause reflexes between the human mind and the human brain. Therefore, in this study, medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for pre-anesthetic purposes were reported.

 

Methods:

In this review study, To this end, the search terms medicinal plant, extract, essential oil, traditional medicine, anesthetics, pre-anesthetics and Iran were used to retrieve relevant articles indexed in databases Magiran Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar and Scopus. Relevant articles were collected and irrelevant articles excluded.

 

Results:

Based on the results, lavender, lesser periwinkle, hops, rosaries, valerians, cannabis and roses are among the most important native herbs of Iran used for pre-anesthetic purposes. The complete information including the botanical name, family, Persian name and therapeutic effect of the plants are presented in Table 1.

 

 

Table 1: The most important native Iranian herbs used for pre-anesthetic purposes

The results of phytochemical studies indicate that each plant has effective substances that have medicinal and therapeutic properties. In the table below (table 2), the chemical compounds of the plants studied.

 

 

Table 2. Phytochemical profile of active ingredients of medicinal plants used as pre-anesthetics

 

DISCUSSION:

The nervous system is a complex body system. Neurological functions are affected by exposure to drugs and chemicals. Sometimes, chemical and herbal medicines are used for medical purposes, and sometimes they are used for treating brain disorders. One of the uses of medications in the brain is the prognosis of anesthesia.

 

In traditional medicine, Lavandula stoechas is used to strengthen the mind and memory, control growth, and improve dizziness, seizures, and neurological disorders (35). Vinca minor is used in traditional medicine for general fatigue, heart disease, myocarditis, and also in neurological diseases such as weakness of the nerves, seizure and epileptic (39-36). In addition, diazepam is a benzodiazepine present in the membrane A, which binds to the molecular components of the neuronal GABA receptor of the central nervous system, leading to the opening of the chlorine channel and therefore producing sedative and muscle-relaxing effects. The aim of that study was to understand the palliative and anxiolytic effects of Tilia platyphyllos extract as much as possible, in comparison with diazepam as a standard sedative drug (40).  Effective combinations of plants can be used to treat diseases (41-50). It is likely that the medicinal plants reported in this review produce anesthesic effects through a mechanism similar to that of diazepam, and can be used as an effective herbal medicine to induce pre-anesthesia.

 

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Received on 04.12.2018           Modified on 15.01.2019

Accepted on 28.01.2019         © RJPT All right reserved