An investigation on the ethnogynecological medicinal knowledge of the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh, India

Babita Bain¹, Jitendra Kumar Premi²*

¹Ph. D. Research Scholar, School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G),

²Associate Professor, School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G),

*Corresponding Author E-mail: jitendra_rsu@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT:

Introduction: Gynecological disorder is a condition that affects female reproductive system, mainly breasts and organs in the pelvic area such as uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva. Hence, the term encompasses a broad term of diseases that can affect female fertility such as pelvic inflammatory diseases and endometriosis.

Objectives: To investigate and conserve the medicines and the ethnomedicinal knowledge regarding obstetrical and gynecological ailments among the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh. Methodology: Current research is based on two types of facts and data, one primary facts and data and the other secondary facts and data. The primary facts and data of this research have been gathered from the traditional delivery specialists of the Birhor tribe residing in six villages of Dharamjaigarh and Korba development blocks of Raigarh and Korba districts of Chhattisgarh state, respectively. Interview guide has been used for the collection of data for the present study, under which, a series of in-depth interview of the Birhor traditional gynecological specialist called Suien-Maien. Results and discussion: A total of 25 types of medicine are described in this study. From this, the mastery of the medicinal knowledge of the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh can be gauged how high their level of medicinal knowledge is. the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of 32 different parts of different medicinal plants which are used by the Birhor tribe have been demonstrated in this paper, which based on previous researches are done in this regard. Conclusion: On the basis of the above data and facts described in this research, it can be concluded that the medicinal knowledge of the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh is ultimately abundant and admirable. The drugs of Birhor tribe mentioned in this research should be given a scientific recognition by doing phytochemical, pharmacological and molecular tests. Along with this, royalty should also be given to the Birhor tribe of these medicines.

KEYWORDS: Ethnogynecology, Obstetric, Medicinal plants, Knowledge, Birhor Tribe.

INTRODUCTION:

Ethnogynecology is an emerging new branch that basically deals with the healing of ailments among tribal women, for example, abortion, menstrual trouble, leucorrhoea, anti fertility, and delivery problems. Ethno-gynecology is a traditional approach of indigenous tribes to deal with female health issues¹. Among various disciplines of ethno botany, ethnogynecology is an emerging and new branch which offers promising role for the treatment of various gynecological ailments including abortion, menstrual trouble, leucorrhoea, delivery problems etc. Gynecology is the medical treatment of female reproductive system (uterus, vagina, and ovaries) health².

Medicinal approaches or knowledge incorporating plants or any other natural/ spiritual therapies used to treat gynecological problems such as abortion, menstrual pain, menopause, morning sickness, leucorrhoea, infertility, delivery problems, among others, are taken into consideration^3,4. Obstetric health problems those are life-threatening for pregnant women and their babies. An obstetric emergency may arise at any time during pregnancy, labor and birth. From puberty through menopause, a woman's reproductive organs are constantly changing through the normal processes of sexual activity, pregnancy and aging, and sometimes disease and injury, these are called gynecological ailments.⁵ Gynecological disorder is a condition that affects female reproductive system, mainly breasts and organs in the pelvic area such as uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva. Hence, the term encompasses a broad term of diseases that can affect female fertility such as pelvic inflammatory diseases and endometriosis. The prevalence of gynecological disorders worldwide has given rise to increased female infertility, morbidity and mortality⁶. Gynecological disorders have been implicated in the etiology of female infertility currently affecting 30 % or more women of reproductive age⁷.Sexual and reproductive health problems account for 18% of the total global burden of disease and 32% of the burden among women of reproductive age⁸. Gynecological disorders are various diseases and conditions negatively affecting female reproductive organs. They can be minor and easily treated or devastating. They negatively impact woman’s quality of life, fertility and longevity ⁹. Gynecological disorders have also been associated with gynecological morbidity such as foul-smelling vaginal discharge, uterovaginal prolapsed post-coital bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding and tiredness. Symptoms of gynecological morbidity were found to have negative impact on health-related quality of woman’s life¹⁰.

According to WHO, traditional medicine is set of indigenous knowledge including herbal medicine, information, methods of drug preparation and faith exist among different cultures to maintain health that transfer generation after generation ¹¹. For the past few decades, use of ethnobotanical information in medicinal plant research has gained great attention among the scientific community¹². Products from natural source are an integral part of human health care system because there are major concerns about synthetic drugs owing to their side effects and toxicity¹³. Herbal medicines are popular in the treatment of many diseases. They are safe and easily available. Plants are the treasure houses of potential drugs. About 80% of individuals from developed countries use traditional medicines based on compounds derived from plants¹⁴. The most common reasons for using traditional medicine are that it is more affordable, more closely corresponds to the patient’s ideology, allays concerns about the adverse effects of chemical (synthetic) medicines, satisfies a desire for more personalized health care, and allows greater public access to health information¹⁵. More than 50% of all modern clinical or allopathic drugs are of natural product origin; hence traditional medicines can play a vital role in the pharmaceutical sciences¹⁶. Historically the tribal communities survive on their traditional knowledge. Maintenance of their health is based on the medicine plants¹⁷. Ethnic groups of various regions of the world are the real custodians of nature’s wealth and experts in herbal medicine. The traditional indigenous knowledge transferred orally for centuries is fast disappearing because of the technological developments and changing culture of ethnic group¹⁸. In rural India, 70% of the population is dependent on the traditional system of medicine. In India the people, especially the tribal, living in forest or its adjoining areas, since long past, maintaining their health with the help of their ethno-medicinal knowledge¹⁹.In India, almost 95% of the medications are plant-based formulations from the traditional system of Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy and Siddha and their associate material largely dependent on wild harvested plants²⁰.

