Compared Effect Exposure of Radiation to the Compounds Blood

 

Zahraa S. Rasheed¹, Raghad S. Mohammed², Sanaa R. Salim³, Ashraf S. Hassan⁴

^1,2,3Physics Dept., College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah Univ., Iraq

 ⁴Biological Dept., College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah Univ., Iraq

 

ABSTRACT:

The present study aims to investigate blood exposure to radiation.  The source of radiation is normal such as cosmic rays or man-made, will be some biological effects, whether it is a low or a high exposure to radiation, considered the ionizing radiation important radiation because of, high ability to penetrate the living cells and has sufficient energy to remove electrons from the atoms, and the formation of pairs of positive and negative ions due to reacting the ionizing radiation with bio molecules. Affectability of the different organs of the human body to radiation, the blood cells were a protrude amongst the most delicate cells because of their rapid regeneration rate. The effects of radiation on living cells by ionization reaction with atoms thus all biological effect begins from of radiation interactions with the atoms cells.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Radioisotopes release their energy by emitting gamma rays and/or other charged particles [1], these radiations tend to biological effects regarding the effect of radiation on living cells, ionizing radiation only interacts with atoms through a process called ionization, in this manner, all biological risk start with the consequence of radiation interactions with the atoms forming the cells [2]. Alpha particles and fission fragments have high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, thus, made more proficient in inciting organic harm than gamma ray, X-rays, and β-particles have low LET radiation, This is on account of the vast majority of the incident energy will be deposited within a short distance, causing bring about dense ionization in the trajectory ionizing radiation separates and destabilizes bio molecules, including DNA, can endure slight harm that can be repaired [3].  All biological effects due to the interaction the radiation with atoms, there are two methods of radiation affects cells, direct and indirect effects.

 

When the radiation interaction with the atoms of the DNA molecule or other cellular components critical to the presence of the cell, this method is called the direct effect, this interaction can impact the capacity of the cell to duplicate and, accordingly, survive.The chromosomes don't recreate appropriately when affected enough atoms [2]. The second method to interact when radiation interacts with water in the cell, such as is the state of the human body, is mostly water and this called indirect effects. Thusly, there is a considerably higher probability of radiation interacting with the water that makes up most of the cell’s volume, and break the bonds that hold the water molecule together, produced fragments such as hydrogen (H) and hydroxyls (OH). These fragments can recombine or may interact with other fragments or ions to form compounds, such as water, which would not harm the cell. Thus, they could combine to form toxic substances, such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which may contribute to the annihilation of the cell [2].

 

BLOOD COMPOUNDS:

Blood contain cellular elements (red blood cells (RBC)), white blood cells (WBC) and ((PLT) platelets) as well as plasma; the cellular elements of the blood must be continuously replaced because it has a short life span. The formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, collectively, is referring to hematopoietic [4]. These cells are hanging in a liquid matrix (plasma), which make the blood a fluid [5].The essential job of red blood cells (RBC), also famed as erythrocytes, is to transmit hemoglobin, which in transformation carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; red blood cells average in women about 4.8 × 10⁶ per μl and men about 5.4 × 10⁶ per μl [6,7]. One of the significant analyses is blood hematocrit (HCT); it's defined as the ratio of packed red blood cells volume to whole blood volume. Amount of blood hematocrit (HCT) is important since it provides information on the total oxygen carrying ability of the patient. The normal ranges of the hematocrit (HCT) are 39–50% for men, 35–45% for women, and 30–40% for small children and babies, respectively [8].

 

White blood cells (WBC) are a heterogeneous group of nucleated cells that can be found in circulation for at least a period of their life. Their average concentration in blood varies between 4000 and 10,000 per μl. They play a most prominent role in phagocytosis and immunity and therefore in protection from injury [9]. White blood cells, as well as called leukocytes, are the moving units of the body’s defensive system. They are created partly in the bone marrow (granulocytes and monocytes and little lymphocytes) and partially in the lymph tissue (lymphocytes and plasma cells) [10]. On the other hand, as white blood cells leave the blood vessels and enter the tissue spaces to kill contagion, they must squeeze through tiny pores in the wall of the capillaries requiring significant deformation of the cell and its membrane [5].

