Analytical methods for the determination of Anti-Scabies drugs – A Review

Rangisetty Spandana Yasaswini, Mukthinuthalapati Mathrusri Annapurna*

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, AP-530045, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: mannapurna.mukthinuthalapati@gitam.edu

ABSTRACT:

Scabies is one of the dermatologic conditions that cause rashes and itching and can spread very easily from person to person through close physical contact. Scabies mites can live on a person up to 2 months and they die within 3 to 4 days once there are off the person. The most common site of infestation in adults and older children include in between the fingers, around fingernails, Armpits, waistline, inner parts of the wrists, inner elbow and soles of the feet the breasts, particularly the areas around the nipples, male genitalia, buttocks and knees. Some of the drugs used are Crotamiton, Ivermectin, Lindane and Permethrin. A brief review of the analytical methods developed for the estimation of the above drugs was discussed in the present study.

KEYWORDS: Analytical methods, Anti-Scabies drugs .

INTRODUCTION:

Scabies is contagious and can spread very easily from person to person through close physical contact. There are three Types of scabies caused by Sarcoptic scabies, which is an eight-legged microscopic mite, known as human itch mite. Typical scabies is the most common infestation. It causes an itchy rash on the hands, wrists, and other common spots but doesn’t infest the scalp or face. Nodular scabies grows especially in the genital areas, armpits, or groin. It develops as itchy, raised bumps or lumps. Norwegian scabies is the most severe and extremely contagious type of scabies. It is also called as crusted scabies. Symptoms of crusted scabies are the thick crusts of skin that contain thousands of mites and eggs which are easy to crumble when touched. Crusted scabies develops in people with HIV/AIDS, Rheumatoid arthritis, people undergoing chemotherapy, usually in weak immune systems. A doctor can diagnose scabies by looking at skin scrapings under a microscope or by examining the skin. Scabies is generally treated with 5 % permethrin cream, crotamiton cream, or lindane lotion which are topical medications¹. In some cases, a 25 % benzyl benzoate lotion or 10 % sulphur ointment may be used. The drugs used for the treatment of scabies are Crotamiton, Ivermectin, Lindane and Permethrin (Figure 1). In the present study the authors have proposed a review on the analytical methods published so far for the assay of these anti-scabies drugs.

Crotamiton

Ivermectin

Lindane

Permethrin

Figure 1: Chemical structures of Anti--Scabies drugs

Crotamiton (C₁₃H₁₇NO) relieves itching by producing a counter irritation and as it evaporates from the skin, it produces a cooling effect². Crotamiton is available with brand names Crotin (10%/30 gm), Crotorax (10% w/w), Crotorax (10% / 20 gm) as cream and Crotin (10%/60 ml), Crotorax (10% w/w), Crotorax (10% / 60 ml) as lotion. Crotamiton was estimated by analytical methods such as HPLC^3-5, TLC⁶, Solid phase extraction⁷ and a spectrophotometric method (Table 1).

Ivermectin (C₉₅H₁₄₆O₂₈) binds to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels results in hyperpolarization of the cell, leading to paralysis and death of the parasite⁸. Ivermectin is available as cream, lotion and as tablet. Analytical methods such as HPLC^9-26, densitometry²⁷, spectrophotometry^28-29, GC-MS³⁰ and HPTLC^31-34 were developed for the determination of ivermectin (Table 2).

Lindane (C₆H₆Cl₆) causes blockage of the GABA-gated chloride channel that reduces neuronal inhibition and hyperexcitation of CNS which results in paralysis³⁵. Lindane is available with as ointment and lotion. Analytical methods such as HPLC³⁶, GC^37-38Spectrophotometry³⁹, GC-MS^40-42, HPLC and MALDI-TOF^43-44were developed for the estimation of Lindane (Table 3).

Permethrin (C₂₁H₂₀Cl₂O₃) acts on the nerve cell membrane to disrupt the sodium channel current by which the polarization of the membrane is regulated which causes paralysis of pests. Permethrin is available⁴⁵ as lotion, cream, ointment and soap. Analytical methods such as HPLC^46-56, Spectrophotometry⁵⁷, Solid-phase Extraction coupled with GC^58-60 and GC-MS⁶¹ were developed for the estimation of Permethrin (Table 4).

Table 1: Review of analytical methods for the assay of Crotamiton

Method	Mobile phase (v/v) / Reagent	Column	Reference
HPLC	Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 2-propanol.	C₈	3
HPLC	Acetonitrile/Phosphate buffer containing 1% triethylamine	Thermo Scientific Acclaim C30 column	4
HPLC	Acetonitrile- 0.01 M Potassium dihydrogen phosphate	Hypersil ODS	5
HPLC and TLC	1 N HCl	-	6
Solid-phase extraction and Spectrophotometry	-	C18	7