India represents one of the great emporia of ethno-medicine to wealth and has enormously diversified living ethnic groups and rich biological resources. An appropriate dosage to prepare drug from different parts of plant body like root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, barks, seed, rhizomes, bulbs, tubers are prescribed as a remedy to treat different kinds of diseases and disorders²¹. India, the mega biodiversity nation is not only endowed with huge number of flora and fauna but also has several ethnic communities. By practicing and using the plants for thousands of years, the ethnic and aboriginal people have gained immense practical knowledge about the medicinal plants²². India is one of the world’s 12 mega biodiversity, centers having rich vegetation with 47,000 plant species and a wide variety of medicinal plants along with tradition of plant-based knowledge distributed among the vast numbers of ethnic groups²³. Tribal communities have diverse knowledge of traditional medicines related to indigenous plants for basic health care²⁴.Tribal has their own traditional knowledge-based system of curing many gynaecological diseases. Modern medicinal facilities are scanty and could not reach inaccessible pockets where those tribal peoples lived in spite of the government’s best effort²⁵.

Assessment of information on medicinal plants provided by tribal healers is most required as it gives additional support to know the level of healing property of plants²⁶. Documentation of indigenous medicinal practices is important not only from the point of view of human-plant relationships, but more so because many important modern drugs have come out following close observations of the traditional medicinal practices of indigenous communities^{27, 28}.This ethnic knowledge is falling prey to the lure of modernization therefore an urgent need was felt to study and document this precious knowledge for posterity. A lot of work has been done on medicinal plants of India^{29, 30, 31}, but a little information is available on plants used for gynecological problems in study area³². There are frequent surveys on the documentation and validation of plants used for gynecological disorders in different parts of the world^33-38. Traditional knowledge based formulations or indigenous traditional medicine has played an elementary role in the innovation of novel health care products from plants³⁹. Very little work has been done on the ethno gynecological use of plants in the treatment and health-care programme of women as evidenced by the literature and reference⁴⁰. In this juncture, the present study would be an effort which will be useful to enhance the scientific knowledge in the field of ethnogynecology. This paper discusses the different remedies practiced by the female traditional delivery specialist called Suien-Maien.

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of the present study are:

1. To investigate the medicines and the ethnomedicinal knowledge regarding obstetrical and gynecological ailments among the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh.

2. To conserve the ethnomedicinal knowledge regarding obstetrical and gynecological ailments among the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh through written and visual documentation

3. To try to find out the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the Birhors' medicines for the obstetrical and gynecological ailments.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

The Area

Current research is based on two types of facts and data, one primary facts and data and the other secondary facts and data. The primary facts and data of this research have been gathered from the traditional delivery specialists of the Birhor tribe residing in six villages of Dharamjaigarh and Korba development blocks of Raigarh and Korba districts of Chhattisgarh state, respectively. The places from which the facts and data were gathered include Khalbora, Runwaphool and Darridih villages, respectively of Dharamjaigarh block of Raigarh district and Devpahari, Daldali and Ajgarbahar villages, respectively of Korba development block of Korba district, whereas secondary data and facts have been collected from online research papers and books available in various websites.

The People

This study is focused on the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh. The Birhor is one of the indigenous peoples (tribal) group out of the 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) previously known as "Primitive Tribal Groups"(PTGs) which has been specially identified and protected⁴¹. As per the Census 2011, this indigenous peoples falls under a minimum and limited population tribal group having a population of around 17,241. Out of which 16089 (93.31%) resides in villages and total 1,115 (6.69%) lives in towns or in slums of the towns/cities⁴².

Tools used for collection of data and facts

Interview guide has been used for the collection of data for the present study, under which, a series of in-depth interview of the Birhor traditional gynecological specialist called Suien-Maien of Raigarh and Korba district of Chhattisgarh have been conducted. One traditional gynecological specialist from each selected village has been interviewed for the collection of facts and data. Apart from these for the purpose of cross-examination of the data and facts three-five Birhor women have also be interviewed.