 

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE IONIZING RADIATION AND BLOOD:

Ionizing radiation has the impact of on blood cells in order that a rationalistic resolution can be made on the lymphocytes in prevention inoculation versus host disease [11]. Can be classified Living cells according to the ratio of reproduction, which also betokens their relative sensitivity to radiation. This means the various cell systems have diverse sensitivities. Lymphocytes and cells which produce blood are continuously regenerating, so that, the very sensitive. Reproductive and gastrointestinal cells are not repeated fast and are less sensitive. The nerve and muscle cells are the slowest to repeat and are the lower sensitive cells [3]. The particular effects incidence in red blood cells negatively affected the white blood cells where the rates of WBC and RBC are alteration because of damage to the blood cells by heavy ions so- called the alpha particles. This result ionization the atoms of the blood cell through the process of atomic displacements. The results are in agreement with the basic principles of the natural phenomena of biological radiation interaction [7]. Alpha radiation can lead more than the damage of beta radiation [12]. The beta, gamma and neutrons ray as the entire break through the human body, and could damage blood cells and genetics compounds for example, DNA and RNA [13]. Exposure outside blood by gamma ray lead to appearance WBC in peripheral blood decreased detects a full dissolution of the nuclei. Histological examination revealing sharp atrophy of the whole lymphatic tissue [11].

 

MATERIAL AND INVESTIGATE METHODOLOGY:

1. Patients and Blood Sample:

Blood samples were gathered by venipuncture of male 31-year-old, then put the blood about 5ml in EDTA tubes to prevent it from clotting. Then transfer the sample to the laboratory. It has been utilized as a complete blood count (CBC) to see the preparation of the white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (RBCs) before and after irradiation.

 

2. Irradiation Equipment and Materials:

Three irradiation sources using as appeared in figure (1); Americium-241 (²⁴¹Am) is an isotope of americium was decays mainly via alpha decay, with a weak gamma ray by product, Caesium-137 (¹³⁷ Cs)sources are gamma emitters and Strontium-90 (⁹⁰ Sr) reacts further as a β- source.

 

 

Figure (1): irradiation sources; (a) Caesium-137 (b) Americium-241 (c) Strontium-90.

 

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES:

A fractionated blood sample in plastic wills, 1.7cm high and 1.05cm in diameter, Forming a 5ml blood volume and irradiated with Am-241, Cs-137 and Sr-90 sources on the surface of the blood samples. Different exposure dose rates got for various sources at lab temperature (25˚C ± 1˚C) and listed as reported in the table (1).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Present study investigated influence of exposure to different ionization rays on the blood samples and its impact leads to change the density RBC, WBC and PLT by different sources Americium-241, Caesium-137 and Strontium-90, as shown in the table (2).

Table (1): Information about alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

Sourse of Radiation	Activity (μCi)	Date of manufacture	T1/2(y)	E (Kev)	I (%)	Note
Am-241	9.629	10-1-1981	432.2	59.54 I 5485.6 5442.8	Ir = 35.9 Iα = 84.5 I α = 13.0	Manmade (Neutron activation) Q[a(100%)] ¼= 5637.81 Kev + ‏ S.F.
Cs-137	2	2014	30.07	513.97 661.66	I γ = 94.40 I γ = 85.10	Manmade (Neutron A Fission) Q[B(100%)] = 1175.63 Kev
Sr-90	9.243	1-2-1999	28.79	195.80	I β = 100	Manmade (Fission) Q[B-(100%)] = (Mixed)

Table (2): Data about effects of exposing dose rate on blood components for different sources and times.

 

Table (1), appear the change in density of WBC and RBC. The part of alpha and beta particles in this table show that the impact of alpha particles larger than the effect of beta particles varying degrees, these findings are reliable with the ref. [3]. The particular effects incidence in red blood cells negatively affected the white blood cells where the rates of WBC and RBC are alteration because of damage to the blood cells by heavy ions so- called the alpha particles as appeared in figure (2). This causes ionization of atoms of the blood cell through the method of atomic displacements. The results are in approval with the basic principles of the natural phenomena of biological radiation interaction [3]. A part of gamma radiation of this table shows the high effect of the change in blood components contrasted with other of radiation and for their capacity to infiltrate the tissue and make a change this result is agreement with ref. [12], alpha radiation can lead more damage than a beta radiation. Exposure outside blood by gamma-irradiation lead to appearance WBC in peripheral blood decreased revealed a full dissolution of the nuclei. Histological examination revealing sharp atrophy of the whole lymphatic tissue [10].

 

 

Figure (2): The effect of various radiations on the blood samples

 

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Accepted on 24.12.2018        © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2019; 12(2):545-548.