Table 2: Review of analytical methods for the assay of Ivermectin

Method	Mobile phase (v/v) / Reagent	Column	Reference
HPLC	Acetonitrile-Methanol-Water-Acetic acid (56:36:7.5:0.5)	C18 RP	9
HPLC	Acetonitrile: Methanol: Phosphate buffer (50:20:30) and buffer PH was adjusted to 4.5	Qualisil BDS C18	10
HPLC	Acetonitrile, Methanol and Purified water (60: 30:10)	Thermo BDS C-18	11
HPLC	Glacial acetic acid in Water: Methanol: Acetonitrile (90ml:10ml:250ml)	Octadecyl silane	12
HPLC	60 Phosphate buffer (pH 5.5 adjusted with 1% O-phosphoric acid) and Methanol (60:40 )	BDS hypersil C18	13
HPLC	Acetonitrile: Water pH 3 adjusted by Orthophosphoric acid (80:20)	Phenomenex gemini ODS C18	14
HPLC	Acetonitrile: Methanol: Distilled water. (65:20:15)	Waters Luna C8	15
HPLC	Acetonitrile, Methanol and Water (60:30:10)	Nucleodur C18 RP	16
HPLC	Acetonitrile, Methanol and Water in ratio of (40:60)	Inertsil C18 BDS	17
HPLC	Acetonitrile, Methanol and Water	Vydac, C-18	18
HPLC	Sodium phosphate buffer: Methanol (25:75)	Inertsil ODS	19
HPLC	Methanol: Water (90:10)	KROMASIL C18	20
HPLC	Acetonitrile and Hexane (Flourimetric detection)	C8	21
HPLC	0.1 M Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate: methanol (60:40) adjusted to ph 4.5	Zorbax C8	22
HPLC	Acetonitrile: Methanol: Water (75:15:10)	Insertil C18	23
HPLC	Acetonitrile: Methanol: Buffer (pH 7.0) (51:25:24)	Supel cosilTM	24
HPLC	Methanol: Phosphate buffer pH 3 (70:30)	ACE C18	25
HPLC	10 mm Sodium dihydrogen phosphate and acetonitrile	ZORBAX SB phenyl	26
HPLC Densitometry Spectrophotometry	Acetonitrile -Methanol-0.005M KH₂PO₄ (60:30:10)	C18	27
Spectrophotometry	-	-	28
Spectrophotometry	Methanol: 1 N HCl (70:30)	-	29
GC-MS	Carbon tetrachloride	-	30
HPLC HPTLC	Acetonitrile: Methanol: 5mM Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer PH 6 (60:30:10) Toluene: Isopropanol: Ammonia 33%: 11 Glacial acetic acid (70:28:10:1)	C18 HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 plates	31
HPLC HPTLC	Acetonitrile: 10 mM Phosphate buffer (95:05) Toluene: Methanol: Glacial acetic acid (8:2:0.1)	Grace C18 HPTLC silica gel aluminium plate 60F-254	32
HPTLC	n-Hexane: Acetone: Ethyl acetate (6.5: 3.5: 0.1)	Silica gel 60F-254	33
HPTLC	Toluene-Ethyl acetate Glacial acetic acid, (6:4:0.5)	Silica gel 60F-254	34

Table 3: Review of analytical methods for the assay of Lindane

Method	Mobile phase (v/v) / Reagent	Column	Reference
HPLC	Acetonitrile and water (50:50%)	-	36
GC	Acetone	Glass capillary	37
GC	Acetone	SE-30	38
Spectrophotometry	Methanol	-	39
GC-MS	He	DB-5	40
GC-MS	He	Elite-1 fused silica capillary	41
GC-MS	He	Lichrospher	42
HPLC- MALDI-TOF	Acetonitrile–Water (50: 50)	C18	43
HPLC- MALDI-TOF	Acetonitrile– Water (50: 50)	C18	44

Table 4: Review of analytical methods for the assay of Lindane

Method	Mobile phase (v/v) / Reagent	Column	Reference
HPLC	Organic solvent	C18	46
HPLC	Ethanol: Phosphoric acid solution (pH = 3) (67: 33)	C18	47
HPLC	Methanol and 0.025 mM Phosphoric acid (85:15)	C-18 Nucleosil	48
HPLC	Methanol: Water (50:50)	H5-ODS C18	49
HPLC	Hexane: Benzene (50:50)	Lichrospher si60	50
HPLC	Methanol--Water (78:22)	C-18 Nova-Pak	51
HPLC	Acetonitrile and Water (70%:30 %)	C-18 column	52
HPLC	Acetonitrile/ Water (55:45)	Ascentis Express RP-Amide	53
HPLC	Methanol and Water	chiral β‐cyclodextrin	54
HPLC	-	C8 Lichrosorb	55
HPLC	Water and Acetonitrile	-	56
Spectrophotometry	-	-	57
GC (FID detector)	-	DB-5, Aglient	58
Solid-phase Extraction coupled with GC (FID detector)	-	Aglient GC-7890	59
Solid-phase Extraction coupled with GC (FID detector)	-	-	60
GC-NIC-MS	Hexane: Dichloromethane (1:1)		61

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Received on 05.10.2019 Modified on 26.10.2019

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(11):5600-5604.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00970.3

C18

HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 plates

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