Map of India

Map of Chhattisgarh

Figure showing area of the study

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Medicinal plants used by the Birhor for various obstetrical and gynecological ailments

Table No. 1 describes the plants and their parts used as medicine by the Birhor tribe for treatment of various obstetrical and gynecological disorders and ailments. Apart from this, the method of preparation of medicines from different parts of these medicinal plants and prescription of their proper use are also described. In this way, a total of 25 types of medicine are described in this table. From this, the mastery of the medicinal knowledge of the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh can be gauged how high their level of medicinal knowledge is.

Phytochemical properties of the plants used by the Birhor

In table no. 2 describes phytochemical properties of the parts of plants used as medicine by the Birhor tribe for treatment of various obstetrical and gynecological disorders and ailments. In which the phytochemical properties of 32 different parts of different medicinal plants which are used by the Birhor tribe have been demonstrated, which based on previous researches are done in this regard. There are five types of phytochemical properties have been found in 32 parts of plants used as medicine by the Birhor tribe for treatment of various obstetrical and gynecological disorders and ailments, most notably the presence of Tannins, Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavonoids and Glycosides, which verifies the significance of the medicinal properties of plants used by the Birhor.

Pharmacological properties of the plants used by the Birhor

Similarly, in table no. 3 describes the pharmacological properties of the parts of plants used as medicine by the Birhor tribe for treatment of various obstetrical and gynecological disorders and ailments. In which the pharmacological properties of 32 different parts of different medicinal plants which are used by the Birhor tribe have been demonstrated, which based on previous researches are done in this regard. There are very distinct and specific types of pharmacological properties have been found in 32 parts of plants used as medicine by the Birhor tribe for treatment of various obstetrical and gynecological disorders and ailments, which verifies the significance of the medicinal properties of plants used by the Birhor.

Table No. 1: Medicinal plants used by the Birhor for various obstetrical and gynecological ailments

S.No.	Ailment	Local name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part used	Methods of medicinal uses
1.	Deliberate aonborti	Medicine No.1. Kera/Kela	Musa paradisiaca	Roots	Preparation: First, the Banana roots are dried. The dried root is grinded and its powder is used as medicine. Method of use: There are two methods for used the powder of Banana roots; firstly, pregnant woman is fed by mixing the powder in water and second by mixing it with local liquor or rice beer called as Hadiya. Dosages: One full teaspoon powder of Banana roots is mixed with either 200ml. water or 200 ml. Hadiya liquor is given to the patient to drink in empty stomach continuously three days at morning.
		Medicine No.2. Kera/Kela	Musa paradisiaca	Flowers	Same as root
		Medicine No.3. Chhita/Sitafal	Annona squamosa	Seeds	Preparation: First, the Sitafal seeds are dried. The dried seeds are grinded and its powder is used as medicine. Method of use: There are two methods for used the powder of Sitafal seeds; firstly, pregnant woman is fed by mixing the powder in water and second by mixing it with local liquor or rice beer called as Hadiya. Dosages: One full teaspoon powder of Sitafal seeds is mixed with either 200ml. water or 200 ml. Hadiya liquor is given to the patient to drink in empty stomach continuously three days at morning.
		Medicine No.4. Mansbaddhi	PoranapaniculataRoxb	Roots	Preparation: First, the Mansbaddhi roots are dried. The dried roots are grinded and its powder is used as medicine. Method of use: There are two methods for used the powder of Mansbaddhi roots; firstly, pregnant woman is fed by mixing the powder in water and second by mixing it with milk. Dosages: One full teaspoon powder of Mansbaddhi roots is mixed with either 100ml. water or 100ml. Milk is given to the patient to drink in empty stomach continuously 6-7 days at morning.
		Medicine No.5. Kholkhamhar + Jhini/Jhind/Safed Babul + Hirwa/ Kulthi/Horse gram	Acalyphaindica L. + Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)Willd +Macrotylomauniflorum	Root+ Root+ Seeds	Preparation: Firstly, the root of Jhini and root of Kaholkhamarplants are washed thoroughly with clean water. After this, about 100-100 grams of the roots of both these trees and pilesofHirwa are boiled in one liter of water until it becomes half liter. Method of use: The decoction prepared by the above method is given to a pregnant woman to drink as a medicine for abortion. Dosages: The decoction prepared by the above method, the pregnant woman drinks half a half cup twice a day for seven days, which becomes her abortion on the eighth day.

Table No. 1 Cont…

S.No.	Ailment	Local name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part used	Methods of medicinal uses

2.	Delivery I.For Increasing Labor Pain and Smooth Delivery	Medicine No.6. MinjurChundi	Elephantopu s scaber L	Root	Preparation: 10grams root of MinjurChundi plant is grinded to prepare the powder. A mixture is made by mixing the powder in about 250ml of water. Method of use: The solution prepared by the above method is given to the pregnant woman for drinking, so that her labor pain increases and the baby is born soon. Dosages: The 250 ml solution of above medicine is given to the pregnant woman only once during the delivery.
		Medicine No. 7. Satawar/Satawari	Asparagus officinalis	Root	Preparation: 10grams root of Satawar/Satawari plant is grinded to prepare the powder. A mixture is made by mixing the powder in about 250ml of water or 250ml of rice beer called asHadiya. Method of use: The solution prepared by the above method is given to the pregnant woman for drinking, so that her labor pain increases and the baby are born soon. Dosages: The 250 ml solution of above medicine is given to the pregnant woman only once during the delivery.
		Medicine No. 8. Rice beer (Hadiya/ Harhia) Rice + Janglikundri +Chhepra/ Jurbula+Ghato+Chetoar/Chitawar + Inderparhi/ Parhi/ Karaiya+ Inderparhi/ Parhi/ Karaiya+Totola/ Taloyar/ Dakdewa+ Katmatiya+ Barier/ Mitha/ JangliDhamia/ Ghuma/ Dar-chetowar + Nagbeli+ Kathar/ Kanthal/Kathela+ ChhitLarang	Oryza sativa + Cocciniagrandis (L.) + Vernonia cinerea (L.) +Clerodendrumviscosum+ Plumbagozeylanica L.+ Stephania japonica (Thunb.) + Stephania glabra (Roxb.) + . Oroxylumindicum (L.) +Mussaendaroxburghii L.+ Scopariadulcis L.+Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) + Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam.+ Wattakakavolubilis (L.f.) Stapf	Cooked rice+ tuberous roots+ The whole plant + Leaves+ Leafy branches + Root or tuberous+ Root or tuberous+ Bark+ Roots+ Leafy twigs + Bark of	Preparation: Following ingredients are required for the preparation of Rice beer namely, Rice: 10 kg, roots of Cocciniagrandis: c. 500 gm; tips of Clerodendrumviscosum: c. 300 gm; whole plant of Vernonia cinerea: c. 350 gm and Plumbago zeylanica: c. 250 gm. Tiggas generally do not use other plants. But c. 300 gm of Rauvolfiaserpentina roots replaces Cocciniagrandis roots. Other plants are used in much less quantity i.e. 50 – 100 gm only for 10 kg of rice. About 1 kg of the bark of Wattakakavolubilis is used if RānuDābāi is made only with this plant (Ghos and Das, 2004)⁴³. Method of use: The rice beer prepared by the above method is given to the pregnant woman for drinking, so that her labor pain increases and the baby are born soon. Dosages: The 250 ml solution of above medicine is given to the pregnant woman only once during the delivery.
		Medicine No. 9. PaakDehuraa/Paim Jam	Unknown	Root	Preparation:10 grams root of PaakDehuraa/Paim Jam plant is grinded to prepare the powder. Method of use: The solution prepared by the above method is given to the pregnant woman for drinking, so that her labor pain increases and the baby are born soon. Excessive bleeding during childbirth can also be reduced by drinking this medicine. Apart from this, it also works to remove maternal weakness after child birth. Dosages: The 100 ml solution of above medicine is given to the pregnant woman only once during the delivery.

Table No. 1 Cont…

S.No.

Ailment

Local name of the plants

Scientific name of the plants

Part used

Methods of medicinal uses

II. Reducing maternal pain after delivery

Medicine No. 10.

Kosum/ Kosam

Schleicheraoleosa (Lour.) Merr.

Seeds

Preparation: The seeds of the Kosum tree have been taken dried properly before its uses. The dried seed is pressed and its oil is extracted, which is kept safe for use as medicine.

Method of use: The oil extracted from the above method is fed to the procreant after her delivery.

Dosages: A teaspoon of Kosum seed oil is fed to the procreant once daily for four consecutive days.

To conceive

Medicine No. 11.

Kathela/Kathal/Kanthal

Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam

Flower

Preparation: First the Kathela or jackfruit is plucked and dried thoroughly in the sun for several days. After this, the powder is prepared by grinding it.

Method of use: About 20-30 grams of jackfruit powder is mixed with about 150 grams of rice flour and bread is cooked which is fed to the woman, so that she can become pregnant.

Menstruation

I. To control excessive bleeding during menstruation

Medicine No.12.

Nagarkela

Unknown

Root

Dosages: Only once at lunch.

Preparation: The root of Nagarkela plant is dried and grinded and this powder mixed with hot water is fed to the afflicted woman or girl.

Method of use: 10 grams of Nagarkela powder is mixed with 250ml of hot water

Dosages: During menstruation, a woman or girl suffering from excessive bleeding is given 250 ml solution of hot water made from the powder of Nagarkela root only once to drink on an empty stomach.

II. To control pain during menstruation

Medicine No. 13.

Khair

Acacia arabica

Leaves

Preparation: The leaves of Khair plant are dried and grinded and this powder mixed with hot water or milk or Hadiya is fed to the afflicted woman or girl.

Method of use: 100 grams of Khair powder is mixed with 250ml of hot water or milk or Hadiya

Dosages: During menstruation a woman or girl suffering from pain is given 250 ml solution of hot water or milk or Hadiya made from the powder of Khair leaves to drink for 2-3 days continuous once on an empty stomach.

For contraception

Medicine No. 14.

Kela/Kera

Musa paradisiaca

Flower

Preparation: First, the Banana flowers are dried. The dried flowers are grinded and its powder is used as medicine.

Method of use: There are two methods for used the powder of Banana flowers; firstly, pregnant woman is fed by mixing the powder in water and second by mixing it with local liquor or rice beer called as Hadiya.

Dosages: One full teaspoon powder of Banana flower is mixed with either 200ml. water or 200 ml. Hadiya liquor is given to the women to drink in empty stomach continuously three days during their menstruation.

Medicine No. 15.

Hingol

Adhatodavasica

Fruit

Preparation: The fruit of the tree called Hingol is plucked and dried thoroughly in the sun. After this, the fruit of dried Hingol is grinded and its powder is made. This powder is used as a contraceptive medicine.

Method of use: 100 grams of Hingol fruit powder r is mixed with 250ml of water or milk.

Dosages:100 grams powder of Hingol fruit powder is mixed with either 200ml. water or 200 ml. milk is given to the women to drink in empty stomach continuously three days during their menstruation.

Leucorrhea

Medicine No. 16.

Nagarkela

Unknown

Root

Same as to control excessive bleeding during menstruation

Table No. 1 Cont…

S.No.

Ailment

Local name of the plants

Scientific name of the plants

Part used

Methods of medicinal uses

Medicine of itching of reproductive organs

Medicine No. 17.

GomukhiJadagi

Hedyotiscorymbosa (Linn.)

Seeds andFruit

Preparation and uses:First of all, its ripe fruits are plucked and dried thoroughly in the sun, after which the seeds of the dried fruit is taken out and its oil is extracted. In the next sequence, the fruit of GomukhiJadagiis roasted well in a fire and it is made as a paste. An ointment is prepared by mixing this paste with pre-extracted oil and applied to the affected area.

Dosages:There is no predefined quantity or method of use this ointment. This ointment is used whenever it is required.

Prenatal Care

To increasing blood level

Medicine No. 18.

Sabarbhanj

DesmodiumdiffusionDC.

Root

Preparation:The root of Sabarbhanj is dried and grinded to make its powder, which is used as a medicine during pregnancy to increase the blood levels of the pregnant woman.

Method of use: 10 grams of powder ofSabarbhanj root are mixed with 250ml of water or milk.

Dosages: 10 grams of powder ofSabarbhanj root are mixed with either 200ml. Water or 200 ml. Milk is given to the women to drink in after lunch continuously three months during their first 18 weeks of pregnancy.

Medicine No. 19.

Sarla

Pinus roxburghii

Leaves

Preparation: The clean leaves of the Sarala tree are plucked and dried. The pregnant woman is fed with food by making Saag of these dried leaves.

Method of use: 100 grams of dried Sarla leaves is cooked with any type of cooking oil and vegetables' Masale.

Dosages: There are no certain dosages to eat the leaves of SarlaSaag. However, it is suggested that pregnant women may eat it as Saag twice in every week during their entire pregnancy to increase the blood levels.

Medicine No. 20.

Kodhod

Unknown

Bark of the Stem/ Trunk

Preparation: The bark of the trunk of the Kodhod tree is used as medicine. It can be used in two different ways. Either by grinding the raw bark directly and making a paste, or by drying the bark and grinding it to make its powder.

Method of use: 10 grams of raw bark paste of Kodhod tree are dissolved in a cup of water and the pregnant woman is fed. Similarly, instead of raw bark the powder of bark dissolves in a cup of water and the pregnant woman is fed.

Dosages: One cup of mixture of this medicine is given to the pregnant women once in every week till the baby is born.

Medicine No. 21.

PitharuKand

Amorphalluspaeoniifolius

Tuber

Preparation:Pitharu tubers are thoroughly washed in clean water and boiled in clean water, which is fed to the pregnant woman as a supplementary nutritious diet.

Method of use:Taken as supplement diet.

Dosages: There is no definite rule to feed Pitharu tuber as a supplementary nutritious food to pregnant women, as long as it is available then a pregnant and lactating woman are fed continuously, so that their physical strength increases.

Medicine No. 22.

Koilari/ Koilar/ KoilaAada

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Leaves

Same as Sarla leaves (Pinus roxburghii)

Table No. 1 Cont…

S.No.	Ailment	Local name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part used	Methods of medicinal uses
	II. Removing physical weakness during pregnancy	Medicine No. 23. Tejpatti/Tejpatta	Cinnamomumtamala	Leaves	Preparation:The Tejpatti leaves are broken and washed thoroughly in clean water and dried in the sun. Its decoction is prepared by boiling dried Tejpatti leaves in clean water, which is fed to pregnant and lactating women for enhancement of physical strength and remove their internal weaknesses. Method of use:The decoction prepared from the above method of 10-15 Tejpattileaves is given to pregnant and lactating women after meals. Dosages:The decoction of 10-15 Tejpattileaves is given to the women to drink in after lunch continuously three months during their first 18 weeks of pregnancy or when they feel weakness.
9.	To increasing Breast Milk	Medicine No. 24. Dharrieasa/ Dumar/Goolar	Ficusracemosa (syn. Ficusglomerata Roxb.)	Root	Preparation: First, the Dharrieasa/Dumar/Goolarroots are dried. The dried root is grinded and its powder is used as medicine. Method of useandDosages:One full teaspoon powder of Dharrieasa/Dumar/Goolar roots is mixed with either 250ml. water or 250ml. milk is given to the patient to drink in empty stomach continuously three days at morning.
		Medicine No. 25. Dhudhi	Euphorbia hirta L.	Roots, Stem and Leaves	Preparation:A paste is prepared by grinding a mixture of 20-30 grams of Dudhi's roots, stems and leaves. Method of use:A mixture is made by dissolving the prepared paste of Dudhi in 100-150ml of water. Dosages:The mixture prepared with the above method is given to a lactating woman to drink twice a day after eating meal for three consecutive days.

Table No. 2: Medicinal plants used by the Birhor for various Gynecological ailments

S. No.	Local Name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part of plants used as medicine	Phytochemical properties					References
				Tannins	Alkaloids	Phenols	Flavonoids	Glycosides

1.	Kera/Kela	Musa paradisiaca	Roots	+	-	-	+		Immam and Akhter (2011)⁴⁴
2	Kera/Kela	Musa paradisiaca	Flowers	+	+	-	+		Paul et al. (2013)⁴⁵
3	Chhita/Sitafal	Annona squamosa	Seeds	+	+	-	+		Patel and Kumar (2008)⁴⁶, Pawaskar and Sasangan (2017)⁴⁷
4	Mansbaddhi	PoranapaniculataRoxb	Roots	-	+	+	-		Reddy et al. (2017)⁴⁸
5	Kholkhamhar	Acalyphaindica L	Root	-	+	+	+		Saha and Ahmed (2011)⁴⁹
6	Jhini/Jhind/Safed Babul	Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)Willd	Root	-	-	+	+		Sowndhararajan et al. (2013)⁵⁰, Leela and Saraswathy (2012)⁵¹
7	Kulthi/Horse gram	Macrotylomauniflorum	Seed	-	-	+	-		Bharathi and Anand (2015)⁵²
8	MinjurChundi	Elephantopu s scaber L	Root	+	-	+	+		Kabeer and Prathapan (2011)⁵³
9	Satawar/Satawari	Asparagus officinalis	Root	+	-	+	-		Battu and Kumar (2011)⁵⁴

Table No. 2 Cont…

S. No.	Local Name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part of plants used as medicine	Phytochemical properties					References
S. No.	Local Name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part of plants used as medicine	Tannins	Alkaloids	Phenols	Flavonoids	Glycosides
10	Rice	Oryza sativa	Cooked rice	-	+	+	+	+	Firdous and Bharathi (2014)⁵⁵
11	Janglikundri	Cocciniagrandis (L.)	tuberous roots	-	-	-	+	+	Hossai et al. (2014)⁵⁶
12	Chhepra/ Jurbula	Vernonia cinerea	The whole plan	+	+	-	+	+	Haque et al.(2012)⁵⁷
13	Ghato	Clerodendrumviscosum	Leaves	+	-	+	+	-	Ashooret al. (2018)⁵⁸
14	Chetoar/Chitawar	Plumbagozeylanica L	Leafy branches	-	+	-	+	+	Tyagi and Menghani (2014)⁵⁹
15	Inderparhi/ Parhi/ Karaiya	Stephania japonica (Thunb.)	Root or tuberous	+	-	+	+	-	Das et al.(2019)⁶⁰
16	Totola/Taloyar/ Dakdewa	Stephania glabra (Roxb.)	Bark	-	+	+	-	+	Semwalab and Semwalab(2015)⁶¹
17	Katmatiya	Oroxylumindicum	Roots	+	+	+	+	-	Satyaeswari et al. (2018)⁶²
18	Barier/ Mitha/ JangliDhamia/ Ghuma/ Dar-chetowar	Mussaendaroxburghii L	Leafy twigs	+	-	+	+	+	Chandra Dea et al.(2011)⁶³
19	Nagbeli	Scopariadulcis L.+	Bark of roots	-	+	+	+	+	Paul et al. (2017)⁶⁴
20	Nagbeli/Sarpgandha	Rauvolfiaserpentina (L.)	Leaves Bark	+	+	+	+	+	Kumari (2013)⁶⁵
21	ChhitLarang	Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam	Bark of stem	+	+	+	+	+	Sreeletha (2018)⁶⁶
22	Kosum/ Kosam	Schleicheraoleosa (Lour.) Merr.	Seeds	-	+	+	-	-	Anuragiand Mishra (2017)⁶⁷
23	Kathela/Kathal/Kanthal	Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam	Flower	+	+	+	+	+	Binumol, M. and Sajitha, V., (2013)⁶⁸
24	Khair	Acacia arabica	Leaves	+	+	+	+	+	Lawrence et al. (2015)⁶⁹
25	Hingol	Adhatodavasica	Fruit	+	+	+	+	-	Chaudhary et al. (2017)⁷⁰
26	Sabarbhanj	Desmodiumdiffusum Dc.	Root	-	+	-	-	-	Dev (2011)⁷¹
27	Sarla	Pinus roxburghii	Leaves	-	-	-	+	-	Kaushik et al. (2012)⁷²
28	PitharuKand	Amorphalluspaeoniifolius	Tuber	-	-	+	+	-	Shing, A. (2014)⁷³
29	Koilari/ Koilar/ KoilaAada	Bauhinia purpurea L.	Leaves	-	+	-	+	-	Marimuthuand Dhanalakshmi (2014)⁷⁴
30	Tejpatti/Tejpatta	Cinnamomumtamala	Leaves	+	+	-	-	-	Pandey et al.(2012)⁷⁵
31	Dharrieasa/ Dumar/Goolar	Ficusracemosa (syn. Ficusglomerata Roxb.)	Root	+	+	+	+	+	Prakash(2009)⁷⁶
32	Dhudhi	Euphorbia hirta L.	Roots, Stem and Leaves	+	-	+	+	-	Suresh et al.(2008)⁷⁷

Table No. 3: Photochemical properties of the plants used by the Birhor for various obstetrical and gynecological ailments

S. No.	Local Name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part of plants used as medicine	Medicinal properties of the plants used as drugs	References
1.	Kera/Kela	Musa paradisiaca	Roots	Glycosides, Hemicelluloses, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Leucine, Valine, Phenylalanine.	Imam and Akter (2011)⁴⁴
2	Kera/Kela	Musa paradisiaca	Flowers	Haemato poietic and Immuno modulatory property.	Paul et al. (2013)⁴⁵
3	Chhita/Sitafal	Annona squamosa	Seeds	Cytotoxic, Anti-microbial activity.	Patel and Kumar (2008)⁴⁶
4	Mansbaddhi	PoranapaniculataRoxb	Roots	Protein and amino acids.	Reddy et al. (2017)⁴⁸
5	Kholkhamhar	Acalyphaindica L	Root	Anti-inflammatory,Anti-bacterial,Anti-fungal and Antioxidant	Jagatheeswari et al. (2013)⁷⁸
6	Jhini/Jhind/Safed Babul	Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)Willd	Root	Antioxidants andFree Radical Scavenging Activities	Sowndhararajan et al. (2015)⁵⁰,Leela and Saraswathy(2012)⁵¹
7	Kulthi/Horse gram	Macrotylomauniflorum	Seed	The extracts are rich in linoleic acid and its esters, momeinositol and ethyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside; therefore, this plant can be medicinally beneficial as an antioxidant, in diabetes and its related disorders.	Anand and Bharathi (2015)⁷⁹

Table No. 3 Cont…

S. No.	Local Name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part of plants used as medicine	Medicinal properties of the plants used as drugs	References
8	MinjurChundi	Elephantopu s scaber L	Root	Deoxyelephantopin,Lupeo-Acetate, Stigmaesteroland Dradinoxnthine deviated	Kabeer and Prathapan (2014)⁵³
9	Satawar/Satawari	Asparagus officinalis	Root	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus.	Battu and Kumar (2011)⁵⁴
10	Rice	Oryza sativa	Cooked rice	Alkaloids, Sugar, Terpinoids, Flavonoid and phenol compound. Antioxidant activity.	Firdous and Bharathi (2014)⁵⁵
11	Janglikundri	Cocciniagrandis (L.)	tuberous roots	Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Anti-microbial and Cathartic, expectorant activities	Hossai et al. (2014)⁵⁶
12	Chhepra/ Jurbula	Vernonia cinerea	The whole plan	Glycosides, Triterpinoids, esters which could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant.	Haque et al. (2012)⁵⁷
13	Ghato	Clerodendrum viscosum	Leaves	Oleic, Lignoceric acid, Stigmasterol or poriferasterol, Scutellarin, hispidulin-7-0-glucuronide, Viscosene, Saponin	Kapoor(2001)⁸⁰, Rahman et al. (2011)⁸¹, Subramanian and Nair(1973)⁸², Dutta-Choudhury et al. (2009)⁸³, Pal et al. (2009)⁸⁴
14	Chetoar/Chitawar	Plumbago zeylanica L	Leafy branches	Natural bioactive compound found in plant that is formed during plant’s normal metabolic process or plant food material that works through nutrients and dietary fibre to defend body against diseases.	Tyagi and Menghani (2014)⁵⁹
15	Inderparhi/ Parhi/ Karaiya	Stephania japonica (Thunb.)	Root or tuberous	Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory	Das et al. (2019)⁶⁰
16	Totola/Taloyar/ Dakdewa	Stephania glabra (Roxb.	Bark	Anti-diabetic, Antipyretic, Analgesic, Antiinﬂammatory, Antimicrobial and Anti-parasitic	Semwalab and Semwalab (2015)⁶¹
17	Katmatiya	Oroxylum indicum	Roots	Anti-allergic, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Anti-viral and Anti-oxidant, Analgesics. antimicrobial and antifungal, Antioxidant, Nephroprotective, Immunomodulatory and Gastro Protective	Satyaeswari et al.(2018)⁶², Zaveri and Jain(2007)⁸⁵, Uttara et al. (2009)⁸⁶, Lokesh et al. (2011)⁸⁷, Narisa et al. (2006)⁸⁸, Sreedevi et al. (2011)⁸⁹,
18	Barier/ Mitha/ JangliDhamia/ Ghuma	Mussaendaro xburghii L	Leafy twigs	Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antioxidant and Antibacterial properties.	Chandra De et al. (2011)⁶¹
19	Dar-chetowar	Scopariadulcis L.+	Bark of roots	Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Anti hyper lipidemic, Anti-allergenic and Anti stickling activity.	Paul et al. (2017)⁶²
20	Nagbeli/Sarpgandha	Rauvolfiaserpentina (L.)	Leaves Bark	Reserpine.	Ruyter et al. (1991)⁹⁰
21	Kathela/Kathal/Kanthal	Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam	Bark of stem	Antioxidants	Sreeletha(2018)⁶⁴
22	Kosum/ Kosam	Schleicheraoleosa (Lour.) Merr.	Seeds	Taraxerone and Tricardenic acid the Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens.	Anuragi and Mishra(2017)⁶⁵
23	Kathela/Kathal/Kanthal	Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam	Flower	Antioxidant power and reducing power assays and secondary metabolites propeties.	Binumol, M. and Sajitha, V., (2013)⁶⁸
24	Khair	Acacia arabica	Leaves	The presence of good source of efficient Bioactive Compounds in Inhibiting broad category of multi drug resistant bacteria.	Lawrence et al. (2015)⁶⁷
25	Hingol	Adhatoda vasica	Fruit	The presence of highest quantity of Antibacterial activities in this plant.	Chaudhary et al. (2017)⁷⁰
26	Sabarbhanj	Desmodium diffusum Dc.	Root	Antibacterial, antifungal	Dev (2011)⁷¹
27	Sarla	Pinus roxburghii	Leaves	Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory activities	Kaushik et al. (2012)⁷²
28	PitharuKand	Amorphallus paeoniifolius	Tuber	The Presence of Polyphenols, which also possessAnti-Ulcer activity. Gastro Protective ability against Pylorus Ligation gastotoxicity in albino rats.	Shing (2014)⁷³

Table No. 3 Cont…

S. No.	Local Name of the plants	Scientific name of the plants	Part of plants used as medicine	Medicinal properties of the plants used as drugs	References
29	Koilari/ Koilar/ KoilaAada	Bauhinia purpurea L.	Leaves	Amino acid, Carbohydrate and largest number of Protein.	Marimuthu and Dhanalakshmi (2014)⁷⁴
30	Tejpatti/Tejpatta	Cinnamomu mtamala	Leaves	Antimicrobials and Antioxidants represent a vast untapped source for medicines and food supplements.	Pandey et al. (2012)⁷⁵
31	Dharrieasa/ Dumar/Goolar	Ficusracemosa (syn. Ficusglomerata Roxb.)	Root	Anti-inflammatory, Antfilarial, Antifungal, Anti diarrheal andAntibacterial.	Prakash (2009)⁷⁶
32	Dhudhi	Euphorbia hirta L.	Roots, Stem and Leaves	The higher resistant of gram-negative bacteria and antibacterial activities of the extracts and presence of secondary metabolites.	Suresh et al. (2008)⁷⁷

CONCLUSION:

On the basis of the above data and facts described in this research, it can be concluded that the medicinal knowledge of the Birhor tribe of Chhattisgarh is ultimately abundant and admirable. Although they are considered as an extremely backward socio-economically ethnic group, their high understanding of such medicinal knowledge, underlines their relationship with nature and their ecological interactions. We believe whereas, the work of cultural anthropology is limited to only documentation of medicinal plants, but revealing the phytochemical, pharmacological and molecular properties of medicinal plants, establishing them as a medicine through proper trial , it is the work of the natural and physical sciences . Use of any type of medicine requires utmost care and caution. Use of any type of medicine can be fatal. That is why it is necessary that a phytochemical, pharmacological and molecular properties are thoroughly scientific tested before any medicine is recognized. In this perspective, the drugs of Birhor tribe mentioned in this research should be given a scientific recognition by doing phytochemical, pharmacological and molecular tests. Along with this, royalty should also be given to the Birhor tribe of these medicines.

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Received on 19.08.2019 Modified on 25.09.2019

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(11):5138-5150.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00890.4

Acalyphaindica L. + Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)Willd +Macrotylomauniflorum